Shuang-Hua Yang (auth.)-Wireless Sensor Networks_ Principles, Design and Applications-Springer London (2014)

Signals and Communication Technology Shuang-Hua Yang Wireless Sensor Networks Principles, Design and Applications Signals and Communication Technology For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4748 Shuang-Hua Yang Wireless Sensor Networks Principles, Design and Applications 123 Shuang-Hua Yang Department of Computer Science University of Loughborough Loughborough UK ISSN 1860-4862 ISBN 978-1-4471-5504-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5505-8 ISSN 1860-4870 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4471-5505-8 (eBook) Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht Library of Congress Control Number: 2013950085 Ó Springer-Verlag London 2014 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to my family—Lili, my beautiful wife, Bob and James, my two brilliant sons and As a remembrance of my father, Mr Xinsheng Yang, who passed away in August 2010 Preface Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are more and more frequently seen as a solution to large-scale tracking and monitoring applications, because of their low-data-rate, low-energy-consumption, and short-range link network which provides an opportunity to monitor and control the physical world to a previously unprecedented scale and resolution The deployment of a large number of small, wireless sensors that can sample, process, and deliver information to external systems such as the satellite network or the Internet, opens many novel application domains Potential WSN applications include industrial control and monitoring, home automation and consumer electronics, security and military sensing, asset tracking and supply chain management, intelligent agriculture and health monitoring MIT classified WSNs as one of the ten emerging technologies that will change the world Internet of Things (IoT), which is technically supported by WSN and other relevant technologies, has been classified as a national economic development strategy by the Chinese Government in 2009 Research in WSNs has mainly concentrated on energy consumption, routing, fault tolerance, data acquisition, and operating systems, particularly focusing on collecting and aggregating data from specific networks with an associated sink node, called a WSN gateway Some work has been carried out on the connection of different disparate sensor networks for a single or multiple applications Some of the most documented research challenges are attributed to issues relating to scalability, reliability, security, coverage, and massive deployment This book is concerned with the design and application challenges of ZigBee based WSNs, which we experienced firsthand in our research and development work over the past few years A principle aim has been to include in the book a comprehensive coverage of topics suitable for use in university courses This book is the result of nine Ph.D theses and a number of public funded projects completed under my supervision A significant aspect of this book is the presentation to the readers of enough technical details to enable them to actually repeat the work rather than merely understanding the principle involved I hope that it will be a valuable reference book for industrial design as well as for university teaching and academic research I believe that this broad targeted audience is an attractive feature of this book, as most of the very limited selection of WSN books currently available were written primarily for academic researchers or as a textbook, presenting the fundamental basic concepts while providing, little guidance on how to vii viii Preface carry out the actual design process This book is unique in bringing together wireless communication principles with actual WSN design processes It will enable readers to become increasingly capable in exploiting fully the new technologies described here in their research or industrial work This book consists of 15 chapters grouped into three parts Part I (Chaps and 2) provides the principle of WSNs Part II (Chaps 3–9) focuses on providing solutions to various design issues Chapters 10–12 in Part III explore the application technologies of WSNs in indoor location tracking, logistics management, and Internet of Things (IoT), followed by Chaps 13 and 14, two real applications to home automation and building fire safety Chapter 15 forms the conclusion Target Audience The book can serve both as a textbook and a reference book The primary target audience for this book is the university student community The materials included in this book have been used several times as a handout for teaching Master of Science (M.Sc.) modules on WSNs Resulting student feedback has been addressed in the book The secondary audience for this book is the research and development community This includes both academia from universities and research institutes together with industrial developers It can also be used as a reference book for any readers, who are interested in getting insight into the WSN area but have been unable to find a any sources of real-life WSN designs Acknowledgments Many people have directly or indirectly contribute to the work presented in this book Chapters 3–12 were produced based on the theses of my former Ph.D students They are Dr Fang Yao, Dr Xin Lu, Dr Hesham Abusaimeh, Dr Yanning Yang, Dr Khusvinder Gill, Dr Tareq Alhmiedat, Dr Huanjia Yang, and Dr Ran Xu, and my nearly completed Ph.D student Mr Md Zaid Ahmad Prof Bokia Xia, Dr Yuanqing Qin, and Mr Guizheng Fu, my former academic visiting scholars, Mr Donato Salvatore, my former research assistant, Ms Weiwei He and Mr Hakan Koyuncu, my on-going Ph.D students, have also contributed to the work I am extremely thankful to their hard work and cooperation I would like to express my deep appreciation to my industrial collaborators from the consortiums SafetyNET (DCSI, Sure Technology, Jennic, Arqiva, and ASFP), IndeedNET (Advantica, Sure Technology, EMHA), and iNET (IDC), and my academic collaborators, Prof Wan-Liang Wang at Zhejiang University of Technology, Prof Chunjie Zhu at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Prof Xuemin Tian, Prof Bokia Xia at Petroleum University, Prof Ping Li at Liaoning Shihua University, Prof Jie Chen at Beijing Institute of Technology, and Preface ix Prof Hongyong Yuan at Tsinghua University, and Prof Min-Hong Wu at Derby University There are too many to name here I would also like to thank the TSB project monitoring officers Mr Guy Hirson (SafetyNET) and Mr Mike Patterson (IndeedNET) for their constructive guidance in our research My appreciation also goes to my colleagues in the Computer Science Department at Loughborough University for their enthusiasm and dedicated assistance they have provided me My gratitude goes to my colleague Dr Roger Knott, and Ms Charlotte Cross (Springer-Verlag) for their proof reading and to my formal Ph.D student, Dr Ran Xu, for his graphic expertise Finally, I gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from the Technology Strategy Board through Technology Program (TP/J3521A, TP/3/PIT/6/I/16993), Carbon Connection Trust, and European Regional Development Fund through Transport iNET program, EPSRC through Transforming Energy Demand through Digital Innovation (TEDDI) call in Energy Program (EP/I000267/1), Natural Science Foundation of China through Major International Joint Research Program (61120106010), and Santander Program for Mobility of Young Faculty and Researchers operated by Tsinghua University July 2013 Prof Shuang-Hua Yang Contents Introduction 1.1 Wireless Communication Technologies 1.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 1.3 Application Areas of WSNs 1.4 Challenges in the Design and Implementation of WSNs 1.5 Aims of the Book References 1 6 Principle of Wireless Sensor Networks 2.1 Introduction 2.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard and Wireless Sensor Network 2.2.1 OSI and WSN Stacks 2.2.2 Overview of IEEE 802.15.4 Standard 2.2.3 Full Function Device and Reduced Function Device 2.2.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Topologies 2.2.5 Multiple Access in IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Systems 2.3 Constructing WSNs with IEEE 802.15.4 2.3.1 Radio Channel Assessment 2.3.2 Network Initialization 2.3.3 Network Establishment Announcement 2.3.4 Listen for/Initiate Joining Request 2.3.5 Listen for/Initiate Removal Request 2.3.6 Network Command Transmission/Reception 2.3.7 Data Transmission and Reception 2.3.8 Slotted and Unslotted CSMA-CA 2.3.9 Summary of Data Transmission in IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 ZigBee and Wireless Sensor Networks 2.4.1 ZigBee Stack Structure 2.4.2 ZigBee Topologies 2.4.3 ZigBee Address Allocation Scheme 2.4.4 ZigBee Management Mechanisms 7 9 11 12 13 15 17 18 20 24 25 25 25 26 28 31 32 32 34 37 39 xi xii Contents 2.5 6LoWPAN and Wireless Sensor Network 2.6 Summary References 44 46 47 Hardware Design for WSNs 3.1 General Wireless Sensor Node Architecture 3.2 System-on-Chip and Component-based Design 3.3 Design Guidelines 3.3.1 Microcontroller Selection 3.3.2 Communication Device Selection 3.3.3 Sensing Device Design 3.3.4 Power Supply Device Design 3.4 Design Case 3.4.1 Temperature Sensor Design 3.4.2 CO Sensor Design 3.4.3 Sensor Node Circuit Design 3.5 Power Management 3.6 Energy Scavenging 3.6.1 Solar Energy Harvesting Unit 3.6.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking Unit 3.6.3 Power Management Unit 3.6.4 Design Case 3.7 Conclusion References 49 49 50 51 53 54 55 58 59 59 61 63 64 66 67 68 68 70 72 72 Embedded Software Design for WSNs 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Embedded Software Design for WSNs 4.2.1 Jennic ZigBee Application Development 4.2.2 Contiki 6LowPAN Application Development 4.3 Sensor Driver Development 4.3.1 General Procedure of Sensor Drivers 4.3.2 Sensor Driver for an Analog Flow Sensor 4.3.3 Sensor Driver for a Digital Temperature Sensor 4.4 Implementing a WSN with IEEE 802.15.4 4.5 Bridging WSNs with an External Public Network 4.6 Summary References 73 73 74 75 77 80 81 84 86 91 98 100 100 Routing Technologies in WSNs 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Classification of Routing Protocols in WSNs 5.2.1 Flat Routing Protocols 5.2.2 Hierarchical Routings Protocols 101 101 102 104 107 ...Signals and Communication Technology For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4748 Shuang-Hua Yang Wireless Sensor Networks Principles, Design and Applications 123 Shuang-Hua Yang Department... Device Design 3.3.4 Power Supply Device Design 3.4 Design Case 3.4.1 Temperature Sensor Design 3.4.2 CO Sensor Design 3.4.3 Sensor. .. communication standards These standards are categorized according to the supported throughputs, communication range and application areas Standards such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, UltraWideBand, and 802.11a/g/n