EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD G.S Agarwal Stillwater, USA T Asakura Sapporo, Japan M.V Berry Bristol, England C Brosseau Brest, France A.T Friberg Joensuu, Finland F Gori Rome, Italy D.F.V James Toronto, Canada P Knight London, England G Leuchs Erlangen, Germany J.B Pendry London, England J Perˇina Olomouc, Czech Republic J Pu Quanzhou, PR China W Schleich Ulm, Germany T.D Visser Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA First edition 2015 Copyright © 2015, Elsevier B.V All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN: 978-0-12-802284-9 ISSN: 0079-6638 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at store.elsevier.com CONTRIBUTORS Ayman Alfalou Vision ISEN-BREST Laboratory L@BISEN, Institut Supe´rieur de l’Electronique et du Nume´rique, Brest, France Mario Bertolotti Dipartimento SBAI, Universita` di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy Fabio Bovino Quantum Technologies Laboratory, SELEX-ES, Genoa, Italy Christian Brosseau Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l’Information, de la Communication et de la Connaissance, Universite´ de Brest, Brest, France Natalie A Cartwright Department of Mathematics, State University of New York, New Paltz, New York, USA Rafal Demkowicz-Dobrza nski Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul Pasteura 5, Warszawa, Poland Marcin Jarzyna Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul Pasteura 5, Warszawa, Poland Brandon A Kemp College of Engineering, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA Jan Kołody nski Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul Pasteura 5, Warszawa, Poland Yuri A Obod R&D Company “Fotron – Auto”, Moscow, Russia Kurt E Oughstun College of Engineering and Mathematics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA Alexander B Shvartsburg Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute for Space Researches Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, and Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia Concita Sibilia Dipartimento SBAI, Universita` di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy Oleg D Volpian R&D Company “Fotron – Auto”, Moscow, Russia ix PREFACE In this 60th volume of Progress in Optics, six review articles are presented Chapter 1, contributed by Bertolotti, Bovino, and Sibilia, takes a historical approach to single-photon sources They discuss photon statistics and entangled states Recently developed plasmonic sources and possible applications in quantum information processing are also described In Chapter 2, Alfalou and Brosseau discuss a variety of image processing techniques They compare the more traditional digital approach with newly emerging, all optical setups Because of their parallel nature, these can produce real-time results Chapter 3, by Cartwright and Oughstun, is a continuation of their article in Volume 59 In this second part, they discuss recent developments in the theory of pulse propagation through dispersive media One of these is the extension of the classic Sommerfeld–Brillouin theory to both the weak and singular dispersion limits In Chapter 4, written by Demkowicz-Dobrza nski, Jarzyna, and Kołody nski, the authors describe how nonclassical light states can be used to enhance the performance of optical interferometers This is especially important, for example, for the ongoing search for gravitational waves Chapter is a contribution by Kemp Starting with the Minkowski– Abraham controversy, different expressions for the electromagnetic force density are analyzed This ongoing discussion has direct consequences for the growing number of optical trapping applications The final chapter, Chapter 6, is written by Shvartsburg, Obod, and Volpian They discuss how the classical effect of tunneling through optical barriers takes on new and unexpected forms when the barrier consists of a dielectric gradient metamaterial Because of the scalability of these effects, these also apply to microwave tunneling phenomena in transmission lines It has been my honor to serve as editor of Progress in Optics for over 50 years But, as I used to tell my children when they were young, “All good things must come to an end.” I would like to thank the members of the editorial advisory board for their help, advice, and friendship over these many years Beginning with Volume 61, Dr Taco Visser will take over xi xii Preface as editor of this series I have complete confidence that he will keep readers of Progress in Optics well informed of the most important advances being made in the field I wish him well EMIL WOLF Rochester, NY April 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The editorial staff would like to extend a special thanks for the support and expert assistance provided by Dr Taco Visser during the compilation of this work xiii CHAPTER ONE Quantum State Engineering: Generation of Single and Pairs of Photons Mario Bertolotti*, Fabio Bovino†, Concita Sibilia* *Dipartimento SBAI, Universita` di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy † Quantum Technologies Laboratory, SELEX-ES, Genoa, Italy Contents Introduction Fock States The Problem of Localizing Photons Antibunching of Single-Photon States Photon Statistics and Spectral Purity The Purcell Effect and the Control of Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation Preparation of Single-Photon States: Quantum Engineering Realization of Single-Photon Sources 8.1 Strongly Attenuated Sources 8.2 Single-Photon Sources Emitting one Photon in a Random Way 8.3 Single-Photon Sources on Demand Entangled States 10 Plasmonic Sources 11 Application to Quantum Information Processing 12 Conclusions Addendum References 12 13 20 21 23 69 70 82 86 95 95 96 INTRODUCTION The introduction of quantization of energy to discuss the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter was done in 1900 by Planck (1900a, 1900b) Einstein (1905) surmised that also free radiation had a granular structure The name photon was later proposed by Lewis (1926) The quantization of the electromagnetic field was made by Dirac (1926, 1927) A review of some historical papers on the subject has been made by Keller (2007) Progress in Optics, Volume 60 ISSN 0079-6638 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.po.2015.02.001 # 2015 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved Mario Bertolotti et al What a photon is, exactly nobody can say It is the quantum representation of a mode of the electromagnetic field and is an exclusively quantum concept With this definition, photons have associated plane waves of definite wave vector k and definite polarization s A monochromatic wave implies delocalization in time and space; in practice, a single photon localized to some degree in time and space can be described as superposition of monochromatic photon modes When Glauber (1963a, 1963b) completed the model of radiation detection, discussing from a quantum point of view the interaction of radiation and matter, and constructed a quantum theory of coherence, a number of interesting states of radiation received a full reconnaissance as useful and possible states: among them coherent and single-photon states are perhaps the most interesting, together with squeezed and entangled ones Full description of these states may be found in many excellent textbooks, like, e.g., Mandel and Wolf (1995) The generation of quantum states of the radiation field started to receive great attention from the 1980s Single-photon states, in particular, are studied because of possible applications in quantum communication, quantum lithography, quantum metrology, information processing, and quantum computing, such as quantum random-number generation, quantum networks, secure quantum communications, and quantum cryptography (see, for example, Beveratos, Brouri, et al., 2002; Cerf & Flurasek, 2006; Dusek, Lutkenhas, & Hendrych, 2006; Gisin, Ribordy, Tittel, & Zbinden, 2002; Gisin & Thew, 2007; Grangier & Abram, 2003; Kilin, 2001) For example, the security in some schemes of quantum cryptography is based on the fact that each bit of information is coded on a single photon The fundamental impossibility of duplicating the complete quantum state of a single particle (no cloning theorem; Cerf & Flurasek, 2006; Diecks, 1982; Ghirardi & Weber, 1983; Wootters & Zurek, 1982) prevents any potential eavesdropper from intercepting the message without the receiver’s noticing An ideal single-photon source would produce exactly one photon in a definite quantum state, in contrast with a “classical” source, such as attenuated laser pulses, for which the photon number follows a Poisson distribution A more stringent request would be to have the single-photon generation on demand, that is, at a determined time Additional requests could be room temperature operation, high repetition frequency, high efficient extraction into free space or fiber, good coherence, and Quantum State Engineering Fourier-transformed linewidth Much progress has been made in the years toward such devices, especially in suppressing the probability of two photons in the same pulse Historically, the first experiment with single photons was made using an atomic cascading process in which an excited atomic level decayed with the emission of two photons of different frequencies (Clauser, 1974) The detection of one of them established the presence of the other; we will describe this experiment later In the following, we will give a brief introduction to Fock states, remember the problem of localization of single photons, focus on their antibunching property and photon statistics, and remember the Purcell effect, which allows a control of emission probability We then discuss the preparation of single-photon states, the so-called quantum engineering, the different kinds of single-photon sources, entangled states, plasmonic sources, and applications to quantum information processing The problem of detection is deliberately not treated A number of review papers already exist on the subject such as Moerner (2004), Lounis and Orrit (2005), Oxborrow and Sinclair (2005), Scheel (2009), and Eisaman, Fan, Mugdall, & Polyakov (2011) Quite recently, a Single-Photon Workshop has been held at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, October 15–18, 2013 The presented papers are available to attendees only In the following, we will follow an approximate historical presentation enlightening the single contributions and the evolution of the methods to obtain single-photon sources The survey may not be complete; we apologize for any omission FOCK STATES States with a prescribed number of photons are called number states or Fock states They were first introduced and discussed by Fock (1932) (see also Faddeev, Khalfin, & Komarov, 2004) A Fock state is strictly quantum mechanical and contains a precisely definite number of quanta of field excitation; hence, its phase is completely undefined As well known, the Hamiltonian for the free electromagnetic field can be written as À Á À Á H ~a{ , ~a ¼ ℏω ~a{ ~a + 1=2 (1) Mario Bertolotti et al where ћ is h/2π with h Planck’s constant, ω is the frequency (pulsation) of the field, and a˜ and a˜† are the annihilation and creation operators, respectively They obey the commutation relations  {à  à ~a, ~a ¼ 1; ẵ~a, ~a ẳ ~a{ , ~a{ ẳ (2) The product a˜†a˜ is called the photon number operator n˜ which accounts for the photons in the chosen spatial–temporal mode n~ ¼ ~a{ ~a (3) The eigenstate of the photon number operator n˜ n~jni ¼ njni (4) has a perfectly fixed photon number n Since n˜ is a Hermitian operator, the number n is real If jni is an eigenstate of n˜, then a˜jni must be an eigenstate as well, with the eigenvalue n À In fact, À Á n~~ajni ¼ ~a{ ~a2 jni ¼ ~a~a{ ~a À ~a jni ẳ n 1ị~ajni (5) In a similar way, a˜†jni is an eigenstate of n˜ with eigenvalue n + So there are the fundamental relations ~ajni ¼ √njn 1i (6) ~a{ jni ẳ n + 1ịjn + 1i (7) The prefactors have been obtained using the fact that { nj~a ~ajn must be equal to the eigenvalue n The state ~aj0i ¼ exists and it is the vacuum state States with a prescribed number of photons can be created by applying the creation operator to the vacuum state jni ¼ ~a{n =√n!j0i (8) The Fock states must be complete X n¼0 and orthonormal jnihnj ¼ (9) 618 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Clarricoats, P.J.B.: Optical fibre waveguides - a review Cohen-Tannoudji, C and A Kastler: Optical pumping Cojocaru, I., see Chumash, V Cole, T.W.: Quasi-optical techniques of radio astronomy Collakova, J., see Chmelik, R Colombeau, B., see Froehly, C Cook, R.J.: Quantum jumps Courte`s, G., P Cruvellier and M Detaille: Some new optical designs for ultraviolet bidimensional detection of astronomical objects Creath, K.: Phase-measurement interferometry techniques Crewe, A.V.: Production of electron probes using a field emission source Crosignani, B., see DelRe, E Crowe, I.F., see Roschuck, T Cruvellier, P., see Courte`s, G Cummins, H.Z and H.L Swinney: Light beating spectroscopy 14, 327 5, 36, 15, 187 59, 267 20, 63 28, 361 Dainty, J.C.: The statistics of speckle patterns Daăndliker, R.: Heterodyne holographic interferometry Darmanyan, S.A., see Abdullaev, F.Kh Dattoli, G., L Giannessi, A Renieri and A Torre: Theory of Compton free electron lasers Davidson, N and N Bokor: Anamorphic beam shaping for laser and diffuse light Davidson, N., see Bokor, N Davidson, N., see Oron, R De Mol, C., see Bertero, M De Sterke, C.M and J.E Sipe: Gap solitons De Sio, L., N Tabiryan, T Bunning, B.R Kimball, and C Umeton: Dynamic Photonic Materials Based on Liquid crystals Decker Jr, J.A., see Harwit, M Delano, E and R.J Pegis: Methods of synthesis for dielectric multilayer filters DelRe, E., Crosignani, B and Di Porto, P.: Photorefractive solitons and their underlying nonlocal physics Demaria, A.J.: Picosecond laser pulses Demkowicz-Dobrza nski, R., M Jarzyna and J Kołody nski: Quantum limits in optical interferometry DeSanto, J.A and G.S Brown: Analytical techniques for multiple scattering from rough surfaces Dennis, M.R., O’Holleran, K and Padgett, M.J.: Singular optics: Optical vortices and polarization singularities Desyatnikov, A.S., Y.S Kivshar and L.L Torner: Optical vortices and vortex solitons Detaille, M., see Courte`s, G Dexter, D.L., see Smith, D.Y Di Porto, P., see DelRe, E Dickey, F.M., see Romero, L.A Dirksen, P., see Braat, J.J.M Dogariu, A., see Brosseau, C 14, 17, 44, 303 20, 26, 349 11, 223 53, 153 58, 251 20, 8, 133 31, 321 45, 48, 107 42, 325 36, 129 33, 203 58, 12, 101 7, 67 53, 153 9, 31 60, 345 23, 53, 293 47, 291 20, 10, 165 53, 153 54, 319 51, 349 49, 315 619 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Domachuk, P., see Eggleton, B.J Dostal, Z., see Chmelik, R Dragoman, D.: The Wigner distribution function in optics and optoelectronics Dragoman, D.: Phase space correspondence between classical optics and quantum mechanics Drexhage, K.H.: Interaction of light with monomolecular dye layers Duguay, M.A.: The ultrafast optical Kerr shutter Dusˇek M., N L€ utkenhaus and M Hendrych: Quantum cryptography Dutta, N.K and J.R Simpson: Optical amplifiers Dutta Gupta, S.: Nonlinear optics of stratified media 48, 59, 267 37, Eberly, J.H.: Interaction of very intense light with free electrons Eggleton, B.J., P Domachuk, C Grillet, E.C Maăgi, H.C Nguyen, P Steinvurzel and M.J Steel: Laboratory post-engineering of microstructured optical fibers Englund, J.C., R.R Snapp and W.C Schieve: Fluctuations, instabilities and chaos in the laser-driven nonlinear ring cavity Ennos, A.E.: Speckle interferometry Erez, N., see Greenberger, D.M Essiambre, R.-J and G.P Agrawal: Soliton communication systems Etrich, C., F Lederer, B.A Malomed, T Peschel and U Peschel: Optical solitons in media with a quadratic nonlinearity Evers, J., see Kiffner, M 7, 359 Fabelinskii, I.L.: Spectra of molecular scattering of light Fabre, C., see Reynaud, S Facchi, P and S Pascazio: Quantum Zeno and inverse quantum Zeno effects Fante, R.L.: Wave propagation in random media: a systems approach Fazio, E., see Chumash, V Fercher, A.F and C.K Hitzenberger: Optical coherence tomography Ficek, Z and H.S Freedhoff: Spectroscopy in polychromatic fields Fields, M.H., J Popp and R.K Chang: Nonlinear optics in microspheres Filip, R.: see Andersen, U.L Fiorentini, A.: Dynamic characteristics of visual processes Fiura´ˇsek, J., see Cerf, N.J Florja nczyk, M., see Velasco, A.V Flytzanis, C., F Hache, M.C Klein, D Ricard and Ph Roussignol: Nonlinear optics in composite materials Semiconductor and metal crystallites in dielectrics Focke, J.: Higher order aberration theory Forbes, G.W., see Kravtsov, Yu.A Foster, G.T., see Carmichael, H.J Franc¸on, M and S Mallick: Measurement of the second order degree of coherence Franta, D., see Ohlı´dal, I Freedhoff, H.S., see Ficek, Z Freilikher, V.D and S.A Gredeskul: Localization of waves in media with onedimensional disorder 43, 433 12, 163 14, 161 49, 381 31, 189 38, 48, 21, 16, 50, 37, 355 233 275 185 41, 483 55, 85 37, 95 30, 42, 147 22, 341 36, 44, 215 40, 389 41, 53, 365 1, 253 49, 455 59, 159 29, 321 4, 39, 46, 355 6, 71 41, 181 40, 389 30, 137 620 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Friberg, A.T., see Turunen, J Frieden, B.R.: Evaluation, design and extrapolation methods for optical signals, based on use of the prolate functions Friesem, A.A., see Oron, R Froehly, C., B Colombeau and M Vampouille: Shaping and analysis of picosecond light pulses Fry, G.A.: The optical performance of the human eye Fu, Z., see Chen, R.T Gabitov, I.R., see Litchinitser, N.M Gabor, D.: Light and information Gallion, P., F Mendieta and S Jiang: Signal and quantum noise in optical communications and cryptography Gamo, H.: Matrix treatment of partial coherence Gandjbakhche, A.H and G.H Weiss: Random walk and diffusion-like models of photon migration in turbid media Gantsog, Ts., see Tanas´, R Gao, W., see Yin,J Garcia-Ojalvo, J., see Uchida, A Garnier, J., see Abdullaev, F Garnier, J., see Abdullaev, F.Kh Gatti, A., E Brambilla and L Lugiato: Quantum imaging Gauthier, D.J.: Two-photon lasers Gauthier, D.J., see Boyd, R.W Gbur, G.: Nonradiating sources and other “invisible” objects Gbur, G and Visser, T.D.: The structure of partially coherent fields Gbur, G.: Invisibility Physics: Past, Present, and Future Gea-Banacloche, J.: Optical realizations of quantum teleportation Ghatak, A and K Thyagarajan: Graded index optical waveguides: a review Ghatak, A.K., see Sodha, M.S Giacobino, E and B Cagnac: Doppler-free multiphoton spectroscopy 17, 85 Giacobino, E., see Reynaud, S Giannessi, L., see Dattoli, G Ginzburg, V.L.: Radiation by uniformly moving sources Vavilov-Cherenkov effect, Doppler effect in a medium, transition radiation and associated phenomena Ginzburg,V.L., see Agranovich, V.M Giovanelli, R.G.: Diffusion through non-uniform media Glaser, I.: Information processing with spatially incoherent light Glesk, I., B.C Wang, L Xu, V Baby and P.R Prucnal: Ultra-fast all-optical switching in optical networks Gniadek, K and J Petykiewicz: Applications of optical methods in the diffraction theory of elastic waves Goodman, J.W.: Synthetic-aperture optics Gozani, J., see Charnotskii, M.I Graham, R.: The phase transition concept and coherence in atomic emission Gredeskul, S.A., see Freilikher, V.D 54, 9, 311 42, 325 20, 63 8, 51 41, 283 51, 1, 109 52, 149 3, 187 34, 333 35, 355 45, 119 48, 203 48, 35 44, 303 51, 251 45, 205 43, 497 45, 273 55, 285 58, 65 46, 311 18, 13, 169 30, 31, 321 32, 9, 2, 24, 267 235 109 389 45, 53 9, 281 8, 32, 203 12, 233 30, 137 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Greenberger, D.M., N Erez, M.O Scully, A.A Svidzinsky and M.S Zubairy: Planck, photon statistics, and Bose-Einstein condensation Grillet, C., see Eggleton, B.J Hache, F., see Flytzanis, C Hall, D.G.: Optical waveguide diffraction gratings: coupling between guided modes Halsall, M.P., see Roschuk T Hariharan, P.: Colour holography Hariharan, P.: Interferometry with lasers Hariharan, P.: The geometric phase Hariharan, P and B.C Sanders: Quantum phenomena in optical interferometry Harwit, M and J.A Decker Jr: Modulation techniques in spectrometry Hasegawa, A., see Kodama, Y Hasman, E., G Biener, A Niv and V Kleiner: Space-variant polarization manipulation Hasman, E., see Oron, R Haus, J.W., see Sakoda, K He, G.S., Stimulated scattering effects of intense coherent light Heidmann, A., see Reynaud, S Hello, P.: Optical aspects of interferometric gravitational-wave detectors Helstrom, C.W.: Quantum detection theory Hendrych, M., see Dusˇek, M Herriot, D.R.: Some applications of lasers to interferometry Herzig, H.P., see Kim, M.S Hess, O., see Wuestner, S Hitzenberger, C.K., see Fercher, A.F Horner, J.L., see Javidi, B Hua, L., see Chen, Z Huang, T.S.: Bandwidth compression of optical images Ichioka,Y., see Tanida, J Imoto, N., see Yamamoto,Y Ishii, Y.: Laser-diode interferometry Itoh, K.: Interferometric multispectral imaging Iwata, K.: Phase imaging and refractive index tomography for X-rays and visiblerays Jacobsson, R.: Light reflection from films of continuously varying refractive index Jacquinot, P and B Roizen-Dossier: Apodisation Jacquod, Ph., see T€ ureci, H.E Jaeger, G and A.V Sergienko: Multi-photon quantum interferometry Jahns, J.: Free-space optical digital computing and interconnection Jamroz, W and B.P Stoicheff: Generation of tunable coherent vacuumultraviolet radiation Janssen, A.J.E.M., see Braat, J.J.M 621 50, 275 48, 29, 321 29, 58, 251 20, 263 24, 103 48, 149 36, 49 12, 101 30, 205 47, 215 42, 325 54, 271 53, 201 30, 38, 85 10, 289 49, 381 6, 171 58, 115 59, 44, 215 38, 343 57, 219 10, 40, 77 28, 87 46, 243 35, 145 47, 393 5, 247 3, 29 47, 75 42, 277 38, 419 20, 325 51, 349 622 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Jarzyna, M., see Demkowicz-Dobrza nski, R Javidi, B and J.L Horner: Pattern recognition with nonlinear techniques in the Fourier domain Jesu´s Lancis, see Victor Torres-Company Jiang, S., see Gallion, P Jones, D.G.C., see Allen, L Joshi, A and M Xiao: Controlling nonlinear optical processes in multi-level atomic systems Juan P Torres, K Banaszek, and I A Walmsley: Engineering nonlinear optic sources of photonic entanglement 60, 345 Kapale, K.T.: Subwavelength Atom Localization Kartashov, Y.V., V.A Vysloukh and L Torner: Soliton shape and mobility control in optical lattices Kastler, A., see Cohen-Tannoudji, C Kauranen, M and S Cattaneo: Polarization techniques for surface nonlinear optics Keitel, C.H., see Kiffner, M Keller, O.: Local fields in linear and nonlinear optics of mesoscopic systems Keller, O.: Optical works of L.V Lorenz Keller, O.: Historical papers on the particle concept of light Keller, U.: Ultrafast solid-state lasers Kemp, B.A.: Macroscopic theory of optical momentum Khoo, I.C.: Nonlinear optics of liquid crystals Khulbe, P., see Carriere, J Kielich, S.: Multi-photon scattering molecular spectroscopy Kiffner, M., Macovei, M., Evers, J and Keitel, C.H.: Vacuum-induced processes in multilevel atoms Kilin, S., see Mogilevtsev, D Kilin, S.Ya.: Quanta and information Kimball, B.R., see De Sio L Kinosita, K.: Surface deterioration of optical glasses Kim, M.S., T Scharf, C Rockstuhl, H.P Herzig: Phase Anomalies in MicroOptics Kitagawa, M., see Yamamoto,Y Kivshar,Y.S., see Desyatnikov, A.S Kivshar,Y.S., see Saltiel, S.M Klein, M.C., see Flytzanis, C Kleiner,V., see Hasman, E Klimov, A.B., see Bj€ ork, G Klyatskin, V.I.: The imbedding method in statistical boundary-value wave problems Knight, P.L., see Buzˇek, V Knights, A.P., see Roschuk, T Kodama, Y and A Hasegawa: Theoretical foundation of optical-soliton concept in fibers Kollarova,V., see Chmelik, R Kołody nski, J., see Demkowicz-Dobrza nski, R 58, 199 38, 343 56, 52, 149 9, 179 49, 97 56, 227 52, 63 5, 51, 69 55, 85 37, 257 43, 195 50, 51 46, 60, 437 26, 105 41, 97 20, 155 55, 85 54, 89 42, 58, 4, 85 58, 115 28, 87 47, 291 47, 29, 321 47, 215 51, 469 33, 34, 58, 251 30, 205 59, 267 60, 345 623 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Koppelman, G.: Multiple-beam interference and natural modes in open resonators Kottler, F.: The elements of radiative transfer Kottler, F.: Diffraction at a black screen, Part I: Kirchhoff’s theory Kottler, F.: Diffraction at a black screen, Part II: electromagnetic theory Kowalewska-Kudlaszyk, A see W Leo nski Kozhekin, A.E., see Kurizki, G Kravtsov, Yu.A.: Rays and caustics as physical objects Kravtsov, Yu.A and L.A Apresyan: Radiative transfer: new aspects of the old theory Kravtsov, Yu.A., G.W Forbes and A.A Asatryan: Theory and applications of complex rays Kravtsov,Yu.A., see Barabanenkov, Yu.N Kroisova, D.: Microstructures and Nanostructures in Nature Kubota, H.: Interference color Kuittinen, M., see Turunen, J Kurizki, G., A.E Kozhekin, T Opatrny´ and B.A Malomed: Optical solitons in periodic media with resonant and off-resonant nonlinearities Labeyrie, A.: High-resolution techniques in optical astronomy Lakhtakia, A., see Mackay, T.G Lean, E.G.: Interaction of light and acoustic surface waves Lederer, F., see Etrich, C Lee, W.-H.: Computer-generated holograms: techniques and applications Leith, E.N and Upatnieks, J.: Recent advances in holography Leonhardt, U and Philbin, T.G.: Transformation optics and the geometry of light Leo nski, W., and A Kowalewska-Kudlaszyk: Quantum scissors finite-dimensional states engineering Letokhov, V.S.: Laser selective photophysics and photochemistry Leuchs, G., see Sizmann, A Levi, L.: Vision in communication Li, G.: Adaptive lens Li, L., see Carriere, J Lipson, H and C.A Taylor: X-ray crystal-structure determination as a branch of physical optics Litchinitser, N.M., I.R Gabitov, A.I Maimistov and V.M Shalaev: Negative refractive index metamaterials in optics Lohmann, A.W., D Mendlovic and Z Zalevsky: Fractional transformations in optics Lohmann, A.W., see Zalevsky, Z Lostak, M., see Chmelik, R Lounis, B., see Orrit, M Lugiato, L., see Gatti, A Lugiato, L.A.: Theory of optical bistability Luis, A and L.L Sa´nchez-Soto: Quantum phase difference, phase measurements and Stokes operators 7, 3, 4, 281 6, 331 56, 131 42, 93 26, 227 36, 179 39, 29, 65 57, 93 1, 211 40, 343 42, 93 14, 47 51, 121 11, 123 41, 483 16, 119 6, 53, 69 56, 131 16, 39, 373 8, 343 55, 199 41, 97 5, 287 51, 38, 263 40, 271 59, 267 35, 61 51, 251 21, 69 41, 419 624 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Luksˇ, A and V Perˇinova´: Canonical quantum description of light propagation in dielectric media Lukrsˇ, A., see Perˇinova´, V Lukrsˇ, A., see Perˇinova´, V L€ utkenhaus, N., see Dusˇek, M Machida, S., see Yamamoto, Y Mackay, T.G and A Lakhtakia: Electromagnetic fields in linear bianisotropic mediums Macovei, M., see Kiffner, M Maăgi, E.C., see Eggleton, B.J Mahajan, V.N.: Gaussian apodization and beam propagation Maimistov, A.I., see Litchinitser, N.M Mainfray, G and C Manus: Nonlinear processes in atoms and in weakly relativistic plasmas Malacara, D.: Optical and electronic processing of medical images Malacara, D., see Vlad, V.I Mallick, S., see Francon, M Malomed, B.A.: Variational methods in nonlinear fiber optics and related fields Malomed, B.A., see Etrich, C Malomed, B.A., see Kurizki, G Mandel, L.: Fluctuations of light beams Mandel, L.: The case for and against semiclassical radiation theory Mandel, P., see Abraham, N.B Mansuripur, M., see Carriere, J Manus, C., see Mainfray, G Maradudin, A.A., see Shchegrov, A.V Marchand, E.W.: Gradient index lenses Maret, G., see Aegerter, C.M Maria Chekhova: Polarization and Spectral Properties of Biphotons Martin, P.J and R.P Netterfield: Optical films produced by ion-based techniques Martı´nez-Corral, M and Saavedra, G.: The resolution challenge in 3D optical microscopy Masalov, A.V.: Spectral and temporal fluctuations of broad-band laser radiation Maystre, D.: Rigorous vector theories of diffraction gratings Meessen, A., see Rouard, P Mehta, C.L.: Theory of photoelectron counting Me´ndez, E.R., see Shchegrov, A.V Mendieta, F., see Gallion, P Mendlovic, D., see Lohmann, A.W Mendlovic, D., see Zalevsky, Z Meystre, P.: Cavity quantum optics and the quantum measurement process Meystre, P., see Search, C.P Michelotti, F., see Chumash, V Mihalache, D., M Bertolotti and C Sibilia: Nonlinear wave propagation in planar structures Mikaelian, A.L.: Self-focusing media with variable index of refraction 43, 33, 40, 49, 295 129 115 381 28, 87 51, 121 55, 85 48, 49, 51, 32, 313 22, 33, 261 6, 71 43, 71 41, 483 42, 93 2, 181 13, 27 25, 41, 97 32, 313 46, 117 11, 305 52, 56, 187 23, 113 53, 22, 145 21, 15, 77 8, 373 46, 117 52, 149 38, 263 40, 271 30, 261 47, 139 36, 27, 227 17, 279 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Mikaelian, A.L and M.L Ter-Mikaelian: Quasi-classical theory of laser radiation Mills, D.L and K.R Subbaswamy: Surface and size effects on the light scattering spectra of solids Milonni, P.W.: Field quantization in optics Milonni, P.W and B Sundaram: Atoms in strong fields: photoionization and chaos Mir, M.: Quantitative Phase Imaging Miranowicz, A., see Tanas´, R Miyamoto, K.: Wave optics and geometrical optics in optical design Mogilevtsev, D and Kilin, S.: Theoretical tools for quantum optics in structured media Mollow, B.R.: Theory of intensity dependent resonance light scattering and resonance fluorescence Murata, K.: Instruments for the measuring of optical transfer functions Musset, A and A Thelen: Multilayer antireflection coatings Nakwaski, W and M Osi nski: Thermal properties of vertical-cavity surfaceemitting semiconductor lasers Narayan, R., see Carriere, J Narducci, L.M., see Abraham, N.B Navra´til, K., see Ohlı´dal, I Netterfield, R.P., see Martin, P.J Nguyen, H.C., see Eggleton, B.J Nishihara, H and T Suhara: Micro Fresnel lenses Niv, A., see Hasman, E Noethe, L.: Active optics in modern large optical telescopes Novotny, L.: The history of near-field optics Nussenzveig, H.M.: Light tunneling Obod, Yu.A., see Shvartsburg, A.B Ohlı´dal, I and D Franta: Ellipsometry of thin film systems Ohlı´dal, I., K Navra´til and M Ohlı´dal: Scattering of light from multilayer systems with rough boundaries Ohlı´dal, M., see Ohı´ldal, I O’Holleran, K., see Dennis, M.R Ohtsu, M and T Tako: Coherence in semiconductor lasers Ohtsubo, J.: Chaotic dynamics in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback Okamoto, T and T Asakura: The statistics of dynamic speckles Okoshi, T.: Projection-type holography Omenetto, F.G.: Femtosecond pulses in optical fibers Ooue, S.: The photographic image Opatrny´, T., see Kurizki, G Opatrny´, T., see Welsch, D.-G Oron, R., N Davidson, A.A Friesem and E Hasman: Transverse mode shaping and selection in laser resonators Orozco, L.A., see Carmichael, H.J 625 7, 231 19, 45 50, 97 31, 57, 133 35, 355 1, 31 54, 89 19, 5, 199 8, 201 38, 165 41, 97 25, 34, 249 23, 113 48, 24, 47, 215 43, 50, 137 50, 185 60, 489 41, 181 34, 249 34, 249 53, 293 25, 191 44, 34, 183 15, 139 44, 85 7, 299 42, 93 39, 63 42, 325 46, 355 626 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Orrit, M., J Bernard, R Brown and B Lounis: Optical spectroscopy of single molecules in solids Osi nski, M., see Nakwaski, W Ostrovskaya, G.V and Yu.I Ostrovsky: Holographic methods of plasma diagnostics Ostrovsky, Yu.I and V.P Shchepinov: Correlation holographic and speckle interferometry Ostrovsky,Yu.I., see Ostrovskaya, G.V Oughstun, K.E.: Unstable resonator modes Oughstun, K.E., see Cartwright, N.A Oughstun, K.E., see Cartwright, N.A Oz-Vogt, J., see Beran, M.J Ozrin,V.D., see Barabanenkov, Yu.N Padgett, M.J., see Allen, L Padgett, M.J., see Dennis, M.R Pal, B.P.: Guided-wave optics on silicon: physics, technology and status Paoletti, D and G Schirripa Spagnolo: Interferometric methods for artwork diagnostics Pascazio, S., see Facchi, P Patorski, K.: The self-imaging phenomenon and its applications Paul, H., see Brunner, W Pedro Andre´s, see Vı´ctor Torres-Company Pegis, R.J.: The modern development of Hamiltonian optics Pegis, R.J., see Delano, E Peiponen, K.-E., E.M Vartiainen and T Asakura: Dispersion relations and phase retrieval in optical spectroscopy Peng, C., see Carriere, J Perˇina Jr, J.: Spontaneous parametric down-conversion in nonlinear layered structures Perˇina Jr, J and J Perˇina: Quantum statistics of nonlinear optical couplers Perˇina, J.: Photocount statistics of radiation propagating through random and nonlinear media Perˇina, J., see Perˇina Jr, J Perˇinova´, V and A Luksˇ: Quantum statistics of dissipative nonlinear oscillators Perˇinova´, V and A Luksˇ: Continuous measurements in quantum optics Perˇinova´,V., see Luksˇ, A Pershan, P.S.: Non-linear optics Peschel, T., see Etrich, C Peschel, U., see Etrich, C Petite, G., see Shvartsburg, A.B Petykiewicz, J., see Gniadek, K Philbin, T.G., see Leonhardt, U Picht, J.: The wave of a moving classical electron Pollock, C.R.: Ultrafast optical pulses Popescu, G., see Mir, M Popov, E.: Light diffraction by relief gratings: a macroscopic and microscopic view Popp, J., see Fields, M.H 35, 61 38, 165 22, 197 30, 87 22, 197 24, 165 59, 209 60, 263 33, 319 29, 65 39, 291 53, 293 32, 35, 197 42, 147 27, 15, 56, 1, 7, 67 37, 57 41, 97 59, 89 41, 359 18, 127 41, 359 33, 129 40, 115 43, 295 5, 83 41, 483 41, 483 44, 143 9, 281 53, 69 5, 351 51, 211 57, 133 31, 139 41, 627 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Porter, R.P.: Generalized holography with application to inverse scattering and inverse source problems Premaratne, M.: Optical pulse propagation in biological media: theory and numerical methods Presnyakov, L.P.: Wave propagation in inhomogeneous media: phase-shift approach Prucnal, P.R., see Glesk, I Pryde, G.J., see Ralph, T.C Psaltis, D and Y Qiao: Adaptive multilayer optical networks Psaltis, D., see Casasent, D Pu, J., see Chen, Z 34, 159 45, 53 54, 209 31, 227 16, 289 57, 219 Qiao,Y., see Psaltis, D Qiu, M., see Yan, M 31, 227 52, 261 Ralph, T.C and Pryde, G.J.: Optical quantum computation Raymer, M.G and I.A Walmsley: The quantum coherence properties of stimulated Raman scattering Reiner, J.E., see Carmichael, H.J Renieri, A., see Dattoli, G Reynaud, S., A Heidmann, E Giacobino and C Fabre: Quantum fluctuations in optical systems Ricard, D., see Flytzanis, C Rice, P.R., see Carmichael, H.J Riseberg, L.A and M.J Weber: Relaxation phenomena in rare-earth luminescence Risken, H.: Statistical properties of laser light Rockstuhl, C., see Kim, M.S Roddier, F.: The effects of atmospheric turbulence in optical astronomy Rogers, J.D., see C ¸ apog˘lu, ˙I.R Rogister, F., see Uchida, A Roizen-Dossier, B., see Jacquinot, P Romero, L.A and Dickey, F.M.: The mathematical theory of laser beamsplitting gratings Ronchi, L., see Wang Shaomin Rosanov, N.N.: Transverse patterns in wide-aperture nonlinear optical systems Roschuk, T., I.F Crowe, A.P Knights, M.P Halsall: Low-Dimensional Silicon Structures for Use in Photonic Circuits Rosenblum, W.M and J.L Christensen: Objective and subjective spherical aberration measurements of the human eye Rothberg, L.: Dephasing-induced coherent phenomena Rouard, P and P Bousquet: Optical constants of thin films Rouard, P and A Meessen: Optical properties of thin metal films Roussignol, Ph., see Flytzanis, C Roy, R., see Uchida, A Rubinowicz, A.: The Miyamoto-Wolf diffraction wave Rudolph, D., see Schmahl, G 54, 209 27, 315 55, 28, 181 46, 355 31, 321 30, 29, 321 46, 355 14, 89 8, 239 58, 115 19, 281 57, 48, 203 3, 29 54, 319 25, 279 35, 58, 251 13, 69 24, 39 4, 145 15, 77 29, 321 48, 203 4, 199 14, 195 628 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Saavedra, G., see Martı´nez-Corral, M Saichev, A.I., see Barabanenkov, Yu.N Saito, S., see Yamamoto,Y Sakai, H., see Vanasse, G.A Sakoda, K and Haus, J.W.: Science and engineering of photonic crystals Saleh, B.E.A., see Teich, M.C Saltiel, S.M., A.A Sukhorukov and Y.S Kivshar: Multistep parametric processes in nonlinear optics Sa´nchez-Soto, L.L., see Bj€ ork, G Sa´nchez-Soto, L.L., see Luis, A Sanders, B.C., see Hariharan, P Scharf, T., see Kim, M.S., Scheermesser, T., see Bryngdahl, O Schieve, W.C., see Englund, J.C Schirripa Spagnolo, G., see Paoletti, D Schmahl, G and D Rudolph: Holographic diffraction gratings Schubert, M and B Wilhelmi: The mutual dependence between coherence properties of light and nonlinear optical processes Schulz, G.: Aspheric surfaces Schulz, G and J Schwider: Interferometric testing of smooth surfaces Schwefel, H.G.L., see T€ ureci, H.E Schwider, J.: Advanced evaluation techniques in interferometry Schwider, J., see Schulz, G Scully, M.O and K.G Whitney: Tools of theoretical quantum optics Scully, M.O., see Greenberger, D.M Search, C.P and P Meystre: Nonlinear and quantum optics of atomic and molecular fields Senitzky, I.R.: Semiclassical radiation theory within a quantum-mechanical framework Sergienko, A.V., see Jaeger, G Shalaev,V.M., see Litchinitser, N.M Sharma, S.K and D.J Somerford: Scattering of light in the eikonal approximation Shchegrov, A.V., A.A Maradudin and E.R Me´ndez: Multiple scattering of light from randomly rough surfaces Shchepinov, V.P., see Ostrovsky, Yu.I Shvartsburg, A.B and G Petite: Instantaneous optics of ultrashort broadband pulses and rapidly varying media Shvartsburg, A.B., Yu.A Obod and O.D Volpian: Tunneling of electromagnetic waves in all-dielectric gradient metamaterials Sibilia, C., see Bertolotti, M Sibilia, C., see Mihalache, D Simpson, J.R., see Dutta, N.K Sipe, J.E., see De Sterke, C.M Sipe, J.E., see Van Kranendonk, J Sittig, E.K.: Elastooptic light modulation and deflection Sizmann, A and G Leuchs: The optical Kerr effect and quantum optics in fibers 53, 29, 65 28, 87 6, 259 54, 271 26, 47, 51, 469 41, 419 36, 49 58, 115 33, 389 21, 355 35, 197 14, 195 17, 163 25, 349 13, 93 47, 75 28, 271 13, 93 10, 89 50, 275 47, 139 16, 413 42, 277 51, 39, 213 46, 117 30, 87 44, 143 60, 489 60, 27, 227 31, 189 33, 203 15, 245 10, 229 39, 373 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Slaba, M., see Chmelik, R Slaby, T., see Chmelik, R Slusher, R.E.: Self-induced transparency Smith, A.W., see Armstrong, J.A Smith, D.Y and D.L Dexter: Optical absorption strength of defects in insulators Smith, R.W.: The use of image tubes as shutters Snapp, R.R., see Englund, J.C Sodha, M.S., A.K Ghatak and V.K Tripathi: Self-focusing of laser beams in plasmas and semiconductors Somerford, D.J., see Sharma, S.K Soroko, L.M.: Axicons and meso-optical imaging devices Soskin, M.S and M.V Vasnetsov: Singular optics Spreeuw, R.J.C and J.P Woerdman: Optical atoms Steel, M.J., see Eggleton, B.J Steel, W.H.: Two-beam interferometry Steinberg, A.M., see Chiao, R.Y Steinvurzel, P., see Eggleton, B.J Stoicheff, B.P., see Jamroz, W Stone, A.D., see T€ ureci, H.E Strohbehn, J.W.: Optical propagation through the turbulent atmosphere Stroke, G.W.: Ruling, testing and use of optical gratings for high-resolution spectroscopy Subbaswamy, K.R., see Mills, D.L Suhara, T., see Nishihara, H Sukhorukov, A.A., see Saltiel, S.M Sundaram, B., see Milonni, P.W Svelto, O.: Self-focusing, self-trapping, and self-phase modulation of laser beams Svidzinsky, A.A., see Greenberger, D.M Sweeney, D.W., see Ceglio, N.M Swinney, H.L., see Cummins, H.Z Tabiryan, N., see De Sio L Taflove, A., see C ¸ apog˘lu, I˙.R Tako, T., see Ohtsu, M Tanaka, K.: Paraxial theory in optical design in terms of Gaussian brackets Tanas´, R., A Miranowicz and Ts Gantsog: Quantum phase properties of nonlinear optical phenomena Tango, W.J and R.Q Twiss: Michelson stellar interferometry Tanida, J and Y Ichioka: Digital optical computing Tatarskii, V.I and V.U Zavorotnyi: Strong fluctuations in light propagation in a randomly inhomogeneous medium Tatarskii,V.I., see Charnotskii, M.I Taylor, C.A., see Lipson, H Teich, M.C and B.E.A Saleh: Photon bunching and antibunching Ter-Mikaelian, M.L., see Mikaelian, A.L Thelen, A., see Musset, A 629 59, 267 59, 267 12, 53 6, 211 10, 165 10, 45 21, 355 13, 169 39, 213 27, 109 42, 219 31, 263 48, 5, 145 37, 345 48, 20, 325 47, 75 9, 73 2, 19, 45 24, 47, 31, 12, 50, 275 21, 287 8, 133 57, 25, 191 23, 63 35, 355 17, 239 40, 77 18, 204 32, 203 5, 287 26, 7, 231 8, 201 630 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Thompson, B.J.: Image formation with partially coherent light Thyagarajan, K., see Ghatak, A Tonomura, A.: Electron holography Torner, L., see Kartashov, Y.V Torner, L.L., see Desyatnikov, A.S Torre, A.: The fractional Fourier transform and some of its applications to optics Torre, A., see Dattoli, G Tripathi,V.K., see Sodha, M.S Tsujiuchi, J.: Correction of optical images by compensation of aberrations and by spatial frequency filtering T€ ureci, H.E., H.G.L Schwefel, Ph Jacquod and A.D Stone: Modes of wavechaotic dielectric resonators Turunen, J., M Kuittinen and F Wyrowski: Diffractive optics: electromagnetic approach Turunen, J and Friberg, A.T.: Propagation-invariant optical fields Twiss, R.Q., see Tango, W.J Uchida, A., F Rogister, J Garcı´a-Ojalvo and R Roy: Synchronization and communication with chaotic laser systems Umeton, C., see De Sio L Upatnieks, J., see Leith, E.N Upstill, C., see Berry, M.V Ushioda, S.: Light scattering spectroscopy of surface electromagnetic waves in solids Vampouille, M., see Froehly, C Van De Grind, W.A., see Bouman, M.A van Haver, S., see Braat, J.J.M Van Heel, A.C.S.: Modern alignment devices Van Kranendonk, J and J.E Sipe: Foundations of the macroscopic electromagnetic theory of dielectric media Vanasse, G.A and H Sakai: Fourier spectroscopy Vartiainen, E.M., see Peiponen, K.-E Vasnetsov, M.V., see Soskin, M.S Velasco, A.V., P Cheben, M Florja nczyk, and M.L Calvo: Spatial heterodyne fourier-transform waveguide spectrometers Vernier, P.J.: Photoemission Vı´ctor Torres-Company, Jesu´s Lancis, and Pedro Andre´s: Space-time analogies in optics Visser, T.D., see Gbur, G Vlad, V.I and D Malacara: Direct spatial reconstruction of optical phase from phase-modulated images Vogel, W., see Welsch, D.-G Volpian, O.D., see Shvartsburg, A.B Vysloukh,V.A., see Kartashov, Y.V Walmsley, I.A., see Raymer, M.G 7, 169 18, 23, 183 52, 63 47, 291 43, 531 31, 321 13, 169 2, 131 47, 75 40, 343 54, 17, 239 48, 203 58, 6, 18, 257 19, 139 20, 63 22, 77 51, 349 1, 289 15, 245 6, 259 37, 57 42, 219 59, 159 14, 245 56, 55, 285 33, 261 39, 63 60, 489 52, 63 28, 181 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 631 Walmsley, I A., see Juan P Torres Wang Shaomin, and L Ronchi: Principles and design of optical arrays Wang, B.C., see Glesk, I Wang, T., see Zhao, D Weber, M.J., see Riseberg, L.A Weigelt, G.: Triple-correlation imaging in optical astronomy Weisbuch, C., see Benisty, H Weiss, G.H., see Gandjbakhche, A.H Welford, W.T.: Aberration theory of gratings and grating mountings Welford, W.T.: Aplanatism and isoplanatism Welford, W.T., see Bassett, I.M Welsch, D.-G., W Vogel and T Opatrny´: Homodyne detection and quantum-state reconstruction Whitney, K.G., see Scully, M.O Wilhelmi, B., see Schubert, M Winston, R., see Bassett, I.M Woerdman, J.P., see Spreeuw, R.J.C Wolf, E.: The influence of Young’s interference experiment on the development of statistical optics Woli nski, T.R.: Polarimetric optical fibers and sensors Wolter, H.: On basic analogies and principal differences between optical and electronic information Wuestner, S and O Hess: Active optical metamaterials Wynne, C.G.: Field correctors for astronomical telescopes Wyrowski, F., see Bryngdahl, O Wyrowski, F., see Bryngdahl, O Wyrowski, F., see Turunen, J 56, 227 25, 279 45, 53 57, 261 14, 89 29, 293 49, 177 34, 333 4, 241 13, 267 27, 161 Xiao, M., see Joshi, A Xu, L., see Glesk, I 49, 97 45, 53 Yan, M., W Yan and M Qiu: Invisibility cloaking by coordinate transformation Yan, W., see Yan, M Yamaguchi, I.: Fringe formations in deformation and vibration measurements using laser light Yamaji, K.: Design of zoom lenses Yamamoto, T.: Coherence theory of source-size compensation in interference microscopy Yamamoto, Y., S Machida, S Saito, N Imoto, T Yanagawa and M Kitagawa: Quantum mechanical limit in optical precision measurement and communication Yanagawa, T., see Yamamoto, Y Yaroslavsky, L.P.: The theory of optimal methods for localization of objects in pictures Yeh, W.-H., see Carriere, J Yin, J., W Gao and Y Zhu: Generation of dark hollow beams and their applications 39, 63 10, 89 17, 163 27, 161 31, 263 50, 251 40, 1, 155 59, 10, 137 28, 33, 389 40, 343 52, 261 52, 261 22, 271 6, 105 8, 295 28, 87 28, 87 32, 145 41, 97 45, 119 632 Cumulative Index – Volumes 1–60 Yoshinaga, H.: Recent developments in far infrared spectroscopic techniques Yu, F.T.S.: Principles of optical processing with partially coherent light Yu, F.T.S.: Optical neural networks: architecture, design and models Zalevsky, Z., D Mendlovic and A.W Lohmann: Optical systems with improved resolving power Zalevsky, Z., see Lohmann, A.W Zavatta, A., see Bellini, M Zavorotny,V.U., see Charnotskii, M.I Zavorotnyi,V.U., see Tatarskii, V.I Zhao, D and T Wang: Direct and Inverse Problems in the Theory of Light Scattering Zhu, R., see Mir, M Zhu, Y., see Yin, J Zubairy, M.S., see Greenberger, D.M Zuidema, P., see Bouman, M.A 11, 77 23, 221 32, 61 40, 271 38, 263 55, 41 32, 203 18, 204 57, 261 57, 133 45, 119 50, 275 22, 77 ... experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety... a single 24Mg+ ion confined in a radio frequency trap, as a function of detuning and intensities of the incident field The results clearly show the antibunching effect (Figure 5) For increasing... ix PREFACE In this 60th volume of Progress in Optics, six review articles are presented Chapter 1, contributed by Bertolotti, Bovino, and Sibilia, takes a historical approach to single-photon