Progress in brain research, volume 224

Serial Editor Vincent Walsh Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London 17 Queen Square London WC1N 3AR UK Editorial Board Mark Bear, Cambridge, USA Medicine & Translational Neuroscience Hamed Ekhtiari, Tehran, Iran Addiction Hajime Hirase, Wako, Japan Neuronal Microcircuitry Freda Miller, Toronto, Canada Developmental Neurobiology Shane O’Mara, Dublin, Ireland Systems Neuroscience Susan Rossell, Swinburne, Australia Clinical Psychology & Neuropsychiatry Nathalie Rouach, Paris, France Neuroglia Barbara Sahakian, Cambridge, UK Cognition & Neuroethics Bettina Studer, Dusseldorf, Germany Neurorehabilitation Xiao-Jing Wang, New York, USA Computational Neuroscience Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA First edition 2016 Copyright # 2016 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN: 978-0-444-63716-1 ISSN: 0079-6123 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ Contributors Woo Young Ahn Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, and Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Nelly Alia-Klein Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Albert Batalla Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clı´nic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Samantha Brooks Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Gregory G Brown Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Jerome R Busemeyer Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Elizabeth Cabrera National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Salvatore Campanella Laboratoire de Psychologie M edicale et d’Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Universite Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium Nazzareno Cannella Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany Daniele Caprioli Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA Sandra Carvalho Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, and Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal v vi Contributors Bader Chaarani Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA Roberto Ciccocioppo School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Patricia Conrod Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Janna Cousijn Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Alain Dagher Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Junyi Dai Centre for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany Michiel de Ruiter Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sylvane Desrivieres Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK Elise E DeVito Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Hamed Ekhtiari Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging; Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS); Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies (ICSS), and Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ashkan Faghiri Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Sarah W Feldstein Ewing Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA Felipe Fregni Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Contributors Hugh Garavan Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA Thomas E Gladwin Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, and Research Centre—Military Mental Health, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands David C Glahn Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Rita Z Goldstein Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Anna E Goudriaan Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Joshua L Gowin Section on Human Psychopharmacology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Addiction, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Markus Heilig Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link€ oping University, Link€oping, Sweden Mary M Heitzeg Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Marcus Herdener Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Derrek P Hibar Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA Kent Hutchison Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA Joanna Jacobus Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Neda Jahanshad Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA vii viii Contributors Kees-Jan Kan Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA Bernard Le Foll Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Addiction Medicine Service, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Lorenzo Leggio Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA Jorge Leite Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, and Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal Chiang-Shan R Li Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Edythe D London Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Valentina Lorenzetti School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Maartje Luijten Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Scott Mackey Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA Rocio Martin-Santos Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clı´nic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain April C May Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA Contributors Benjamin McKenna Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Scott J Moeller Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA Reza Momenan Section on Brain Electrophysiology and Imaging, Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, USA Angelica M Morales David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Michael A Nader Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Mohammad-Ali Oghabian Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, and Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vani Pariyadath Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Muhammad A Parvaz Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA Martin P Paulus VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA Tomas Paus Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Godfrey Pearlson Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Boris B Quednow Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, and Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland ix x Contributors Tara Rezapour Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran Ren ee Schluter Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Lianne Schmaal Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Gunter Schumann Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK Yavin Shaham Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA Alireza Shahbabaie Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS); Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), and Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rajita Sinha Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Zsuzsika Sjoerds Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany Emily Skarda National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Mehmet Sofuoglu Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA Nadia Solowij School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia Dan J Stein Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Elliot A Stein Intramural Research Program—Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Contributors Jennifer L Stewart Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, NY, USA Julie C Stout School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia Susan Tapert Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA Rachel E Thayer Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA Paul M Thompson Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA Massimo Ubaldi School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Anne Uhlmann Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Ruth van Holst Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jasmin Vassileva Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Dick Veltman Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Marco Venniro Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA, and Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Nora D Volkow National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Henrik Walter Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Gene-Jack Wang National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA xi xii Contributors Corinde E Wiers Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, ChariteUniversitaătsmedizin; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universitaăt zu, Berlin, Germany, and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Reinout W Wiers Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Margaret J Wright QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 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Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures, and “t” indicate tables A Abstinence-based relapse models, 28t forced abstinence and incubation of drug craving, 37–38 Acamprosate, 231 ACC See Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) Acute alcohol withdrawal, pharmacotherapy of, 229–230 Addicted patients, neurocognitive rehabilitation in, 352t Addiction automatic process in, 324 beyond DA, PET study endocannabinoid system, 187–188 fluorodeoxyglucose, 181–182 GABAergic system, 188 monoamine oxidase system, 183–184 nicotinic system, 186–187 norepinephrine system, 188–189 opioid system, 184–185 serotonin system, 185–186 biomarkers of, 207 cognitive interventions in, 299f comparing and contrasting types of, 79 corticolimbic connectivity in, 160–161 dopaminergic neurotransmission in DA receptor availability, 177–178 DA release, 178–179 DA synthesis capacity, 179–180 DA transporters availability, 180 dual-process models, 325–326 dysfunctional processing of negative consequences, 164–166 electrophysiology research on, 67–68 genetic basis of, 206 brain endophenotypes, 206–207 challenges, 207–208 missing participant groups in, 166, 166f neurobiological mechanisms, 176 neurochemical signature of, 426–429 neurocircuitry of, 421–426 neurocognitive approach to, 87–88 neuronal substrates for targets in, 254f PET to research neuroinflammatory processes in, 182–183 pharmacological targets for development of innovative treatment in, 268t smoking, 423f striatolimbic connectivity in, 162 Addiction medicine, 214 cognitive targets in fMRI for, 130–131, 131t addictive behaviors, 134 decision making, 133 drug cue reactivity (positive reinforcement), 131–133 executive control, 133–134 general cognitive impairments, 134–135, 135f stress/emotion reactivity (negative reinforcement), 133 efficacy of neurocognitive rehabilitation in, 351–355, 352t NIBS and clinical practice in, 387–391 resting-state fMRI for, 136 TMS applications in, 374–382 Addiction-related behavior, 325–326 Addictive disorder, neurocognitive rehabilitation for, 355t Addictive states, converging evidence from, 92–95 ADH See Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) Adolescence, brain development, 306–307 interactions with substance use, 307–310 functional neuroimaging, 309–310 structural neuroimaging, 307–309 potential regions to target in intervention, 310 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 266–267 Affect regulation, cognitive interventions, 294–295 Alcohol abuse preliminary evidence from, 89–91, 92–93f relapse in, 90–91 Alcohol dependence pharmacological treatment options to support abstinence in, 231–232 reduction of use and relapse prevention in, 230–231 Alcohol dependence syndrome, 402 Alcohol-induced dopamine, 405–408 Alcoholism, 403, 406, 408 Alcohol on heavy drinkers, glucose metabolism, 182, 183f Alcohol pharmacotherapy, predicting response to, 430–432 Alcohol Sensitivity Questionnaire, 73 449 450 Index Alcohol use disorder (AUD), 228, 308–310 pharmacological treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal, 229–230 reduced drinking, 232 to support abstinence in alcohol dependence, 231–232 reduction of use and prevention in alcohol dependence, 230–231 Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), 374 Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH), 231 Amphetamines, 237 reduction of use and relapse prevention, 238–239 substitution, 239–240 withdrawal, 237–238 Animal model, 16t, 421–424, 430 conditioned place preference, 7–8 drug discrimination, 9–11 in combination with brain imaging, 11 influence of training dose, 9–10 methodological considerations, 10 of drug exposure, 427–428 unconditioned behaviors, 4–6 Antagonism, 232 Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 69–70 Appetitive behavior, modulation of, 260 Approach-avoidance task (AAT), 327 CBM cue reactivity study, 329 training protocol, 328 Approach Bias Modification, 327 Attentional biases, 326–327 Attentional Bias Modification, 326–327 Attention and working memory, 348 AUD See Alcohol use disorders (AUD) Automatic cognitions, 350 Autoreceptors, 427 AWS See Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) B Basolateral amygdala, 328–329 Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), 262 Behavior addiction-related, 134, 325–326 conditioned, 5–6 sensitization, unconditioned, 4–6 Benzodiazepines, 240–241 Bias See also Cognitive bias modification (CBM) attentional, 326–327 maladaptive, 326 Binding potential (BP), 177, 189 Biomarkers, 86–87, 95 of addiction, 207 neurophysiological, 86 psychiatric, potential impact of, 97 theragnostic, 404–405, 405f alcohol-induced dopamine activation as, 405–408 measures of glutamate activity as, 408–411 Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) imaging, 130 BNST See Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) BP See Binding potential (BP) Brain development, in adolescence, 306–307 interactions with substance use, 307–310 functional neuroimaging, 309–310 structural neuroimaging, 307–309 potential regions to target in intervention, 310 Brain endophenotypes, 206–207 Bupropion, 233 C cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), 256–260, 268t Cannabinoid receptor (CB), 107, 187 Cannabis, 76, 79, 240 Cannabis use disorders (CUDs), 309–310 CB See Cannabinoid receptor (CB) CBM See Cognitive bias modification (CBM) CBT See Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) Central amygdala (CeA), 262 Chronic relapsing disorder, 346–347 CM See Contingency management (CM) Cocaine, 76–78, 184–185, 237 reduction of use and relapse prevention, 238–239 substitution, 239–240 users, 87 withdrawal, 237–238 Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), 287–291, 288t neurocognitive responses to intervention, 316–317 Cognitive bias modification (CBM) description, 324–327, 329–331 developments in dual-process models, 331–332 enhancing efficacy and efficiency of, 332–333 mechanism, 328–329 Cognitive control, 287–292, 295 Cognitive inhibition, 291–292 Cognitive interventions in addiction, 299f affect regulation, 294–295 cognitive behavioral therapy, 287–291, 288t Index cognitive inhibition, 291–292 mindfulness training, 295–296 motivational interventions, 293–294 neurofeedback training, 296–298 Cognitive models, 54 for Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), 58t Cognitive rehabilitation in alcohol-dependent patients, 89–90 for drug addiction engaging family members, 359 graded for intensity escalation, 358 integrated adjunct therapy, 357 metacognition support, 358 patient tailored, 357 real-life application, 358 reinforcing positive behavior, 358 treatment contracts for CRT, 358 plan, 94–95 Cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT), 346–347 cognitive stimulation therapy, 350 cost effectiveness, 361 efficacy of, 359 meditation, 350 metacognitive training, 350 methods for presenting the rationale of, 356 empowering patient and avoiding “damaged brain” label, 356 encourage healthy behaviors, 357 giving realistic hope for recovery, 356 motivation and commitment improvement, 356–357 mindfulness, 350 mode of treatment delivery, 360 monitoring and outcome measures, 361 parameters of, 360 physical exercise, 350–351 screening and patient selection, 359 single vs multiple cognitive targets, 361 strategy training, 350 treatment adherence, 360 treatment contracts for, 358 Cognitive retraining See Cognitive bias modification (CBM) Cognitive retraining procedures (CRPs), 87–88 Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST), 350 Conditioned behavior, 5–6 Conditioned place preference (CPP), 7–8, 29 morphine-induced, 258 Conflict-based relapse model, 39 Context-induced reinstatement model, 32–33 Contingency management (CM), 311, 356–357 Corticolimbic connectivity, in addiction, 160–161 Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), 260–261, 268t Corticotropin-releasing hormone See Corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF) CPP See Conditioned place preference (CPP) Craving, 25–41, 74, 78, 144–146, 181 alcohol, 38, 232, 267, 425 cannabis, 240 cigarette, 161, 425 cocaine, 38, 185, 237, 238, 425 cognitive control of, 295 cognitive inhibition of, 291–292, 297 drug, 131–133, 350 forced abstinence, 37–38 incubation of, 37–38 nicotine, 157, 158f, 185 CREB See cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) CRF See Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) CRPs See Cognitive retraining procedures (CRPs) CRT See Cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) CST See Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) CUDs See Cannabis use disorders (CUDs) Cue reactivity, 68, 74, 78 Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), 432–433 D DA See Dopamine (DA) dACC See Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) DALYs See Disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs) DA transporters (DAT), 180 DBH See Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) DBS See Deep brain stimulation (DBS) DD See Drug discrimination (DD) Decision-making, 133 deficits, 54–55 process, 54 task, 54–55 Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), 55, 55t Soochow gambling task (SGT), 56–57, 56t, 57f Deep brain stimulation (DBS), 422–425 Default mode network (DMN), 156–157 Delay discounting phenomenon, 348–349 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) approach, 95 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 207 adolescence, 107–109, 117 adulthood, 114, 117 opiates, 119 prenatal exposure, 116 Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 420 Discrete cue-induced reinstatement procedure, 31 Discriminative cue-induced reinstatement procedure, 31–32 451 452 Index Discriminative stimulus, Disulfiram, 238 dlPFC See Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) DM See Decision making (DM) DMN See Default mode network (DMN) DMN–SN–ECN model, 158f, 166f Dopamine (DA), 5, 176–177, 421 activation as theragnostic biomarker, 405–408 circuitry, 158–159 elevation of, 420 receptor availability, 177–178 release, 178–179 synthesis capacity, 179–180 transmission, 405–406 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), 231 Dopaminergic ligands, 428 Dopaminergic neurons, 427 Dopaminergic neurotransmission, in addiction DA receptor availability, 177–178 DA release, 178–179 DA synthesis capacity, 179–180 DA transporters availability, 180 Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), 292 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), 328–329, 333 Drinking reduce, pharmacological treatment, 232 Drug addiction, cognitive rehabilitation for engaging family members, 359 metacognition support, 358 real-life application, 358 reinforcing positive behavior, 358 treatment contracts for CRT, 358 Drug craving, 131–133, 350 forced abstinence, 37–38 incubation of, 38 Drug cue reactivity (positive reinforcement), 131–133 Drug dependence, 185–186 Drug discrimination (DD), 9–11 in combination with brain imaging, 11 influence of training dose, 9–10 methodological considerations, 10 Drug intake, voluntary abstinence induced, 38 Drug-priming-induced reinstatement procedure, 30 Drug seeking behavior, reinstatement of, 427 Drug self-administration, 37 models, 11–16 complex schedules of reinforcement, 14–16 simple schedules of reinforcement, 12–14 DTI See Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) Dual-process models, 331–332 addiction, 325–326 CBM developments in, 331–332 process, 324–325 E ECN See Executive control network (ECN) ECN–DMN–SN model, 157, 158f Electroencephalography (EEG), neurofeedback training in addiction, 296–298 Electronic gaming task, 77 Electrophysiologicalmarkers of reward, 69–79 error-related negativity, 70 feedback-related negativity, 70–73, 71f late positive potential, 77–79 N200, 73 P300, 73–77 Electrophysiology (EEG) research, 68, 69f on addiction, 67–68 Emotion regulation, 292, 294–296 Endocannabinoid system, 187–188 Endogenous cannabinoid system, 107 Endogenous ligand of NOP receptors, 261–262 of PPARs, 255 Endophenotypes, brain, 206–207 Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA), 208–210 addiction working group, 210–213, 211t initial project, 212–213 disease working groups, 210 ERN See Error-related negativity (ERN) ERPs See Event-related potentials (ERPs) Error-related negativity (ERN), 70 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 238 Event-related potentials (ERPs), 69–70, 72–73 deflection peaking, 70, 73–74 role for, 88–89 EVL model See Expectancy-Valence Learning (EVL) model Executive control network (ECN), 156–157 Expectancy-Valence Learning (EVL) model applications, 60–61 description, 57–58 estimation methods, 58–59 parameter consistency, 59, 61–62 parameters, 58 testing and comparison, 59 Extinction-based relapse models, 27t reacquisition, 35–36 reinstatement, 29–35 contextual cues, 32–33 discrete cues, 31 discriminative cues, 31–32 drug priming, 30 Index stress, 33–34 withdrawal states, 35 resurgence, 36 F FDG See Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Feedback-related negativity (FRN), 70–73, 71f Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 181–182 fMRI See Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Forced abstinence drug craving, 37–38 model, 37–38 FRN See Feedback-related negativity (FRN) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 130, 156 for addiction medicine, 130–131, 131t addictive behaviors, 134 decision making, 133 drug cue reactivity (positive reinforcement), 131–133 executive control, 133–134 general cognitive impairments, 134–135, 135f stress/emotion reactivity (negative reinforcement), 133 for addiction medicine, applications advocacy and awareness, 146 integrating, 146 measuring and monitoring, 145 planning, 145–146 prediction, 144–145 for addiction medicine, challenges extending power of fMRI evidences, 147 fMRI costs and benefits, 148 moving from group data and measures to individualized decisions, 148 in addiction populations, 136, 137f correlational mapping, 143 drug addicts, 138t group differences mapping, 143 longitudinal (follow-up) studies, 143–144 mapping studies, 136–143 naturalistic longitudinal studies, 144 neurofeedback studies, 144 prediction (risk) studies, 143 randomized controlled trials, 143 Functional neuroimaging, brain development, 309–310 G GABA See Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) GABAergic drugs, 239 Gambling, 70, 72 Gaming addiction, 78 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 188, 229 Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 241–242 Gene–Environment Association Studies (GENEVA), 212 Gene expression, 255–256 Genetic factors, 430–434 Genome-wide association study (GWAS), 205, 209–210 GHB See Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Glucose metabolism, in heavy drinkers, 182, 183f Glutamate activity, as theragnostic biomarkers, 408–411 Glutamatergic system, neuroadaptations within, 409 Go–NoGo task, 90–91, 93f G-protein-coupled receptor 154 (GPCR 154), 265 GWAS See Genome-wide association study (GWAS) H Heavy drinkers (HD), glucose metabolism, 182, 183f High responders (HRs), 4–6 Histone deacetylase inhibiting agents (HDAC inhibitors), 191 HRs See High responders (HRs) Human clinical trial, 424–426, 428, 430–432 Hypocretins/orexins, 263–264 Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, 266–267 stress response, 260 Hypothetical brain sites, of action, 254f I IAT See Implicit association test (IAT) IFG See Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) IGT See Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) Implicit association test (IAT), 328 Implicit measures, 326 Impulsivity, 114, 117, 143, 161, 162, 164, 177, 252, 266, 348–349, 384 Incubation, of drug craving, 38 Independent component analysis (ICA), 156 Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), 292 Inhibition, 348–349 of phosphodiesterase enzymes, 256–260 In situ hybridization signals, 429f Integrated adjunct therapy, 357 International Affective Picture System (IAPS), 80 Intoxication, 146, 178, 182, 187, 253, 262, 265, 386, 408, 409, 411, 431 Intracranial self-administration (ICSS), 407 453 454 Index Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), 55, 55t, 56f, 72, 77 cognitive models for, 58t Multimodal imaging, PET, 189–190, 190f Mu-opioid receptor, polymorphism of, 232 L N Late positive potential (LPP), 77–79 Lateral hypothalamus (LH), 255 Liquid ecstasy See Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Loss of control, 14, 420 Low responders (LRs), 4–6 LPP See Late positive potential (LPP) LRs See Low responders (LRs) N200, 73 NAc See Nucleus accumbens (NAc) nAChRs See Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) Nalmefene, 232 Naltrexone, 232, 406, 430–432 Negative reinforcement, 11–12 NE system See Norepinephrine (NE) system NE transporter (NET), 189 Neurochemical assessment, for NIBS, 373–382 Neurochemical signature, of addiction, 426–429 Neurocircuitry, of addiction, 421–426 Neurocognitive approach, to addiction, 87–88 Neurocognitive deficits, 346–347, 356 Neurocognitive rehabilitation in addicted patients, 352t for addictive disorders, 355t efficacy of, in addiction medicine, 351–355 program, 358 Neurocognitive responses to intervention, 312t cognitive behavior therapy, 316–317 contingency management, 311 cue-exposure training, 314–315 family therapies, 311–314 mindfulness-based interventions, 317 motivational interviewing, 315–316 Neurofeedback training, cognitive interventions, 296–298 Neuroimaging, brain development, 306 functional, 309–310 structural, 307–309 Neuroinflammatory process, in addiction, 182–183 Neurokinin receptor (NK1R), 266–267, 268t Neuronal substrates, for targets in addiction, 254f Neuropeptide S (NPS), 265–266 Neuropeptide, stress-related, 260 Neurophysiological biomarkers, 86 Neuroplasticity, 356–358 of brain damage, 346–347 Neuroplasticity assessment as a mechanistic and therapeutic tool, 382–387 for NIBS, 373–382 Neurotoxicity, 108, 116, 134, 135 Neurotransmission, dopaminergic in addiction DA receptor availability, 177–178 M Maladaptive biases, 326 MAO system See Monoamine oxidase (MAO) system Marijuana, 107, 110t, 112t MBIs See Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), 181, 293–294, 328–329, 411 Medication development, PET, 191, 192f Medication–theragnostic combos, 413 Meditation, 350 Memory and learning, 347–348 Mesocorticolimbic system, rsFC and, 158–160, 159f, 162–164, 163t corticolimbic connectivity in addiction, 160–161 striatolimbic connectivity in addiction, 162 Mesolimbic dopamine activation, 405–406 transmission, 405–406 Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), 409 Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5), 191 Metacognitive awareness, CRT, 358 Metacognitive training, 350 Methamphetamine, 237, 239 mGluR See Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) MI See Motivational interviewing (MI) Microdialysis, 8, 11 Mindfulness, 350 training, cognitive interventions, 295–296 Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), 317 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) system, 183–184 Motivation aspects for drugs, 427 for drugs, 422–424 Motivational interventions, 293–294 Motivational interviewing (MI), 315–316, 356–357 Motor agility tests, 348 Motor functions, 348 mPFC See Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) Index DA release, 178–179 DA synthesis capacity, 179–180 DA transporters availability, 180 Neurotransmitter system, 120 NIBS See Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) Nicotine, 70, 72–74, 78–79, 184, 233–234 craving, 158f elimination of, 432–433 reinstatement of, 422–424 Nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), 432–433 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), 186, 233 Nicotinic system, 186–187 NK1R See Neurokinin receptor (NK1R) NMDA receptors See N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, 9–10 NMR See Nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) Nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NOP (N/OFQ-NOP), 261–263 Nondrug reward, voluntary abstinence induced by, 39–40 Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), 372–373 and clinical practice in addiction medicine, 387–391 for neurochemical and neuroplasticity assessments, 373–382 NOP, 268t agonists, 262 receptors, 262–263 endogenous ligand of, 261–262 Noradrenergic system, 188 Norepinephrine (NE) system, 188–189 NPS See Neuropeptide S (NPS) NPSR See NPS receptor (NPSR) NPS receptor (NPSR), 265–266, 268t Nucleus accumbens (NAccs), 253–255, 292, 328–329 O Opiates, 74–75, 79, 117–118 Opioidergic drugs, 238–239 Opioid system, 184–185 Opioid use disorders, 234–235 pharmacological treatment abstinence in opioid dependence, 235–236 of opioid withdrawal, 235 substitution therapy for opioid dependence, 236–237 Orexins, 263–264, 268t P P300, 73–77 PAMs See Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), 264 PDE See Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Peroxisome proliferating activator receptors (PPARs), 254–256 PPARa, 255, 268t PPARd, 255 PPARg, 255–256, 268t Pharmacogenetics, 403, 405f Pharmacotherapy abstinence in alcohol dependence, 231–232 of acute alcohol withdrawal, 229–230 alcohol, predicting response to, 430–432 reduced drinking, 232 tobacco, predicting response to, 432–434 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes inhibition, 256–260 PDE4, 258, 268t PDE7, 259–260 PDE10A, 258–259, 268t Physical exercise, 350–351 Pioglitazone, 255–256 PKA See Protein kinase A (PKA) Polymorphism, of mu-opioid receptor, 232 Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), 409 Positive reinforcement, 11–12 Positron emission tomography (PET) technology development of new tracers, 191 diagnostic instrument, 192 on dopaminergic neurotransmission, 176–180 DA receptor availability, 177–178 DA release, 178–179 DA synthesis capacity, 179–180 DA transporters (DAT) availability, 180 genetics and epigenetics, 190–191 medication development, 191, 192f multimodal imaging, 189–190, 190f neurobiological mechanisms, addiction, 176 Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), 287–291 Potential cognitive targets for rehabilitation attention and working memory, 348 executive functions, 349 impulsivity, inhibition, and self-control, 348–349 memory and learning, 347–348 motor functions, 348 social and emotional processing, 348 PPARs See Peroxisome proliferating activator receptors (PPARs) 455 456 Index Prospect-Valence Learning (PVL) model application, 60–61 description, 57–58 estimation methods, 58–59 parameter consistency, 59, 61–62 parameters, 58 testing and comparison, 59 Protein kinase A (PKA), 257 Psychiatric biomarker, potential impact of, 97 Psychiatric syndrome, 95 Psychostimulant use disorder, 424 Punishment-based relapse models, 39 PVL model See Prospect-Valence Learning (PVL) model PVN See Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) Q Quantitative morphometry, 118–119 adolescence, 107–109, 116–117 adulthood, 109–114, 116–117 opiates, 118–119 prenatal exposure, 115 R Radiotracers, 176, 178, 187–188 Reacquistion, extinction-based relapse models, 35–36 Rehabilitation, potential cognitive targets for attention and working memory, 348 executive functions, 349 impulsivity, inhibition, and self-control, 348–349 memory and learning, 347–348 motor functions, 348 social and emotional processing, 348 Reinforcement, progressive-ratio (PR) schedule, 14–15 Reinstatement, 25–41 of alcohol seeking, 262, 267 of drug seeking behaviors, 265, 427 of ethanol seeking, 265 of nicotine, 422–424, 423f stress-induced, 259, 262, 264 Reinstatement model context-induced, 32–33 extinction-based relapse, 29–35 contextual cues, 32–33 discrete cues, 31 discriminative cues, 31–32 drug priming, 30 stress, 33–34 withdrawal states, 35 Relapse in alcohol abuse, 90–91 neurophysiological biomarkers of, 86 prevention of, 86 Relapse models abstinence-based, 28t conflict-based relapse model, 39 extinction-based See Extinction-based relapse models punishment-based relapse models, 39 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 350–351, 372–374, 384–387, 424–425 stimulation parameters in, 386t Reprocessing and Reinforcement model of Reflectivity, 331–332 Resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI), for addiction medicine, 136 Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) description, 156–157 emerging tools for, 167 mesocorticolimbic system and, 158–160, 159f, 162–164, 163t corticolimbic connectivity in addiction, 160–161 striatolimbic connectivity in addiction, 162 Resting state networks (RSNs), 156, 167 Resurgence, extinction-based relapse models, 36 Retinoid receptor, 254–255 Reward deficiency syndrome, 432 Reward, electrophysiologicalmarkers of, 69–79 error-related negativity, 70 feedback-related negativity, 70–73, 71f late positive potential, 77–79 N200, 73 P300, 73–77 Reward sensitivity, 54, 61 rsFC See Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) rsfMRI See Resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) RSNs See Resting state networks (RSNs) rTMS See Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) S Salience network (SN), 156–157 Self-control, 348–349 Sensitization, 159, 266, 324 behavioral, cocaine-induced locomotor, 258 PPARs in insulin, 255 Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) protocol, 298 Index Serotonin system, 185–186 SFG See Superior frontal gyrus (SFG) sgACC See Subgenual ACC (sgACC) SGT See Soochow gambling task (SGT) Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 205 Slow-release oral morphine (SROM), 236 Smoking addiction, 423f tobacco, 233 SN See Salience network (SN) SNP See Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Social and emotional process, 348 Soochow Gambling Task (SGT), 56–57, 56t, 57f SROM See Slow-release oral morphine (SROM) STG See Superior temporal gyrus (STG) Stimulants, 115 Stress, defined, 133 Stress-induced reinstatement procedure, 33–34 Stress-related neuropeptides, 260 corticotropin-releasing factor, 260–261 hypocretins/orexins, 263–264 neurokinin receptor, 266–267 neuropeptide S, 265–266 N/OFQ-NOP, 261–263 Stress response, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, 260 Striatal D2 receptor, 190f Striatolimbic connectivity in addiction, 162 Structural neuroimaging, brain development, 307–309 Subgenual ACC (sgACC), 296–297 Substance abuse, 62 Substance use disorder (SUD), 67–68, 80–81, 86–87, 156, 420 SUD See Substance use disorder (SUD) Superior frontal gyrus (SFG), 292 Superior temporal gyrus (STG), 292 T tDCS See Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) tES See Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) Theragnostic-based personalized pharmacotherapy, 412 Theragnostic biomarkers, 404–405, 405f alcohol-induced dopamine activation as, 405–408 measures of glutamate activity as, 408–411 TMS See Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Tobacco dependence, pharmacotherapy for, 233–234 Tobacco pharmacotherapy, predicting response to, 432–434 Tobacco, smoking, 233 Tracers development, 191 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), 333, 350–351, 372–373, 424–425 Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), 372–373, 384–387 challenges for use of, 387–390 stimulation parameters, 385t Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 372–382 challenges for use of, 387–390 measures and paradigms to index cortical excitability, 375t Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), 372–373 U Unconditioned behavior, animal models, 4–6 V Value-Plus-Perseverance (VPP) model, 61 Varenicline, 233 Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT), 179 Visuospatial skills, 349 VMAT See Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT) Voluntary abstinence induced by adverse consequences of drug intake, 38 induced by nondrug reward, 39–40 VPP model See Value-Plus-Perseverance (VPP) model W Withdrawal acute alcohol, 229–230 amphetamines, 237–238 cocaine, 237–238 opioid, 235 states, reinstatement, 35 Working memory, attention and, 348 457 Other volumes in PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH Volume 167: Stress Hormones and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Studies and Clinical Perspectives, by E.R de Kloet, M.S Oitzl and E Vermetten (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53140-7 Volume 168: Models of Brain and Mind: Physical, Computational and Psychological Approaches, by R Banerjee and B.K Chakrabarti (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53050-9 Volume 169: Essence of Memory, by W.S Sossin, J.-C Lacaille, V.F Castellucci and S Belleville (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53164-3 Volume 170: Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin – From Genes to Behaviour to Disease, by I.D Neumann and R Landgraf (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53201-5 Volume 171: Using Eye Movements as an Experimental Probe of Brain Function—A Symposium in Honor of Jean Buăttner-Ennever, by Christopher Kennard and R John Leigh (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53163-6 Volume 172: Serotonin–Dopamine Interaction: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance, by Giuseppe Di Giovanni, Vincenzo Di Matteo and Ennio Esposito (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53235-0 Volume 173: Glaucoma: An Open Window to Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection, by Carlo Nucci, Neville N Osborne, Giacinto Bagetta and Luciano Cerulli (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53256-5 Volume 174: Mind and Motion: The Bidirectional Link Between Thought and Action, by Markus Raab, Joseph G Johnson and Hauke R Heekeren (Eds.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53356-2 Volume 175: Neurotherapy: Progress in Restorative Neuroscience and Neurology — Proceedings of the 25th International Summer School of Brain Research, held at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 25–28, 2008, by J Verhaagen, E.M Hol, I Huitinga, J Wijnholds, A.A Bergen, G.J Boer and D.F Swaab (Eds.) –2009, ISBN 978-0-12-374511-8 Volume 176: Attention, by Narayanan Srinivasan (Ed.) – 2009, ISBN 978-0-444-53426-2 Volume 177: Coma Science: Clinical and Ethical Implications, by Steven Laureys, Nicholas D Schiff and Adrian M Owen (Eds.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53432-3 Volume 178: Cultural Neuroscience: Cultural Influences On Brain Function, by Joan Y Chiao (Ed.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53361-6 Volume 179: Genetic models of schizophrenia, by Akira Sawa (Ed.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53430-9 Volume 180: Nanoneuroscience and Nanoneuropharmacology, by Hari Shanker Sharma (Ed.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53431-6 Volume 181: Neuroendocrinology: The Normal Neuroendocrine System, by Luciano Martini, George P Chrousos, Fernand Labrie, Karel Pacak and Donald W Pfaff (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53617-4 Volume 182: Neuroendocrinology: Pathological Situations and Diseases, by Luciano Martini, George P Chrousos, Fernand Labrie, Karel Pacak and Donald W Pfaff (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53616-7 Volume 183: Recent Advances in Parkinson’s Disease: Basic Research, by Anders Bj€orklund and M Angela Cenci (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53614-3 Volume 184: Recent Advances in Parkinson’s Disease: Translational and Clinical Research, by Anders Bj€orklund and M Angela Cenci (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53750-8 Volume 185: Human Sleep and Cognition Part I: Basic Research, by Gerard A Kerkhof and Hans P.A Van Dongen (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53702-7 Volume 186: Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications, by Ivanka Savic (Ed.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53630-3 Volume 187: Breathe, Walk and Chew: The Neural Challenge: Part I, by Jean-Pierre Gossard, Rejean Dubuc and Arlette Kolta (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53613-6 Volume 188: Breathe, Walk and Chew; The Neural Challenge: Part II, by Jean-Pierre Gossard, Rejean Dubuc and Arlette Kolta (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53825-3 Volume 189: Gene Expression to Neurobiology and Behaviour: Human Brain Development and Developmental Disorders, by Oliver Braddick, Janette Atkinson and Giorgio M Innocenti (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53884-0 459 460 Other volumes in PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH Volume 190: Human Sleep and Cognition Part II: Clinical and Applied Research, by Hans P.A Van Dongen and Gerard A Kerkhof (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53817-8 Volume 191: Enhancing Performance for Action and perception: Multisensory Integration, Neuroplasticity and Neuroprosthetics: Part I, by Andrea M Green, C Elaine Chapman, John F Kalaska and Franco Lepore (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53752-2 Volume 192: Enhancing Performance for Action and Perception: Multisensory Integration, Neuroplasticity and Neuroprosthetics: Part II, by Andrea M Green, C Elaine Chapman, John F Kalaska and Franco Lepore (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53355-5 Volume 193: Slow Brain Oscillations of Sleep, Resting State and Vigilance, by Eus J.W Van Someren, Ysbrand D Van Der Werf, Pieter R Roelfsema, Huibert D Mansvelder and Fernando H Lopes da Silva (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53839-0 Volume 194: Brain Machine Interfaces: Implications For Science, Clinical Practice And Society, by Jens Schouenborg, Martin Garwicz and Nils Danielsen (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53815-4 Volume 195: Evolution of the Primate Brain: From Neuron to Behavior, by Michel A Hofman and Dean Falk (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-53860-4 Volume 196: Optogenetics: Tools for Controlling and Monitoring Neuronal Activity, by Thomas Kn€opfel and Edward S Boyden (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59426-6 Volume 197: Down Syndrome: From Understanding the Neurobiology to Therapy, by Mara Dierssen and Rafael De La Torre (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-54299-1 Volume 198: Orexin/Hypocretin System, by Anantha Shekhar (Ed.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59489-1 Volume 199: The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing, by Andries Kalsbeek, Martha Merrow, Till Roenneberg and Russell G Foster (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59427-3 Volume 200: Functional Neural Transplantation III: Primary and stem cell therapies for brain repair, Part I, by Stephen B Dunnett and Anders Bj€orklund (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59575-1 Volume 201: Functional Neural Transplantation III: Primary and stem cell therapies for brain repair, Part II, by Stephen B Dunnett and Anders Bj€orklund (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59544-7 Volume 202: Decision Making: Neural and Behavioural Approaches, by V.S Chandrasekhar Pammi and Narayanan Srinivasan (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-62604-2 Volume 203: The Fine Arts, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Neuro-Historical Dimensions, by Stanley Finger, Dahlia W Zaidel, Franc¸ois Boller and Julien Bogousslavsky (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-62730-8 Volume 204: The Fine Arts, Neurology, and Neuroscience: New Discoveries and Changing Landscapes, by Stanley Finger, Dahlia W Zaidel, Franc¸ois Boller and Julien Bogousslavsky (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-63287-6 Volume 205: Literature, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical and Literary Connections, by Anne Stiles, Stanley Finger and Franc¸ois Boller (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-63273-9 Volume 206: Literature, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, by Stanley Finger, Franc¸ois Boller and Anne Stiles (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-63364-4 Volume 207: Changing Brains: Applying Brain Plasticity to Advance and Recover Human Ability, by Michael M Merzenich, Mor Nahum and Thomas M Van Vleet (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-63327-9 Volume 208: Odor Memory and Perception, by Edi Barkai and Donald A Wilson (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63350-7 Volume 209: The Central Nervous System Control of Respiration, by Gert Holstege, Caroline M Beers and Hari H Subramanian (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63274-6 Volume 210: Cerebellar Learning, Narender Ramnani (Ed.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63356-9 Volume 211: Dopamine, by Marco Diana, Gaetano Di Chiara and Pierfranco Spano (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63425-2 Volume 212: Breathing, Emotion and Evolution, by Gert Holstege, Caroline M Beers and Hari H Subramanian (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63488-7 Volume 213: Genetics of Epilepsy, by Ortrud K Steinlein (Ed.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63326-2 Volume 214: Brain Extracellular Matrix in Health and Disease, by Asla Pitkaănen, Alexander Dityatev and Bernhard Wehrle-Haller (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63486-3 Other volumes in PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH Volume 215: The History of the Gamma Knife, by Jeremy C Ganz (Ed.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63520-4 Volume 216: Music, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical Connections and Perspectives, by Franc¸ois Boller, Eckart Altenmuăller, and Stanley Finger (Eds.) 2015, 978-0-444-63399-6 Volume 217: Music, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Evolution, the Musical Brain, Medical Conditions, and Therapies, by Eckart Altenmuăller, Stanley Finger, and Franc¸ois Boller (Eds.) – 2015, 978-0-444-63551-8 Volume 218: Sensorimotor Rehabilitation: At the Crossroads of Basic and Clinical Sciences, by Numa Dancause, Sylvie Nadeau, and Serge Rossignol (Eds.) – 2015, 978-0-444-63565-5 Volume 219: The Connected Hippocampus, by Shane O’Mara and Marian Tsanov (Eds.) – 2015, 978-0-444-63549-5 Volume 220: New Trends in Basic and Clinical Research of Glaucoma: A Neurodegenerative Disease of the Visual System, by Giacinto Bagetta and Carlo Nucci (Eds.) – 2015, 978-0-444-63566-2 Volume 221: New Trends in Basic and Clinical Research of Glaucoma: A Neurodegenerative Disease of the Visual System, by Giacinto Bagetta and Carlo Nucci (Eds.) – 2015, 978-0-12-804608-1 Volume 222: Computational Neurostimulation, by Sven Bestmann (Ed.) – 2015, 978-0-444-63546-4 Volume 223: Neuroscience for Addiction Medicine: From Prevention to Rehabilitation - Constructs and Drugs, by Hamed Ekhtiari and Martin Paulus (Eds.) – 2016, 978-0-444-63545-7 461 ... applications in a clinical setting was jumped out during meetings in the 2nd Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Congress in October 2013 in Tehran with Professor Vincent Walsh, the Progress in Brain Research,. .. choose saccharin over cocaine than LRs, who primarily chose cocaine over saccharin This interesting finding is at odds with earlier work showing HR rats more vulnerable to cocaine reinforcement... methamphetamine responding produced similar increases in extracellular DA concentrations Interestingly, the time course for elevations in DA and substitution in DD was not identical, indicating the involvement