CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT TRONG TIẾNG ANH

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CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT TRONG TIẾNG ANH

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Đây là tài liệu của CLB Tiếng Anh. Rất hữu ích. Tài liệu đi kèm với nhiều loại, dạng bài khác nhau. Có thể nói, trong lý luận cũng như thực tiễn biên mục mô tả Việt Nam đã có nhiều trăn trở để đi đến thống nhất trong quy tắc biên mục mô tả nói chung và phương pháp lập TĐMT nói riêng. Ví như các cuộc tranh luận về mô tả tên tác giả Việt Nam những năm 70 đã nói ở trên và những bài viết gần đây về vấn đề này. Vũ Dương Thuý Ngà (2002), đã lý giải cách trình bày tên tác giả Việt Nam theo xu hướng mô tả “đảo” và mô tả “thuận”, trên cơ sở các nghiên cứu về nhân danh học. Đồng thời so sánh với cách mô tả tên người Việt Nam theo quy tắc AACR2. Tuy nhiên, tác giả chưa đi đến một kết luận là dùng cách mô tả nào thì tốt hơn. Còn Đinh Thị Khế (2003) đã bàn nhiều về cách dùng dấu phảy hay dấu ngoặc đơn cho TĐMT trong mô tả “đảo”. Nhưng tác giả mới chú trọng đến yếu tố thuận lợi hay không thuận lợi cho cán bộ biên mục và bạn đọc ở khía cạnh kỹ thuật soạn thảo văn bản đơn thuần, chứ chưa đề cập đến ý nghĩa của các dấu nhận dạng này trong kỹ thuật lập TĐMT. Trên bình diện lý luận và thực tiễn biên mục của thư viện nước ngoài, như tiếp cận qui tắc AACR2 1 cùng các kỹ thuật biên mục theo khổ mẫu MARC218 và khảo sát các OPAC của một số thư viện lớn trên thế giới như Thư viện Quốc hội Mỹ, Thư viện Đại học Harvard, Thư viện Quốc gia Úc, Thư viện Vương quốc Anh, Thư viện Đại học Chulalongkorn… đã giúp chúng ta nhiều cơ sở khoa học cho xây dựng phương pháp lập TĐMT cho tên tác giả người Việt.

THE ENGLISH – TEAM DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH I Introduction Direct Speech Indirect Speech Trích dẫn lại nguyên lời nói người nói Statement “I like reading books written by Thach Lam” Question Command she said “Tơi thích sách viết Thạch Lam” nói “Does she tell you the truth?” he asked me “Cô có nói cho cậu biết thật khơng” anh hỏi “Shut up or I will kill you” the thief order us Tên cướp lệnh cho “ Câm ngay, không tao giết bọn mày” Tường thuật lại ý người nói (có thể theo cách diễn đạt mình) She told to them she likes reading books written by Thach Lam He asked whether she tell me the truth or not The thief ordered us to shut up or he would kill us II Conversion to indirect speech Step#1 Decide the tense of the indirect speech Direct Speech Present Simple The local people said “The hills and mountains also provide some really spectacular scenery” Indirect Speech Past simple The local people said that the hills and mountains also provided some really spectacular scenery Người dân địa phương nói “Những đồi núi mang đến vài cảnh tượng tráng lễ đấy” Present Progressive “ The police are investigating the death of Johnson” his mother said Present Perfect Past Progressive His mother said that the police were investigating the death of Johnson Past Perfect She said to me “I have read the book you lent me five times” Cơ nói với “Tao đọc sách mà cho mượn tới lần liền” She said to me that she had read the book I had lent her five times Present Perfect Progressive My father said “I has been playing football for hours” Bố tơi nói “Tơi chơi bóng đá đồng hồ liền” Past Simple Past Perfect Progressive My father said that he had been playing football for hours Past Perfect My teacher said to my mother: “I was expelled from the school for taking drugs” My teacher said to my mother that I had been expelled from the school for taking drugs Cơ giáo nói với mẹ tơi tơi bị đuổi học sử dụng ma túy Past progressive “When you called me I was reading newspaper” he said to me Past perfect progessive He said to me that when I had called him he had been reading newspaper “Khi mà mày gọi tao t đọc báo” anh nói với tơi Future simple (will/shall) He said “I will go out immediately” Anh nói:”Anh lập tức’ Can “We can’t afford to enjoy the sort of relaxed lifestyle” they said Would / Trong câu hỏi, shall => should He said he would go out immediately Could They said they could not afford to enjoy the sort of relaxed lifestyle “Chúng không kiếm đủ để tận hưởng sống an nhàn” họ nói May They said “The circumstance may change” Họ nói “Tình thay đổi” Must She said “I must clean the house before my mother comes back home” Cơ nói phải lau nhà trước mẹ trở nhà” Might They said the circumstance might change Had to She said she had to clean the house before my mother came back home Watch out!!! - Khi lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả thật hiển nhiên, chân lí ln đúng, thói quen tại, việc cố định chưa thay đổi Example: My teacher said “New York is bigger than London” => My teacher said that New York is bigger than London Cô giáo tơi nói New York lớn London - Nếu lời nói trực tiếp dạng câu điều kiện loại II loại III giữ nguyên (retained) Example: “If I did not scream in time, the rescuer would not find me” she said  She said if she didn’t scream in time the rescuer would not find her Cơ nói khơng la lên kịp lúc nhân viên cứu hộ khơng tìm - Mệnh đề sau “wish”, “would rather/would sooner” khơng lùi Example: She said “I wish I had a lot of money”  She said she wished she had a lot of money Cô nói ước có nhiều tiền My mother said “I would rather you did not watch that program”  My mother told me that she would rather me did not watch that program Mẹ tơi nói với tơi bà khơng muốn tơi xem chương trình - Thì q khứ đơn q khứ tiếp diễn có thời gian xác định thuộc mệnh đề chia thời gian Example: He said to the employer “I was born in 1999”  He said to the employer that he was born in 1999 - Nếu động từ báo cáo dạng đơn hay tương lai thì giữ ngun khơng đổi Example: “I go to the gym every day” she says => She says she goes to the gym every day Step#2 Change in the words in expressing time, place and connection Direct Speech Indirect Speech Today This week that day that week “Today I want to meet the director to talk about our project” She said she wanted to meet the director to talk about the project Now Then She said “I now am on the way to the store and I will call you later” Yesterday “I gave this document to you yesterday Did you remember it?” ago “The last time I talked to my mother was years ago” she said Last week/month “The accident happened last month and I still remember it until now” Tomorrow She said she then was on the way to the store and she would call me later the day before the previous day She said to me that she gave this document to me the day before and asked me whether I had remember it or not - before She said the last time she had talked to her mother had been years before, The week/month before The previous week/before She said to the police the accident had happened the previous week and she still remembered it until then The following day/the next day “Tomorrow my boyfriend will wine and dine me at She said her boyfriend would wine and dine her at Metropole restaurant” she said Metropole restaurant the following day Here “I have worked here for years” This/ These There He said he had worked there for years That/ those “You should find immediate solutions to this He advised me to find immediate solutions to that problems” problem Watch out!!! - Nếu thời điểm câu đề cập mà chưa đến, động từ trạng từ giữ nguyên Example: Jane said “I will go to Paris by the end of this month” => Jane said he will go to Paris by the end of this month (Nếu thời gian “by the end of this month” câu chưa tới, tức câu nói Jane tường thuật trước thời điểm trên) => Jane said he would go to Paris by the end of that month (Nếu thời gian “by the end of this month” câu qua rồi, tức câu nói Jane tường thuật lại vài tháng sau thời điểm anh nói anh tới Paris) - Nếu địa điểm đề cập đến câu nói trực tiếp trùng với địa điểm đề cập câu tường thuật lại giữ nguyên trạng từ nơi chốn Example: Daisy said: “She have worked here for years” => Daisy said she had worked here for years (Nếu người tường thuật lại câu nói Daisy nơi mà làm việc) => Daisy said she had worked there for years (Nếu người tường thuật lại câu nói Daisy không nơi mà cô làm việc) - Nếu vật tường thuật câu trực tiếp vật đề cập câu tường thuật diện trước mặt người nói khơng chuyển ‘this => that” Example: The teacher said to Jane: “Give Bobby this book before 2p.m!” The teacher told me to give you this book before 2p,m! (Cơ giáo nói với tớ đưa cho cậu sách này, trường hợp này, Jane mang sách đến đưa Bobby tường thuật lại câu nói giáo cho Bobby Khi đó, sách trước mặt hai người, để nguyên “this” (cuốn sách này) khơng phải “that” (Cn sách đó)) Step#3 Selection of pronoun for the subject and object Case 1: I will say to my friends, “I have started learning computer.” => I will tell my friends that I have started learning computer Trong trường hợp này, người nói người tường thuật đề “Tôi’ (I) nên giữ nguyên không đổi Case 2: The teacher said to me, “I hope you will bring credit to my school.” => The teacher hoped that I would bring credit to her scchool Cơ giáo nói với tơi “Tơi hi vọng bạn đem đến tín nhiệm cho trường học => Cô giáo hi vọng đem đến tín nhiệm cho trường học Trong trường hợp hiểu người nói giáo viên, người tường thuật nhân vật tơi, người nói chuyển sang ngơi thứ (he/she/it/they), người tường thuật thú (I) Case 3: “Sam, will you help me carry my bags?” asked the old woman The old woman asked Sam whether he would help her carry her bags. Ở đây, người nói the old woman, người tường thuật lại người thứ chứng kiến hai việc vừa III Statements in reported speech S + said (to + O) + that S + V…… S + told + O + that S + V… Eg: “We will have a test tomorrow”, My teacher said -> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day *Note: Có thể sử dụng số ĐT dẫn sau: thought, announced, explained, complained, believed… a Yes/ no questions: Eg: IV Questions in reported speech S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause Tuan asked Ba “Are you fond of watching television?” Tuan asked Ba if/whether he was fond of watching television b Wh-questions: S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause Eg: He said to me, “Why did you go with her father last week?” He asked me why I had gone with her father the week before Chú ý: Trong trường hợp câu trực tiếp có câu trần thuật câu hỏi đổi sang câu gián tiếp phần phần Eg: “ I have left my watch at home Can you tell me the time?” He said that he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time V Imperative in reported speech Khi đổi câu mệnh lệnh trực tiếp thành câu mệnh lệnh gián tiếp, cần lưu ý: + Động từ tường thuật là: ordered, commanded (ra lệnh), requested, asked (yêu cầu), told (bảo làm ) + Tâm ngữ trực tiếp người nhận mệnh lệnh nêu lên Hình thức mệnh lệnh đ?ng từ câu mệnh lệnh trực tiếp đổi thành đ?ng từ nguyên thể (+) He/ she + ordered + object + to infinitive commanded told asked requested Eg: “Please wait for a minute.” The man asked me  The man asked me to wait for a minute “Would you mind opening the door” she asked me She asked me to open the door He said to the waiter, “ Please bring me some hot water.”  He told to the waiter to bring him some hot water I said to her “Please shut the window.”  I asked her to shut the window (-) He/ she + ordered + object not to + infinitive told asked Eg: “ Please don’t talk loudly”  He asked me not to talk loudly He said “Don’t shut the door”  He asked me not to shut the door VI Exclamationin reported speech Eg: He said, “ What a lovely garden they have” He exclaimed that they had a lovely garden He said that it was … / He exclaimed that it was … Eg1: She said; “What a pity!” (Direct speech) -> She exclaimed that it was a pity Eg2: I said; “What a nice horse” -> I exclaimed that it was a nice hoese Eg3: He said; “How beautiful she is!”-> He exclaimed that she was beautiful! Eg4: “What a big egg” he said -> He said that it was a big egg Eg5: “ How dreadful!” he said -> He exclaimed that it was dreadful VII Reported speech with to infinitive - Khi lời nói gián tiếp lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý đ?nh, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu, đ?ng từ tư?ng thuật với động từ nguyên mẫu theo sau thưường dùng để truyền tải nội dung lời nói a Đề nghị, lời mời: S + invite + (O) + to V … S + offer + to V … Ex: He said, “Would you like to go out for a drink?” -> He invited me to go out for a drink She said to me; “How about some coffee” -> She invited me some coffee “I will look after the house for you if you like” he said -> He offered to look after the house for me if I liked * Ta sử dụng “ Would you like to V / How about …/ Why don’t you + … để mời Eg: Why don’t you come to my village to have a day off? * Offer: - Would you like me to V - Shall I / Can I…? Could I …? - I’ll … if you like Eg: Can I help you with the dishes? Shall I shut the door? Would you like a drink? Would you like to come for a meal? b Yêu cầu: (động từ tường thuật ask) Ex: She said, “Can you lend me your book?” -> She asked me to lend her my book * Ta dử dụng : Could you….? , Can you …? Would you mind …? Or câu mệnh lệnh để yêu cầu “Would you mind closing the door?”  he asked me to close the door * “I’d like…” “Can I have…?” chuyển sang gián tiếp ta áp dụng cấu trúc “Could I have…?” S + asked + someboby + for + something Ex: In a restaurant, the man said; “I’d like a bottle of red wine, please” -> The man asked for a bottle of red wine c Khuyên bảo: Ex: “You should study harder,” my mother said -> My mother advised me to study harder *Lời khuyên thường bắt đầu bằng: - You should / You ought to V - If I were you , I would/ should … - You had better … - Why don’t you … Eg’ Why don’t you repaint our room? She advised me to repaint their room Chuyển sang gián tiếp có cấu trúc sau: S + advised + O + to V … d Lời nhắc nhở “Remember…”khi chuyển sang lời nói gián tiếp ta áp dụng cấu trúc sau Don’t for get S + remind(ed) + someboby + to Infinitive verb Ex: She said to me; “Don’t forget to ring me up tomorrow evening” -> She reminded me to ring her up the bext eveining Công thức chung đổi sang câu tường thuật với to V: S + V (+ O) + to V VIII Reported speech with gerund Động từ tường thuật + V-ing * Động từ tường thuật:deny, admit, suggest, regret Ex: He said to me; “Let’s go home” -> He suggested going home Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + Ving… * Động từ tường thuật: : dream of, object to, insist on, complain about, think of, look forward to Ex: “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan -> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + tân ngữ + Ving… * Động từ tường thuật: thank sb for, accuse sb of, congratulate sb on, apologize sb for, warn sb against, prevent sb from, stop sb from… Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me Thank you very much,” Tom said to you -> Tom thanked me for helping him Ex2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said -> Peter apologised for being late Danh động từ tường thuật thường theo động từ tường thuật SUGGEST các mẫu câu đề nghị sau: Why don’t you/ Why not / How about -> suggest + sb + V-ing Let’s / Let’s not -> suggest + V-ing/ suggest + not+ V-ing Shall we/ It’s a good idea -> suggest + V-ing Cảm ơn, xin lỗi: S + thanked + s.o + for + v-ing S + apologized for + (not) + v-ing S + apologized + to + s.o + for + (not) + v-ing Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me Thank you very much,” Tom said to you -> Tom thanked me for helping him Ex2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said -> Peter apologised for being late Chúc mừng: S + congratulated + s.o + on + v-ing Ex: John said, “I heard you received the scholarship Congratulations!” -> John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship Cương quyết, khăng khăng: S + insisted + on + v-ing… Ex: “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan -> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise “I’ll drive you to the station I insist,” Peter said to Linda -> Peter insisted on driving Linda to the station Cảnh báo, ngăn cản: Lời cảnh báo : be careful, be dangerous a S + warned + s.o + to verb… b S + warned + s.o + against + v-ing … ex1: “Be careful of strangers and don’t go out at night”; he said -> He warned us to be careful strangers and not to out at night Ex2: “Don’t stay at the near the airport,” I said to Ann -> I warned Ann against staying at the hotel near the airport Ex3: “Don’t go out alone at night,” I said to Linda -> I warned Linda agaisnt going out alone at night Ngăn cản: S + prevented, stopped + s.o + from + v-ing… Ex1: “Stay here! I can’t let you go out tonight,” her mother said to Jane -> Her mother prevented Jane from going out that night Ex2: “Sit here I can’t let you stand all the time,” Mary said to me -> Mary prevented me from standing all the time Chấp nhận phủ nhận: Ex1: “We stole his money,” they said -> They admitted stealing his money Ex2: “I didn’t steal his money,” she said -> She denied stealing his money Đề nghị, gợi ý: S + suggest + (not) + V-ing … S1 + suggest (ed) + That + S2 + should + bare infinitive Ex: He said to me; “Let’s go home” -> He suggested going home -> He suggested that we should go home Ex: “Let’s go out for a drink,” Susan said -> Susan suggested going out for a drink Tố cáo, buộc tội: Ex: “You took some of my money,” he said -> He accused me of taking some of his money Mơ ước: S + dreamed + of + v-ing… Ex: “I want to pass the exam with flying colours,” John said -> John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours “I’ve always wante to be rich, ” Bob said -> Bob had always dreamed of being rich Sự chấp nhận S + admitted + v-ing… Detective: You have stolen Mrs Brown’s car! The thief|: Yes…! But… -> The thief admitted stealing/having stolen Mrs Brown’s car Sự mong đợi (áp dụng cấu trúc sau) S + looked forward to + v-ing… Ex: “Mr.Smith: I feel like meeting our children soon” -> Mr and Mrs Smith looked forward to meeting their children soon Tmod English Khuattuanmeo – Một Nửa Của Sự Thật ... người tường thuật lại câu nói Daisy nơi mà cô làm việc) => Daisy said she had worked there for years (Nếu người tường thuật lại câu nói Daisy khơng nơi mà làm việc) - Nếu vật tường thuật câu trực... eveining Công thức chung đổi sang câu tường thuật với to V: S + V (+ O) + to V VIII Reported speech with gerund Động từ tường thuật + V-ing * Động từ tường thuật: deny, admit, suggest, regret... month” câu chưa tới, tức câu nói Jane tường thuật trước thời điểm trên) => Jane said he would go to Paris by the end of that month (Nếu thời gian “by the end of this month” câu qua rồi, tức câu

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  • II. Conversion to indirect speech

    • I will say to my friends, “I have started learning computer.”

    • => I will tell my friends that I have started learning computer.

    • The teacher said to me, “I hope you will bring credit to my school.”

    • => The teacher hoped that I would bring credit to her scchool.

    • “Sam, will you help me carry my bags?” asked the old woman.

    • The old woman asked Sam whether he would help her carry her bags.(

    • III. Statements in reported speech

      • S + said (to + O) + that S + V……

      • S + told + O + that S + V….

      • Eg: “We will have a test tomorrow”, My teacher said.

      • -> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day.

      • IV. Questions in reported speech

        • a. Yes/ no questions:

        • S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause

        • Eg: Tuan asked Ba “Are you fond of watching television?”

        • Tuan asked Ba if/whether he was fond of watching television

        • b. Wh-questions:

        • S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause

        • Eg: He said to me, “Why did you go with her father last week?”

        • He asked me why I had gone with her father the week before.

        • Eg: “ I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time?”

        • He said that he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time

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