Tourism Planning and Development

Nowadays, more than half the world’s population lives in cities and the urban growth still goes on; thus the urban development has always been as issue for the contemporary society. The demand for tourism increase and the advantages taken from event tourism is highlighted more clearly as well. Regarding to cultural and sporting events, each city such as Sydney and Sao Paulo will be used as the example to illustrate the urban development and destination image based on specific event in each nation. The purpose of this work is to determine the importance of the event tourism corresponding to urban development and reimaging of a destination.

Tourism Planning and Development Nowadays, more than half the world’s population lives in cities and the urban growth still goes on; thus the urban development has always been as issue for the contemporary society The demand for tourism increase and the advantages taken from event tourism is highlighted more clearly as well Regarding to cultural and sporting events, each city such as Sydney and Sao Paulo will be used as the example to illustrate the urban development and destination image based on specific event in each nation The purpose of this work is to determine the importance of the event tourism corresponding to urban development and re-imaging of a destination (Cashman, et al., 2008) LITERATURE REVIEW One study has shown that the cities and the event have a strong relationship as it related to interaction among citizen, the setting and management system and depend on a different meaning, themes and time create the uniqueness They found that due to its uniqueness, the event has an important power in communication (Aalst & Melik, 2012) Consequently, regarding to tourism context, this relationship is highly appreciated through the value of the event in the destination image They support each other as Destination Management Organizations (DMO) promote tourism to a destination and the event tourism is a key urban development as well as repositioning the destination image (Smith, 2006) Nowadays, event tourism is a growing market segment In case of economic decline and the unpredictable development of manufacturing industry or other issues associated with this problem, the invention of the event tourism such as festival, carnival, fairs, and Tourism Planning and Development exhibitions, shows related to culture, history or sport events can become an alternative sources of revenue for urban development on over the world (K.Smith, 2009) There is a tendency that many countries tend to promote themselves as eventful cities For example, there are some cities have cooperated with the International Festivals and Events Association (IFEA) - the world’s leading events association to be recognized and promoted themselves as eventful city, including Boston – USA, Hwacheon – South Korea, Nice – France, Ottawa – Canada, Rotorua – Bay of Plenty – New Zealand, Salvador – Brazil, Sydney – Australia (Richards & Palmer, 2010) The slogan “festival city” or “eventful city” has become a popular choice as part of a city’s brand image The events in particular have been examined to be the dominant of the urban development process, as event tourism can motivate investors and visitors as well as encouraging both the image of places and urban development (Getz, 2008) ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Basically, urban development is the growth of the city’s physical spatial development, such as city planning, the social-cultural changes and the improvement of the citizen’s well being For many years ago, the economy was considered as an important aspect to evaluate the city’s development However, nowadays, as the economy has stable and some how unpredictable, the event tourism industry in general is increasingly becoming focused Modern event tourism not only reflect economic and social-cultural effects on destinations, but create a strong brand image to attract visitors and investors The detailed analysis will be organized in the next part with specific example of cultural and sport events Tourism Planning and Development Contemporary examples of using the popularity of event tourism in the Australia are varying from many types of event It was a remarkable that Sydney listed in the top of the IFEA eventful cities for many years Sydney as an events destination has not only hosted international entertainment events that are transforming lifestyle, but it is also being promoted as a destination that can host MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions) events on a big scale Sydney is Australia’s true global city – it leads and defines the world’s contemporary view of the nation It is a city known for its beauty, its creativity, its dynamism, economic and cultural aspects, partly expressed through its festivals and events These events unite communities, highlight the standard living and reach out beyond the city to other parts of Australia and the rest of the world (IFEA, 2013) For more detail, there is an example of Sydney Mardi Gras – the most famous event for the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community Sydney Mardi Gras is one of the largest annual event in the world with 70,000 attendances, contain many small events with month-long show, featuring the music, dance, art, party attracting a lot of international and domestic tourists This event is an evidence for Sydney people’s attitude toward gay and lesbian tourist Every year, all visitors gather together to celebrate and offering LGBT a chance to raise their voice (WTO, 2012) This event encourages the participation of LGBT community and straight people as well; many of them come from the oversea and take a long time to stay in Sydney; hence it makes a significant contribution to transportations, accommodations and hospitality services (Johnston, 2005) On the other hand, because of the specific characteristics of the event, there is a fact that the Sydney Mardi Gras event not only is not affected by the Tourism Planning and Development economic recession, but conversely, the event is beneficial for the local economy Consequently, Sydney Mardi Gras is getting larger each year and attract a lot of visitors as well as earning profit from growing tourism market More importantly, the event mainly interfaces with cultural and social value, and the concern of media as well; so the Sydney’s DMO has acquired the better communication with the world about their destination image Overall, this kind of event upgrades city performance, improves the specific community’s identity, remarks Sydney as a friendly destination and raise the people-orientated approach to development (Markwell, 2002) Furthermore, people organized their city based on their activities, they extended city and built up center area Regarding to the globalization and the involvement with greater services industries, the city’s development has raised more concerns To some extent, the example of city development in the sport tourism industry will be clarified (O'Neill, 2014) O the other hand, in terms of the image, there is a research that sport, tourism and urban development have a vital role in human effort to sustain the destination brand and image Two main characteristics of sport tourism impact on the image are specified as the improvement of infrastructure, tourist facilities, including new building or flagship centers (e.g., shopping centers, sports complexes, convention centers); and hallmark events such as the Olympic Games, World Cup (Hall, 1998) The most significant example is Sao Paulo - Brazil as a case of how sports can enhance the destination image and city development Brazil’s government puts heavy emphasis on sports, plan a strategic Tourism Planning and Development improvement based on sport and has established a significant sporting culture In Brazil, sport events had become the main platform for economic regeneration in many cities (O'Neill, 2014) When Brazil convinces the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that they had the best plan to host mega-events, they promised of qualified staff, new modern infrastructure Initially, regarding to the key objective of organizing hallmark sport event, Sao Paulo – host country of World Cup 2014 has created many works and income for local residents, raise the local interest in entertainment or sporting culture Secondly, as some stadiums were rebuilt, and five of choosing cities have built wholly new stadium specifically for the World Cup 2014, this action could also catalyze urban economic and real estate development Another crucial point, but less measurable benefit will be the emotional factor, as a World Cup event tends to boost national unity for the host country Then, periodically, thousands of participant and foreigner come to the World cup host city to cheers and participated in the world’s biggest event To some more explains, it can be understood that the attraction of sport event is based on emotional spreading through the community Otherwise, according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs which represent for the development of an individual need, the highest demand of human is self-actualization or self-fulfillment, satisfied themselves from achieving what they want (Olson, 2013) As a result, nowadays, as people get wealthier, their aspirations are evolving for the better People also focus more on enrichment experience rather than materialistic and event tourism in general is one of supporting tools for visitors It is a significant point that sport event contributes the numerous amount of visitors along with many benefits to the host city (Aalst & Melik, 2012) Tourism Planning and Development Overall, those investments not only contributed to the successful World Cup season, but also strengthen the city's profile and help them build up their own image as a country that can seriously organize an international event Thanks to the willingness and enthusiasts of Brazilian in each event, it cannot be denied that Brazil and more specifically Sao Paulo’s image are engaging with sport, culture and vice versa the big events also is a key role in marketing strategies in international as well as regional tourism (Sustainable Brazil: Social and Economic Impacts of the 2014 World Cup) In conclusion, the event expansion is the guarantee of the growth of the number of visitors, investments which are able to convert a developing country into one of those belonging to the developed group The key word of the event tourism is publicity Publicity campaigns support the city to gain the positive reputation, profitable investments and therefore the city are able to earn money and planned their own development Nowadays, the event popularity development is the door to the successful social development of developed countries and further economic development of the developing ones For some recommendations, because of the complexity of the tourism sector, it is necessary for policy makers to continually review and evaluate the quality of event to sustain the tourism performance in the long term Word count: 1612 Tourism Planning and Development References Aalst, I V., & Melik, R v (2012) City festivals and urban development: does place matter? European Urban and Regional Studies, 19(2) doi:10.1177/0969776411428746 Cashman, A P., Ren, P H., Shirai, H., Sierle, G., Breggen, D v., McNeill, P D., Marsh, A (2008) Mega event cities Syndey: Sydney Olympic Park Authority for Metropolis Congress 2008 Chon, K., Elgin, B., & Oppermann, M (1997) Malaysia's Tourism Development and Marketing Journal of International Hospitality, Leisure &Tourism Management, 1, 79-89 doi:10.1300/J268v01n01_06 Chow, T S (2014) Najib hopes MH370 tragedy won't impact tourist arrivals Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/03/31/Najib-hopesMH370-tragedy-wont-impact-tourist-arrivals-PM-aims-to-achieve-targetset-for-Visit-Malay/ Tourism Planning and Development Getz, D (2008) Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research Tourism Management, 29(3), 403-428 doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017 Hall, C (1998) Imaging, Tourism & Sports Event Fever: The Sydney Olympics and the Need fora Social Charter for Mega-Events Sheffield: The Sport in the City Conference IFEA (2013, 16) 2013 IFEA World Festival & Event City Award Recipients Retrieved from The International Festivals & Events Association Web site: http://files.ifea.com/Awards/2013EventCity/2013IFEAWorldFestivalandE ventCityWinners.pdf Johnston, L (2005) Queering tourism : paradoxical performances at gay pride parades New York: Routledge K.Smith, M (2009) Cultural tourism and urban regeneration In Issues in Culture Tourism Studies (pp 165-186) New York: Routledge Markwell, K (2002) Mardi Gras Tourism and the Construction of Sydney as an International Gay and Lesbian City A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 8(1-2), 81-99 Olson, A (2013, 13) Theory and Psychopathology: The Theory of SelfActualization Retrieved from Phychology Today: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/theory-andpsychopathology/201308/the-theory-self-actualization O'Neill, S (2014, 29) Brazil World Cup tourism – negative or positive impact? Retrieved from Green Hotelier: http://www.greenhotelier.org/destinations/americas/brazil-world-cuptourism-negative-or-positive-impact/ Tourism Planning and Development Richards, G., & Palmer, R (2010) Eventful Cities: Cultural Management and Urban Revitalisation Oxford: Elservier Smith, M K (2006) Tourism, Culture and Regeneration Oxfordshire: CAB International (n.d.) Sustainable Brazil: Social and Economic Impacts of the 2014 World Cup São Paulo: Branding and Communication Department of Ernst & Young Terco World Tourism Organization (2012) Global Report on LGBT Tourism UNWTO & IGLTA ... doi:10.1300/J268v01n01_06 Chow, T S (2014) Najib hopes MH370 tragedy won't impact tourist arrivals Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/03/31/Najib-hopesMH370-tragedy-wont-impact-tourist-arrivals-PM-aims-to-achieve-targetset-for-Visit-Malay/... City Award Recipients Retrieved from The International Festivals & Events Association Web site: http://files.ifea.com/Awards/2013EventCity/2013IFEAWorldFestivalandE ventCityWinners.pdf Johnston,... Theory and Psychopathology: The Theory of SelfActualization Retrieved from Phychology Today: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/theory-andpsychopathology/201308/the-theory-self-actualization