Understanding peace and conflict through social identity theory

Peace Psychology Book Series Series Editor: Daniel J Christie Shelley McKeown Reeshma Haji Neil Ferguson Editors Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory Contemporary Global Perspectives Peace Psychology Book Series Series Editor Daniel J Christie More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7298 Shelley McKeown • Reeshma Haji Neil Ferguson Editors Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory Contemporary Global Perspectives Editors Shelley McKeown Graduate School of Education University of Bristol Bristol, UK Reeshma Haji Department of Psychology Laurentian University Barrie, Ontario, Canada Neil Ferguson Department of Psychology Liverpool Hope University Liverpool, Merseyside, UK ISSN 2197-5779 ISSN 2197-5787 (electronic) Peace Psychology Book Series ISBN 978-3-319-29867-2 ISBN 978-3-319-29869-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016938529 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Acknowledgements This book would have not be possible without the help and support from so many of our colleagues and friends In particular, we would like to express our sincerest gratitude to Dan Christie for his suggestion to contribute to the Peace Psychology Book Series and for his continued support throughout the editing of this book We would also like to extend thanks to the two anonymous reviewers of our proposal and to Claire Campbell, Banu Cingöz, Janelle Jones, Laura K Taylor, Christopher Cohrs, Manuela Thomae, Eve Binks, Juliet Wakefield, Amanda Williams, and Huseyin Cakal, who gave up their free time to review chapter abstracts and offer valuable feedback Our thanks also goes to Victoria Weatherston, who helped format the chapters, conducted consistency checks, and developed our list of keywords We would also like to acknowledge our respective institutions: the University of Bristol (the academic home of Henri Tajfel), Laurentian University (particularly Laurentian University Research Fund), and Liverpool Hope University for their support in helping us to get this book past the post Last but not least, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to every one of our authors who contributed their expertise to this book You have been a pleasure to work with v Contents Social Identity and Peace Psychology: An Introduction Reeshma Haji, Shelley McKeown, and Neil Ferguson xv Part I Theoretical and Contemporary Issues Social Identity Theory Michael A Hogg Towards a Clearer Understanding of Social Identity Theory’s Self-Esteem Hypothesis Sarah E Martiny and Mark Rubin Between the Lines of Us and Them: Identity Threat, Anxious Uncertainty, and Reactive In-Group Affirmation: How Can Antisocial Outcomes be Prevented? Adrian Lüders, Eva Jonas, Immo Fritsche, and Dimitrij Agroskin Identity and Acculturation Processes in Multicultural Societies Sofia Stathi and Claudia Roscini 19 33 55 Tyranny and Leadership Stephen Reicher, S Alexander Haslam, Michael Platow, and Nik Steffens 71 Crowd Behaviour and Collective Action Stephen T La Macchia and Winnifred R Louis 89 Reintegration of Child Soldiers: The Role of Social Identity in the Recruitment and Reintegration of Child Soldiers 105 Michael G Wessells vii viii Contents Symbolic Reminders of Identity 121 Rebekah A Phillips DeZalia and Scott L Moeschberger Identity and Psychological Health 135 Orla T Muldoon, Robert D Lowe, and Katharina Schmid 10 Global Climate Change: A Social Identity Perspective on Informational and Structural Interventions 145 Mark A Ferguson, Rachel I McDonald, and Nyla R Branscombe Part II Worldwide Perspectives 11 Social Identity Theory as a Theory of Change: The Case of South Africa 167 Ines Meyer, Kevin Durrheim, and Don Foster 12 Social Identity and Conflict in Northern Uganda 185 Grace Lapwoch and Kennedy Amone-P’Olak 13 Representations of Social Identities in Rwanda 199 Sigrun Marie Moss 14 Social Identity Theory and Intergroup Conflict in Northern Ireland 215 Neil Ferguson and Shelley McKeown 15 Social Identity in a Divided Cyprus 229 Charis Psaltis and Huseyin Cakal 16 Building National Identity in Newborn Kosovo: Challenges of Integrating National Identity with Ethnic Identity Among Kosovar Albanians and Kosovar Serbs 245 Edona Maloku, Belle Derks, Colette Van Laar, and Naomi Ellemers 17 Canada, a Fertile Ground for Intergroup Relations and Social Identity Theory 261 Richard N Lalonde, Jorida Cila, and Maya Yampolsky 18 Social Identities and Conflict in Chile: The Role of Historical and Political Processes 277 Roberto González, Monica M Gerber, and Héctor Carvacho 19 Identity, Contact, and Health Among Majority and Minority Ethnic Groups in Mexico and Chile 295 Anja Eller, Huseyin Cakal, and David Sirlopu 20 Social Identity and Peace in the Modern Middle East: Insights from the United Arab Emirates 317 Angela T Maitner and Robert Stewart-Ingersoll Contents ix 21 Collective and Social Identities in Philippine Peacebuilding: Does a Superordinate Bangsamoro Social Identity Mediate the Effects of Collective Ethnic Identity? 333 Cristina Jayme Montiel, Ma Elizabeth J Macapagal, and Jose Jowel Canuday 22 “Aussie, Aussie, Aussie, Oi, Oi, Oi”: Situating and Understanding Social Identities in Australia 349 Siew Fang Law and Cynthia Mackenzie 23 Conclusion: The Next Voyage 367 Shelley McKeown, Neil Ferguson, and Reeshma Haji Erratum to: Social Identity and Conflict in Northern Uganda E1 Index 375 Contributors Dimitrij Agroskin University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Kennedy Amone-P’Olak University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana Nyla R Branscombe University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA Huseyin Cakal University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Jose Jowel Canuday Ateneo De Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines Héctor Carvacho P Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Jorida Cila York University, Toronto, ON, Canada Belle Derks University of Utrecht, The Netherlands Kevin Durrheim University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa Naomi Ellemers University of Utrecht, The Netherlands Anja Eller National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Mark A Ferguson University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA Neil Ferguson Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK Don Foster University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Immo Fritsche University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Monica M Gerber Escuela de Sociología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile Roberto González P Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Reeshma Haji Laurentian University, Barrie, ON, Canada S Alexander Haslam University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Michael A Hogg Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA xi xii Contributors Eva Jonas University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Richard N Lalonde York University, Toronto, ON, Canada Grace Lapwoch University of Ulster, School of Psychology, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK Siew Fang Law Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Winnifred R Louis University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia Robert D Lowe Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Adrian Lüders University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Ma Elizabeth J Macapagal Ateneo De Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines Stephen T La Macchia University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia Cynthia Mackenzie Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Angela T Maitner American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Edona Maloku Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Sarah E Martiny UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Rachel I McDonald University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA Shelley McKeown University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Ines Meyer University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa Scott L Moeschberger Taylor University, Upland, IN, USA Cristina Jayme Montiel Ateneo De Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines Sigrun Marie Moss Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Orla T Muldoon University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland Rebekah A Phillips DeZalia Coastal Carolina Community College, Jacksonville, NC, USA Michael Platow Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Charis Psaltis University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Stephen Reicher University of St Andrews, Fife, UK Claudia Roscini University of Greenwich, London, UK Mark Rubin The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia Katharina Schmid University of Oxford, Oxford, UK David Sirlopu Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile 23 Conclusion: The Next Voyage 373 motivation Reframing the relationship between social identity and self-esteem, Martiny and Rubin ask important questions such as what motivates people at both individual and collective levels to seek out identities to boost self-esteem Building upon this, Lüders et al address some these questions and argue the importance of understanding threat and the role it plays in personal and collective motivations for self-esteem Together, these advances suggest that we need to examine further the antecedents of social identity formation and salience, moving away from understanding the consequences that have already been heavily researched Final Thoughts We would like to end by reflecting on how our overarching themes apply to the global context In doing so, we come to realise that the themes observed in our book are closely aligned with the Global Goals, 17 goals committed to by world leaders designed to (1) end extreme poverty, (2) fight inequality and injustice, and (3) fix climate change (see www.globalgoals.org) Indeed, social identity theory allows us to understand disadvantage and equips us with the necessary framework to design programmes and interventions that aim to fight poverty, improve well-being, address inequalities, and bring about social change to produce strong and sustainable institutions and societies We have already discussed the importance of health, inequalities, and social change, but the Global Goals also bring sustainability to the fore, something that social identity theorists are beginning to tackle This is vital because according to Ferguson, McDonald, and Branscombe (Chap 10), intergroup conflict over natural resources is likely to become more normalised due to resource depletion In their chapter, Ferguson et al offer a social identity perspective to climate change, arguing that climate change represents one of the biggest threats to peace in the modern world This is understood in terms of the depletion and need for natural resources and the accompanied direct and structural violence associated with such resources What becomes apparent from Ferguson et al is that, as peace psychologists, we need to be prepared to undertake the challenge of creating and facilitating a sustainable peace that mitigates potential new forms of intergroup conflict arising from our ever-changing world To that end, we hope you have enjoyed this journey but now it’s on to the next voyage; it’s over to you to continue this journey, to take the challenges we have presented and take social identity theory into the world Reference Christie, D J., Wagner, R V., & Winter, D A (Eds.) (2001) Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology for the 21st century Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall ERRATUM TO Chapter 12 Social Identity and Conflict in Northern Uganda Grace Lapwoch and Kennedy Amone-P’Olak © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S McKeown et al (eds.), Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory, Peace Psychology Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_12 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_24 The affiliation of Dr Grace Lapwoch should read as below: University of Ulster School of Psychology Cromore Road Coleraine Campus BT52 1SA Co Londonderry Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK The affiliation of Dr Kennedy Amone-P’Olak should read as below: University of Botswana Department of Psychology Private Bag UB 00705 Gaborone Botswana Affiliation errors in the original chapter are regretted The updated original online version for this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_12 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S McKeown et al (eds.), Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory, Peace Psychology Book Series DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_24 E1 Index A Abbott, T., 350 Aboriginal Canadians disadvantaged status, 270–271 First Nation communities, 265 identity-related strategies, 264 land-claim action, 265 social disadvantage, 263 social identity, 262–263 Abrams, D., 20 Acculturation process, 59, 60 Berry’s strategy model, 58, 59 CMA (see Concordance model of acculturation (CMA)) definition, 57 IAM (see Interactive acculturation model (IAM)) immigration-based acculturation, 57 minorities and receiving societies, 57 psychological acculturation, 57 Acholi Langi ethnic groups, 186 Luo identity, 193 pre colonial period, 186 warriors and martial ethnic group, 186 African National Congress (ANC) assimilationist position, 170 communists and trade unions, 171 liberal nationalism and cooperation, 170 mass black mobilisation, 170 modern and traditional elements, 170 non-racialism, 170 and PAC, 171 Youth League, 170 Afriphobia/negrophobia, 176 Agroskin, D., 33–49 Alexander, P., 178, 179 Allport, F., 90 Allport, G.W., 190 Alter, A.L., 45 Amone-P'Olak, K., 185–196 ANC See African National Congress (ANC) Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 39 Antinomies, 126 Anti-norm deviance, 12 Anxiety-to-approach model, 38–39 application, 44 dispositional moderators, 45 epistemic uncertainty, 43 group-based defences, 43 ingroup bias, 43 perception of threat, 44–45 PNS and NFC, 46–47 prosocial components, 44 prosocial norms and values, 47–49 self-esteem, 45–46 Apartheidera death squads and torture, 167 racist exploitation, 177 rule, 169 Aronson, J., 45 Attitude–behaviour relationship, 13 Australia aboriginal flags, 350 conflict and violence, 349 context and issues, 349 Australian’s Indigenous peoples, 359 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S McKeown et al (eds.), Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory, Peace Psychology Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6 375 376 Authoritarian leadership, 77, 80, 81, 85 Croatian leader, 80 group definition, 78 group memberships, 79 Nazi quote, 78, 79 social identity perspective, 78 tyrannical consequences Bukharin, 81 Karl Radek, 80 Stalin, 80 Authoritarianism, 84 Autodialogue, 122 B Backonja, M.M., 39 Badea, C., 23 Bakhtin, M., 122 Bangsamoro collective and social identities, 338–339 social identity, 338–340 Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL), 333 Baumeister, R.F., 24, 46 BC See Black Consciousness (BC) Behavioural approach system (BAS), 39 Behavioural inhibition system (BIS), 38 Benet-Martìnez, V., 57 Berry, J.W., 56–59, 290 Berry’s strategy model acculturation process, 58 marginalisation, 59 minorities perspective, 58 multicultural societies, 59 Bicultural identity integration (BII) cultural conflict, 63 cultural distance, 63 description, 63 factors, 63 Biko, S., 171 Billig, M., 169 Bizumic, B., 296 Black consciousness (BC) African nationalism, 172 Africanist political parties, 171 social creativity, 171 Blascovich, J., 45 Boden, J.M., 46 Boonzaier, F., 173 Bourhis, R.Y., 261 Branscombe, N.R., 23, 37 Brewer, M., 201, 220 Briones, E., 61 Bromhead, D., 296 Brown, R.E., 62, 280 Index Brown, R.J., 220 Buckley-Zistel, S., 203 Bukharin, 81 Bush, G.W., 124 Byaruhanga, R.A., 193–195 C Cadinu, M.R., 27 Cairns, E., 188, 192, 217, 218, 220, 222 Cajete, G., 263 Cakal, H., 229–235, 237–242, 295–300, 302–304, 306, 307, 309–311 A Canadian Social Psychology of Ethnic Relations, 261 Canuday, J.J., 333–343, 345, 346 Carbon emissions behaviour change, 146 policy change, 146 Carbon footprints, 156 Carbon offsets, 152, 155 Carbon taxes, 155 Carvacho, H., 277–290 Castano, E., 25 Catholics and Uganda People’s Congress (UPC), 189 Cerchioni, M., 27 Chandler, M.J., 265 “Charter of Values”, 271 Cheng, S.X., 57 Child recruitment armed groups, 110 identity conflicts, 107–109 LRA, 110 push and pull factors, 110 RUF, 110 self-categorisation, 110 social identity, 106 Child soldier armed forces/groups, 105 categorisations and perceptions, 112–113 community level supports, 115–117 comparative fit and normative fit, 107 conflicts, 105 family level supports, 115 identity transformation, 106 ISIS, 118 militarised, 106 recruitment, 106 reintegration, 114, 117 restorative justice, 117 self-categorisation, 106–107 self-perceptions and categorisations, 113–114 societal level supports, 117 Index Chile descriptive statistics, 305 health-related outcomes, 312 identification variables, 310 indigenous participants, 305, 311 indigenous sample, 307 Latin America, 311 mestizo participants, 309 mestizo sample, 306, 309 questionnaire-based study, 304 regression analyses, 306 scale reliability, 304 self-reported data, 311 social identity, 309 stress-related conditions, 304 subordinate identity, 310 subordinate identity score, 304 superordinate identity, 308 three-way interaction, 306 two-way interactions, 307 Chilean society coalition, 289 ethnic identities, 279–282 gender, 285–286 gender identities, 278 historical and political processes, 288 historical–situational factor, 278 immigrants, 290 immigration, 282–284 indigenous groups, 289 left-wing political parties, 279 national identities, 278 political identities, 284–285 political ideology, 284–285 political polarisation, 278 social context, 278 Cila, J., 261–274 Climate change, 145–159 episodic violence, 147 individualistic views, 157 personal behaviour change, 150–153 individualistic perspectives, 150–152 social identity perspectives, 152–153 psychological perspectives, 148–150 individualistic perspectives, 148–149 social identity perspectives, 149–150 psychology of, 146 social identity perspective (see Social identity perspective of climate change) structural violence, 147 structuring policies for collective behaviour change, 153–156 individualistic perspectives, 153–155 social identity perspectives, 155–156 377 Climate peacebuilding principles, 158–159 Coakley, L., 127 Cognitive alternative, against injustice, 177 social competition, 179 social creativity, 171 system illegitimacy, 169 Collective action, 169, 177, 182 crowd behaviour, 99, (see also Crowd behaviour) dysfunction accounts, 95 EMSICA, 96 function and expression, 95 new models, 97 politicised collective identity, 95, 96 self-categorisation theory, 95 SIMCA, 96 social psychology, 94 theoretical progression, 95 Collective behaviour change, 150, 153–156 structuring policies individualistic perspectives, 153–155 social identity perspectives, 155–156 Collective self-realisation, 74 Collective/individual unconscious, 90 Colonialism, 169, 171, 181, 186–187 Common ingroup identity model (CIIM), 62, 128, 172, 255 Concordance model of acculturation (CMA), 60 Conflict, 325–327 Contagion theory, 90 Convergence theory, 90 Coull, A., 25 Crisp, R., 188, 200 Cronulla Riots, 354 Crowd action vs collective action, 97–98 Crowd behaviour, 13 collective action, 94, 98, 99 (see also Collective action) contagion theory, 90 convergence theory, 90 deindividuation theory, 90–92 emergent norm theory, 91 ESIM, 93 expanded and integrated models, 101 historical and political developments, 89 ideology and intergroup processes, 92 motivation and behavioural engagement, 98 personal identity, 92 political behaviour and participation, 98 protest and activism, 98 reciprocal interplay, 93 378 Crowd behaviour (cont.) reconceptualising collective action, 100 social identity approach, 89 social identity, peace and conflict, 100–101 societal history and development, 89 UK Riots, 2011, 93–94 Cruwys, T., 37, 296 Culture, 325–327 Baganda, 188 and social identity, 186 Cypriot-centrism, 233 Cyprus Barbaric Turkish Invasion, 231 binary intergroup relations, 235 categorisations and identifications, 237 civic identity/constitutional patriotism, 241 common ingroup identity model, 238, 242 communities, 229 conceptual model, 240 conventional “binary” approach, 242 Cypriot-centrism, 233 divided collective memory, 230–231 dual identities/compound nationality, 232 economic and social resources, 234 ethnic and national identification, 231 ethnic identity, 236 Greek Cypriot community, 236 Greek place and Christianity, 233 Greek/Turks, 237 Hellenocentrism, 233 heterogeneous systems, 242 Identification-Prejudice/Distrust relationship, 240 identity politics, 229–230 intergroup relations, 236 local context and peacemaking efforts, 241 Moreno question, 232 motivation, 236 multiethnic societies, 240, 241 national self-identification and identity attachment, 232 nationality, 232 negative secondary contact effects, 242 peace and conflict, 231 peace and reconciliation, 234 perceived threat, 239 prejudice, threats and distrust, 238 proud and threatened identity, 232 realistic and symbolic form, 231 Reunited Federal Cyprus, 233 secessionist movements, 232 secondary transfer effects of contact, 242 Index settlers/immigrants, 234, 239 single group representation, 238 Social Cohesion and reconciliation Index, 235 social psychological processes, 234, 239 strength of identification, 238, 240 subgroup/communal level, 232 superordinate and subgroup identity, 236 superordinate national identity, 232 Turkish Cypriot community, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239 D Darley, J.M., 45 Dasgupta, N., 191 Davidson, R.J., 39 Dawes, A., 172 de la Rey, C., 173 Deindividuation theory, 90–92 Democratic Party (DP), 189 Derks, B., 245–258 DeSteno, D.A., 191 DeZalia, R.A.P., 121–132 Dialogical self theory (DST), 122–123 Dierselhuis, J., 40 Differentiation within groups, 12 Dingle, G.A., 296 Disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR), 111 Dispositional moderators, 47 Doise, W., 209 Dolan, C., 193 Dominant groups, Dovidio, J.F., 62, 127, 189, 200, 201 DP See Democratic Party (DP) Dual identity approach, 62 Dual identity hypothesis, 289 Duggan, C., 71 Duncan, N., 173 Durrheim, K., 167–182 Dynamic collective self-esteem model cognitive resources, 25 concomitant identity threat, 24 deploying management strategies, 25 effortful cognitive process, 24 identity management strategies, 24 ingroup bias and outgroup derogation, 23 self-appraisals, 24 social comparison processes, 24 threatened egotism, 24 threatened high collective self-esteem, 23 Index E Eberle, H., 72 Eccleston, C., 200 Elaborated social identity model (ESIM), 93 Elcheroth, G., 79, 209 Ellemers, N., 27, 245–258 Eller, A., 295–300, 302–304, 306, 307, 309–311 Eltringham, N., 203 Emergent norm theory, 91 Emiratisation, 320 The encapsulated model of social identity in collective action (EMSICA), 96 Entrepreneurs of identity, 75 Environmental psychology intervention, 148 Epistemic equilibrium, 36 Esteban, J., 192 Ethnic identity, 336 culture and social identity, 186 “divide and rule” and “indirect rule”, 187 groups, 186 intergroup relationships, 185 Nilotic and Bantu ethnic groups, 186 post colonial, 187 “warriors” and “martial”, 186 Extreme weather events, 145 Extremism, 41–42 F Farquharson, J., 42 Ferguson, N., 215–223 Finchilescu, G., 172 ‘First Landing Day’, 350 Fluid compensation, 36 Foster, D., 167–182 ‘Foundation Day’, 350 Franchi, V., 173 French–English relations Quebecois/Quebecker, 266 rival colonizing powers, 265 Freudian psychodynamic notions, Friedman, S., 171 Fritsche, I., 33–49 Frustrated goals, Frustration-aggression hypothesis, G Gaertner, S., 62, 127, 189, 200 Gardner, R.C., 261 Gerber, M.M., 277–290 Getty, J.A., 80 379 Gibson, J.L., 174 Gibson, M.A., 57 Giguère, B., 265 Giles, H., 261 Gilmore, S., 263 Gissi, J., 285 Global warming, 146 Goal Framing Theory (GFT), 148 The ‘Gold and Green’, 355–357 González, R., 277–290 Gouws, A., 174 Greek Cypriot community, 237 Greenaway, K.H., 37 Group affirmation anxiety-to-approach model, 38–39 anxious uncertainty, 38–40 approach-oriented defence strategy, 40–41 reactive defence mechanisms, 38 threat and defence, 38 Group-based control (GBC), 37 “The group identities”, 204 Guerra, R., 200 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 320–321 H Haji, R., 41, 46 Harmonious intragroup behaviour, Harris Bond, M., 57 Harrison, S., 217 Hart, J., 36 Haslam, C., 296 Haslam, S.A., 37, 71–80, 82–85, 296 Haye, A., 281 Hayes, B., 219 Health individual level, 296 pilgrims, 296 superordinate (national) identification, 296 Heine, S.J., 298 Hellenocentrism, 233 Henrich, J., 242, 298 Hermans, H.J.M., 122 Heterodialogue, 122 Hewstone, M., 22, 62, 188, 218, 220 Hierarchical leadership, 77 Higher order identities Bahraini government, 322 history and culture, 321 Islamic Revolution, 321 Khaliji identity, 321 police and military action, 322 superordinate identity, 323 380 History Australia, 351 colonisation, 357 deconstruction and analysis, 360 Martha Augoustinos, 358 micro-psychological analysis, 360 Muslim religion, 360 peace psychologists, 357 political speeches, 359 postcolonial and critical methodologies, 358 psychological studies, 361 social reality, 362 sociocultural and political contexts, 361 Hogg, M.A., 20, 40, 42, 73, 174, 175 Holmes, J.G., 39 Howarth, C., 124, 125 Hunsinger, M., 191 Hunter, S.B., 45 I Identity discourse, 171, 174, 182 Identity management strategies group members, 27 individual mobility, 26 ingroup overexclusion effect, 27 motivational processes, 26 self-esteem hypothesis, 26 social creativity, 26, 27 Identity resources, 168 Identity threat affective motivation, 36–37 antisocial defence responses, 43 behavioural motivation, 37 cognitive motivation, 35–36 extremism and radicalisation, 41–42 refugee crisis, 42 social identity approach, 34 sociometer theory, 35 UIT, 35 Ideological and authoritarian belief systems, 10 The Idle No More movement, 265 Immigration in Canada and Québec, 267 intergroup issues, 262 Newer Canadians, 269–270 Immigration-based acculturation, 57 The Inconvenient Indian, 263 An Inconvenient Truth (Documentary film), 146 Ingroup bias effect, 20 Ingroup projection model (IPM), 310 Index Ingroup–outgroup behaviour, Ingroup–outgroup members, 12 Ingroup–outgroup relations, Ingroups and outgroups, 126 The integrative social identity model of collective action (SIMCA), 96 Interactive acculturation model (IAM) elements, 59 majority groups, 59 minority groups, 59 state integration policies, 60 Intergroup aggression, Intergroup behaviour, Intergroup conflict theory, Intergroup contact categorisation/identification, 296 disease progression, 296 health-related outcome, 297 hypotheses, 299 indigenous people, 298 indigenous sample, 302 Latin American countries, 298 mestizos, 295 mestizos’ subordinate identity, 301 negative effects, 303 prejudice, 297 regression analysis, 301 social identity, 297 socio-economic class, 296 superordinate category, 299 superordinate identification, 302 three-way interaction, 303 under-researched populations, 298 Intergroup relations theory, I-positions, 122 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 219 Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 138, 323 J Jackson, S., 123 Jahoda, G., 217 James, W., 122 Jetten, J., 23, 296 Johnstone, T., 39 Jonas, E., 33–49 Jonsson, K., 265 Jordan, C.H., 46 K Kalin, R., 59 Kang, S.-J., 41, 46 Kelman, H., 127, 128 Index Kerr, P., 177 Kessler, T., 24 Khaliji identity, 321, 322 King, M.L Jr., 123, 127 King, T., 262 Klandermans, B., 95, 96, 172 Koch, M., 287 Komakech, M., 190 Kosovo Albanian and Serbian construal, 247 Albanians, 246 common ingroup identity model, 255, 257–258 cooperative intergroup interactions, 257 country’s fragile borders, 247 distinctiveness threat, 249 dual identity approach, 256 ethnic groups, 246, 249 ethnic identity, 249, 256 ethnicities and religions, 247 ethnicity and nationality, 251–252 ingroup projection model, 248, 255 intergroup attitudes and perceptions, 255 intergroup outcomes, 253 intergroup relations, 251 national identity, 248 “NEWBORN”, 245 peace-building process, 256 people seeking asylum, 246 pocket regions, 247 positive intergroup attitudes, 254 positive intergroup relations, 257 schooling systems/kinship networking, 255 Serbs, 246 social identity complexity, 249–251, 255, 256 stereotype content model, 257 superordinate category, 248 superordinate identity, 256 University of Prishtina, 251 L La Macchia, S.T., 89–101 Lalonde, C., 265 Lalonde, R.N., 261–274 Lapwoch, G., 185–196 Laszio, J., 125, 126 Law, S.F., 349–354, 356–362 Le Bon, G., 90 Leadership and democracy authoritarian leadership, 77, 78 leader-follower relationship, 76 requirement, 85 381 Lee, R.E., 123 Leemans, V., 25 Leggett, I., 195 Leon Festinger’s theory, 39 Letsoalo, M., 178 Liberation struggles, 113 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelan (LTTE), 109 Liu, J.H., 125, 126 Long, K.M., 22 Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) conflict, 110 Acholi people, 193 Banyankole vs the Luo ethnic group, 194 kinsmen/protector, 194 mixed/multiple identities, 194 Louis, W.R., 89–101 Lowe, R.D., 219, 220 Lüders, A., 33–49 M Macapagal, M.E., 333–343, 345, 346 Machismo, 285 Mackenzie, C., 349–354, 356–362 Maher, K.H., 283 Maitner, A.T., 40 Maitneramaitner, A.T., 317–327 Mak, W., 57 Maloku, E., 245–258 Mandela, N.R., 172–175, 179 Mangcu, X., 174, 180 Manstead, A.S.R., 22 Mapuche, 298 Marikana isolation and low status workers, 179 local and foreign workers, 178 mineworkers, 178 race with class, 179 Martiny, S.E., 19–29 Mavor, K.I., 96 Mayoral, L., 192 Mbeki, T., 173, 174 McAllister, I., 219 McDougall, W., 90 McGarty, C., 96 McGregor, I., 39–41, 46, 48 McKeown, S., xv–xix, 129, 215–223, 248, 323, 333, 335, 337, 340, 367–373 McLaughlin, K., 219 Meaning maintenance model (MMM), 36 Meehan, C., 42 Mellor, D., 281 Mendes, W.B., 45 Merino, M.E., 281 Meyer, I., 167–182 382 Mikulincer, M., 47 Milgram’s Yale Obedience studies, 82 Milling, 91 Mindanao Catholics and Protestants, 333 conflicts, 333 Islamised ethnic groups, 334 Moro nation, 333 path values, 344 Minimal Group Paradigm, 5–6 Minority and majority group status, 136, 139 Moeschberger, S.L., 121–132 Moffitt, G., 40 Mokgatle, B.P., 173 Molele, C., 178 Moloi, X., 178 Montgomery, M.J., 61 Montiel, C.J., 333–343, 345, 346 Moreno, L., 232 Moscovici, S., 123 Moss, S.M., 199–211 Mulcahy, A., 221 Muldoon, O.T., 219, 220 Multiculturalism, 269, 271, 325 British muslims, 64 identity processes, 65 intergroup conflict, 56 migrant women, 64 migration, 55 political definition, 56 Multiple social categorisation principles, 63 Multivoicedness, 122 Mutual Intergroup Differentiation Model (MIDM), 129 Myers, E., 220 N Naidoo, B., 178 Nash, K.A., 39, 48 National identity, 187, 192, 195 British protection, 318 citizenship privileges, 320 definitions, 318 Emirati identity, 319 federal government, 318 inter-tribal rivalry, 320 prototypes, 318 symbolic indicators, 319 values and behaviours, 319 The National newspaper, 319–320 National Resistance Army (NRA), 189, 192 Nattrass, N, 180, 181 Natural environment, harmful effects, 145 Naumov, O.V., 80 Index Nazi’s systematic extermination, Need for closure (NFC), 46–47 The New Psychology of Leadership hierarchical leadership, 77 ideal democratic leadership, 77 Niemann, Y.F., 62 Niens, U., 222 NNC See South African Native National Congress (NNC) Non-racialism, 170, 172, 174 Norenzayan, A., 298 Norm Activation Model (NAM), 148 Norm-guided actions, 149 Northern Ireland categorisation, 217 community-based interventions, 222 conflict, 219–220 dialogical self, 130 dual identity, 223 ethnopolitical symbolism, 218 Great Britain, 215 group level forgiveness and collective guilt, 220 individual and collective self-esteem, 223 ingroup identity, 218 intergroup contact, 221, 222 intergroup forgiveness, 220 marching season, 129 national identity, 219 Nationalist/Unionist, 216 NILT, 216 political attitudes, 219 political stability/instability, 218 post-conflict society, 216 prejudice, 218 programme attendees, 222 Protestant and Catholic communities, 216, 218 Protestant identity, 129, 130 religious identity ratio, 221 ripple effect, 223 segregated schooling, 221 shared identity, 219 Sharing Education Programme, 222 SIT, 215 social and geographical cues, 217 social categorisation, 217 social institutions, 129 social surveys, 219 stress, coping and identity, 220–221 symbols, 130, 132 themes, 217 time-focused approach, 223 the Troubles, 216, 223 Index Northern Irish Life and Times surveys (NILT), 216 Northern Uganda, 189, 190, 192–196 colonisation and ethnic identity, 186–187 ethnic diversity, 196 ethnic group prejudices, 191 ethnic identity, 185 identity and conflict Acholi mothers, 192 Acholi people, 193 ethnic and religious precincts, 192 language and culture, 192 Nilotic-Sudanic speaking group, 192 internal migration and displacement, 188 LRA conflict, 193–194 peacebuilding Acholi sub region, 194 “conflictual relation”, 195 Mato Oput, 195 reconciliation, 195 socio ecological system, 196 political groups DP, 189 “For God and my Country”, 190 intergroup contact, 190 NRA and LRA, 189 NRM, 189 UPC, 189 religious identity, 188–189 social identity, 185 stereotypical physical characteristics, 187 NRA See National Resistance Army (NRA) Nyamnjoh, F., 176 O Olivier, J., 172 Oppressed Identities Post-1994 African renaissance, 173 indigenous and non-indigenous people, 172 ingroup–outgroup integration, 173 intergroup identities, 175 non-racial society, 172 presidents, 172 racial and cultural differences, 173 racial categories, 173 racial retribution, 175 ‘rainbow nation’, 174 reconciliation, 174 social identity, 172 superordinate identity, 175 Optimal distinctiveness theory, 10, 289 Overarching identity, 172, 175 383 P PAC See Pan-African Congress (PAC) Paladino, M.P., 25 Pan-African Congress (PAC), 171 Paolini, S., 22, 27 Papadakis, Y., 231 Peace Psychology in Australia, 357 Pehrson, S., 280 Penic, S., 79 Personal need for structure (PNS), 46–47 Pettigrew, T.F., 223 Philippine Peacebuilding Muslim–Christian conflict, 333 social identities, 333 Phillips DeZalia, R.A., 129 Piontkowski, U., 60 Platow, M., 71–80, 82–85 The Pluralists, 355 Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), 221 Political and non-political prisoners, 138 Political psychology, 138 Political violence, 136 Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 138 political and non-political prisoners, 138 psychological distress, 136 Politicised collective identity model, 95, 96 Politico-Ethnic cleavages, 334–335 Positive social identity, Postmes, T., 92, 96 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 137 Preferred behavioural changes, 153 Preferred climate behaviours, 151 Prejudice Chilean’s intergroup contact, 283 immigrants, 288 Preston, B., 178 Promoter signs, 123 Pro-norm deviance, 12 Protest against injustice, 177 and collective action, 182 Marikana, 177 mobilising people, 169 ordinary citizens, 168 public violence, 168 social change, 176 and violence, 168 Prototypes, Prototypicality, 74, 79 Psaltis, C., 229–235, 237–242 Psychological well-being, 140 384 Q Québécois and social disadvantage, 267, 268 Québécois social identity, 266–267 demographic shifts, 269, 270 strategies, 268, 269 Quilaqueo, D., 281 R Race based arguments, 181 category of identification, 172 vs class framing of oppression, 181 and class patterning, 176 ethnicity, 175 identity resource, 174 racial retribution, 175 social category, 174 Radicalisation, 41–42 ‘Rainbow nation’, 174 Ray, D., 192 Reactive Approach Model (RAM), 36 Realistic Conflict Theory, Realistic threat, 282, 283 Recategorisation dual identity, 62 process description, 62 Reconciliation, 192, 193, 195 Referent informational influence theory, 11, 14 Refugee crisis anxious uncertainty, 33 cognitive, affective, and behavioural dimension, 34 ethnocentric thinking and antisocial behaviour, 33 threat and defence, 34 Reicher, S., 71–80, 82–85, 91–93, 99, 100, 209, 318 Reintegration, 110–111 Rejection-identification model (RIM), 139 Religion gender intergroup dimensions, 189 non-ambiguous socioecological environment, 196 Uganda, 188 Resocialisation, 110 Resource mobilisation theory, 95 Restorative justice approach, 116 Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 110 Reynolds, K.J., 296 Rhodes must fall class-based privileges, 180 colonisation and exploitation, 180 injustice and indignity, 180 Index ‘poo protest’, 180 race-based arguments, 181 Roccas, S., 79 Rodriguez, C., 45 Roefs, M., 172 Rohner, D., 192 Roosevelt, F.D., 75 Roscini, C., 55–65 Ross, M., 48 Rougier, N., 219 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 221 Rubin, M., 19–29 Ruble, D.N., 45 Ruby, T., 272 Rutchick, A., 200 Rwanda, 205–209 anti-divisionism, 202 commemoration ceremonies tensions, 203 common identity, 209–210 essential and non-essential quality, 209 ethnic groups history and traits, 206–207 problem, 205–206 social classes, 207 ethnic identity, 199, 204 government’s identity approach, 202 Hamitic myth, 202 Hutu, Tutsi and Twa, 199, 203 intergroup antagonism, 203 leadership, 199 limitations, 211 methods, 203–204 national identity, 199 non-ethnic groups clan memberships, 208–209 shared characteristics, 208 social classes, 207–208 post-genocide period, 209 single recategorisation process, 200–202 stereotype, 202 subordinate identity, 210 thematic mapping, 205 Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 202 S Sabatier, C., 57 Saiz, J.L., 281 Salafism, 322 Salomon, K., 45 Salomons, T.V., 39 Scheepers, D., 23 Schmid, K., 220 Schoeman, J.B., 173 Index Schumann, K., 48 Schwartz, S.J., 61 “Secondary transfer effects of contact”, 242 Seekings, J., 180, 181 Self-categorisation theory, 91, 106–107 Self-categorisation, 8–9, 317, 326 Self-categorisation theory (SCT), 8, 10, 295 Self-esteem hypothesis, cognitive accentuation, 20 confidence and motivation, 29 consensual discrimination, 21 evidence, 20–21 group behaviour, 19 identity management strategies, 19, 26–28 ingroup bias effect, 20 ingroup identification, 22 intergroup discrimination, 22, 23, 29 limitations, 28 negative comparison outcomes, 28 negative identity avoidance hypothesis, 23 positive ingroup status and distinctiveness, 20, 23 positive social identity, 23 realistic competition, 21 reformulation, 25–26 social competition, 21 social identity, 19, 29 social norms, 22 specific collective state, 22 Sex crimes during war, 136 Shaver, P.R., 47 Sherman, D.K., 40 SIDE model, 13 Simon, B., 96 Sirlopú, D., 283, 295–300, 302–304, 306, 307, 309–311 Smart, L., 46 Snider, K., 62 Social change ‘The cognitive aspects of prejudice’, 168 colonialism and apartheid rule, 169 historical dimension, 169 oppressed identities, 169 psychological conditions, 169 self-categorisation theory, 168 Social class, 171 colonial times, 286 discrimination, 287 financial growth, 286 group level, 288 Latin American region, 287 military dictatorship, 287 pro-democratic attitudes, 288 public workers, 287 385 socio-economic classes, 287 structural differences, 287 Social competition, 8, 21 Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 131 Social hierarchy, 323–325 Social identification, acculturation, 61–63 adaptive identity, 61 BII (see Bicultural identity integration (BII)) CIIM (see Common ingroup identity model (CIIM)) dual identity approach, 62 ingroup identity, 61 majority and minority relations, 61 multiple social categorisation, 63 SIT (see Social identity theory (SIT)) superordinate identity, 62 Social identity, 11, 149, 325–327 approach Bill Walker, 76 description, 73 entrepreneurship, 75 ingroup interest, 74 leaders, 74 Mussolini, 75 prototypicality, 74 Roosevelt, F.D., 75 self-realisation, 74 Canada’s economic system, 271 Chilean society historical and contextual perspectives, 277 intergroup relations, 277 complexity theory, 255 creativity strategies, 272 group boundaries, 271 mobility, 272 “mono-racial” individuals, 273 motivations, 9–11, 14 social competition, 272 Social identity model of deindividuation (SIDE model), 13 Social identity perspective of climate change, 157–159 implications, 157–159 beyond individualistic views, 157–158 climate peacebuilding, 158–159 interventions, 158 Social identity theory (SIT), 3, 6–13, 61, 261, 357, 358 addressing inequalities, 370–371 anchoring and objectifying, 125, 126 antinomies, 126 consolidation and grapple, 367 386 Social identity theory (SIT) (cont.) external I-positions, 126, 127 historical and socio-political context, 3, 371–372 implications, 372–373 ingroups and outgroups, 7–9, 14, 124, 126, 127 knowledge-based representations, 125 of leadership, 11, 14 multiculturalism and multiple identities, 369–370 oppositional dyads, 126 promoter signs, 124 psychological and physical health, 368 social identities and social representations, 124 themes, 368 thoughts, 373 Social interaction, 323–325 Social mobility, Social movements, 95 Social psychological theory, Social recategorisation abolished ethnic categorisation, 202 amalgamation process, 201 dual identity approach, 201 highly politicised contexts, 200 ingroup identity model, 200 one-group representation, 201 optimal distinctiveness theory, 201 radical single approach, 201 subordinate and superordinate identities, 200 Social representation theory (SRT), 123–124 Sociometer theory, 36 South Africa, 172–176 ANC, 170, 171 antinomies, 130 BC, 171 cognitive alternatives, 181 criminal violence, 167 I-Position, 131 Khoe people, 169 Marikana, 177–179 mobilise populations, 181 national unity, 132 oppressed identities post (see Oppressed identities post-1994) Orangeman or Northern Irish, 130 pan-African vision, 170 public violence, 168 racial identity, 131 religion, 130 rhetorical resource, 181 Index Rhodes Must Fall, 180–181 SDLP, 131 sexual offences, 167 social change, 168–169 union and communist movements, 171 unionists/loyalists, 130 xenophobia (see Xenophobic violence, South Africa) South African Native National Congress (NNC), 170 Spears, R., 22, 92, 96 Specific collective state self-esteem, 22 Spencer, S.J., 39 Staab, S., 283 Stathi, S., 55–65 Staub, E., 127, 128 Steffens, N., 71–80, 82–85 Stephan, C.W., 282 Stephan, W.G., 282 Stereotypes Peruvian immigrants, 283 and prejudice, 278 Stewart-Ingers, R., 317–327 Stigma, 112 Stollberg, J., 37, 41, 48 Stott, C., 93 Stress complex model, 137 and traumatic events, 138 Stringer, M., 222 Subasic, E., 296 Subjective belief structures, Subjective group dynamics, 12, 14 Submergence, 90 Superordinate Bangsamoro social identity BBL, 340, 345 favouritism and discriminatio, 339 individuals, 336 injustice and deprivation, 337 Islamised ethnic groups, 337 Maguindanaon dominant group, 344 measurement, 341, 342 mediation effects, 342, 343 mediation model, 341 Muslim–Christian relations, 345 participants, 341 positive properties, 340 regression path, 337 Swart, T.M., 173 Symbolic reminders, 127–129 components, 122 DST, 121–123 peace and conflict belief-based category, 128 387 Index CIIM, 128, 129 group self-concepts, 127, 128 MIDM, 129 reconciliation, 128 Rwandan, 129 social identities, 127 social representations, 128 political and social movements, 121 semiotic mediation, 122 SIT, 124–127 social identities, 132 SRT, 121, 123–124 symbols, 132 violence or reconciliation, 121 Symbolic threat, 281, 282 T Tajfel, H., 19, 20, 23, 26, 61, 168, 169, 181, 191, 235, 261 Taylor, D.M., 261, 263 Terwindt, C., 282 Theoretical integration, 97–101 Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), 148 Thoenig, M., 192 Thomas, E.F., 96 Threat and defence processes, 49 Threat-identification hypothesis, 140 Threat-identification model (TIM), 140 Transactional/ transformational theory, 76 Traut-Mattausch, E., 47 Trew, K., 219 Turkish Cypriot community, 238 Turner, J.C., 19, 20, 26, 61, 169, 181, 191, 261, 296 Tyranny and leadership, 73 authoritarianism, 84 commune study, 83, 84 followers and social groups, 73 Hitler, 72 leaders, 72 leaders and followers relationship, 81 U Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 219 Uncertainty-identity theory (UIT), 10, 14, 35 United Arab Emirates, social identity, 317 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 111 V Validzic, A., 200 Valji, N., 176 Valsiner, J., 122, 126 Value-Belief-Norm Theory (VBN), 148 van der Toorn, J., 96 Van Laar, C., 245–258 Van Oudenhoven, J.P., 283 van Stekelenburg, J., 96 van Zomeren, M., 96, 99 Victimhood concept, 139 W Wann, D.L., 23 War violence, 135 group status, 136 rape as weapon, 136 sex crimes, 136 Wasserman, H., 174, 175 Weinreich, P., 64 Wessells, M.G., 105–117 The White Nation, 351–353 Whyte, J., 216 Williams, L., 191 Wounded Australians, 354 X Xenophobic violence, South Africa Afriphobia/negrophobia, 176 anti-foreigner protesters, 176, 177 attack, Zimbabwean migrants, 177 dop-stelsel, 177 Y Yampolsky, M., 261–274 Yetkili, O., 236 Ysseldyk, R., 37 Yzerbyt, V.Y., 25 Z Zane, N., 57 Zanna, M.P., 39 Zilibotti, F., 192 Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment, 82 Zuma, J., 172, 174, 175 ... Springer Peace Psychology Book Series, identity and its role in peace and conflict is a topic of widespread relevance As such, we apply our understanding of social identity theory within a peace. .. michael.hogg@cgu.edu © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S McKeown et al (eds.), Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory, Peace Psychology Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_1... deepen our understanding and our Social Identity and Peace Psychology: An Introduction xvii exploration of how social identity can fuel conflict or support the development or maintenance of peace In