Wireless sensor netWorks: ApplicAtion‐centric Design doc

  Edited by  (Editor-in-Chief) Wireless Sensor Networks: Application-Centric Design Edited by Dr. Geoff V Merret and Dr. Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief) Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jelena Marusic Technical Editor Goran Bajac Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Ruslan Ivantsova, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Wireless Sensor Networks: Application-Centric Design, Edited by Dr. Geoff V Merret and Dr. Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief) p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-321-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Applications and Case Studies 1 Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction 3 Qinghua Wang and Ilangko Balasingham Wireless Sensor Networks for On-field Agricultural Management Process 17 Luca Bencini, Davide Di Palma, Giovanni Collodi, Gianfranco Manes and Antonio Manes Wildlife Assessment using Wireless Sensor Networks 35 Harry Gros-Desormeaux, Philippe Hunel and Nicolas Vidot Wireless Sensor Network for Disaster Monitoring 51 Dr. Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh Urban Microclimate and Traffic Monitoring with Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks 71 Francesco Chiti and Romano Fantacci Improving Greenhouse’s Automation and Data Acquisition with Mobile Robot Controlled system via Wireless Sensor Network 85 István Matijevics and Simon János Model Based WSN System Implementations Using PN-WSNA for Aquarium Environment Control in a House 109 Ting-Shuo Chen and Chung-Hsien Kuo Wireless Sensor Network for Ambient Assisted Living 127 Juan Zapata and Francisco J. Fernández-Luque and Ramón Ruiz Contents Contents VI Monitoring of human movements for fall detection and activities recognition in elderly care using wireless sensor network: a survey 147 Stefano Abbate, Marco Avvenuti, Paolo Corsini, Alessio Vecchio and Janet Light Odor Recognition and Localization Using Sensor Networks 167 Rabie A. Ramadan Communication and Networking Technologies 183 Modelling Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks 185 Jesús Llor and Manuel P. Malumbres Prospects and Problems of Optical Diffuse Wireless Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) 205 Davide Anguita, Davide Brizzolara and Giancarlo Parodi Estimation of Propagation Characteristics along Random Rough Surface for Sensor Networks 231 Kazunori Uchida and Junichi Honda Design of Radio-Frequency Transceivers for Wireless Sensor Networks 249 Bo Zhao and Huazhong Yang MAC & Mobility In Wireless Sensor Networks 271 Marwan Al-Jemeli, Vooi Voon Yap and Fawnizu Azmadi Bin Hussin Hybrid Optical and Wireless Sensor Networks 297 Lianshan Yan, Xiaoyin Li, Zhen Zhang, Jiangtao Liu and Wei Pan Range-free Area Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks 321 Vijay R. Chandrasekhar, Winston K.G. Seah, Zhi Ang Eu and Arumugam P. Venkatesh Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Part 2 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Contents VII Information and Data Processing Technologies 351 Data Fusion Approach for Error Correction in Wireless Sensor Networks 353 Maen Takruri and Subhash Challa Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks 373 Jianxun LI and Yan ZHOU A Gaussian Mixture Model-based Event-Driven Continuous Boundary Detection in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks 393 Jiehui Chen, Mariam B.Salim and Mitsuji Matsumoto Monitoring Wireless Sensor Network Performance by Tracking Node operational Deviation 413 Yaqoob J. Y. Al-raisi and Nazar E. M. Adam Building Context Aware Network of Wireless Sensors Using a Scalable Distributed Estimation Scheme for Real-time Data Manipulation 427 Amir Hossein Basirat and Asad I. Khan Multimedia Data Processing and Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks 449 Javier Molina, Javier M. Mora-Merchan, Julio Barbancho and Carlos Leon Imaging in UWB Sensor Networks 469 Ole Hirsch, Rudolf Zetik, and Reiner S. Thomä Part 3 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 About this Book Over the past decade, there has been a prolic increase in the research, development and commercialisation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and their associated tech- nologies (see Figure 1). This rise has been a result of a number of contributing factors, including continued miniaturisation (leading towards an era of truly ‘pervasive’ and ‘invisible’ computing); low-power circuits, devices and computation (for example, the ultra-low-power sleep states now found in microcontrollers); and ecient short-range communication (such as ZigBee and Bluetooth). The dramatic rise in WSN activity, fuelled by the prospect of a new computing paradigm, has resulted in the topic being researched (and taught) in the electronics and computer science departments of Uni- versities around the world. Figure 1. The increase in research into WSNs, shown by the total number of pub- lished papers (as catalogued on the ISI Web of Knowledge) matching the topic (sensor network*). Preface Preface X While enabling technologies such as low-power circuitry have permied the concep- tion and growth of WSNs (for example a microcontroller’s ultra-low-power sleep states enable a vast reduction in the average power consumption obtained through duty cy- cled operation, a technique which underpins the operation of most implementations), the principal reason for the explosion of research is, in my opinion, due to the volume of WSN applications that can be conceived and realised. To name a few, they have found use in healthcare, defence and security, environmental monitoring, process control, structural health monitoring, condition monitoring, building automation, multimedia provision and advertising. However, as a result of the broad array of pertinent appli- cations, WSN researchers have also realised the application specicity of the domain; it is incredibly dicult, if not impossible, to nd an application-independent solution to most WSN problems (be it a routing algorithm, MAC protocol, energy harvesting architecture, or data processing algorithm). Hence, research into WSNs dictates the adoption of an application-centric design process. Research into WSN applications not only concerns the technical issues and system in- tegration strategies of deployment, but also the communication and processing of data, alongside the analysis, understanding and modelling of the application parameters that are of interest. As such, this book is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all WSN applications and deployments to date. Instead, it is a collection of state-of- the-art research papers discussing current applications and deployment experiences, but also the communication and data processing technologies that are fundamental in further developing solutions to applications. Whilst a common foundation is retained through all chapters, this book contains a broad array of oen diering interpretations, congurations and limitations of WSNs. I believe that these aid to highlight the rich diversity and sheer scale of this ever-changing research area. Organisation The chapters of this book have been categorised into three distinct sections: applica- tions and case studies (section A), communication and networking technologies (sec- tion B), and information and data processing technologies (section C). These are de- scribed below: Applications and Case Studies: The rst chapter of this section serves as an introduc- tion to the book, providing a concise overview of WSNs, discussing their history, plat- forms and architectures, research challenges, and application. The remainder of the section discusses current applications and their implementation, from experiences of monitoring agricultural processes to the dierent methods by which accidental falls of the elderly can be detected and classied. [...]... radio coverage (about 20 Wireless Sensor Networks: Application-Centric Design 200 m) and better power management In order to manage different kinds of sensors, a compliant sensor board was adopted, allowing up to 16 sensor plugs on the same node;, this makes a single mote capable of sensing many environmental parameters at a time (Mattoli et al., 2005) Sensor boards recognize the sensors and send Transducer... topologies are shown The sensor nodes either form a flat network topology where sensor nodes also act as routers and trasfer data to a sink through Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction User/ Task Manager Node 7 Internet and Satellite Legend Sink/ Base Station (a) Flat sensor network; Fig 1 The Operation of WSNs sensor node cluster head/ high end sensor node (b) Clustered sensor network multi-hop... http://www.ipso-alliance.org 14 Wireless Sensor Networks: Application-Centric Design Kumar, S & Shepherd, D (2001) Sensit: Sensor information technology for the warfighter, Proc of the 4th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION’01), pp 3–9 (TuC1) LiteOS (n.d.) http://www.liteos.net Martinez, K., Padhy, P., Riddoch, A., Ong, H L R & Hart, J K (2005) Glacial environment monitoring using sensor networks,... Shanghai China (n.d.) http://www.expo2010.cn Hill, J L (2003) System Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks, PhD thesis, Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, USA Howitt, I., Manges, W W., Kuruganti, P T., Allgood, G., Gutierrez, J A & Conrad, J M (2006) Wireless industrial sensor networks: Framework for qos assessment and qos management, ISA Transactions 45(3):... system designed for WSNs With the tools that come from LiteOS, it is possible to operate one or more WSNs in a Unix-like manner It is also possible to develop programs for nodes, and wirelessly distribute such programs to sensor nodes 4 Networking 4.1 Network Architecture A WSN is a network consisting of numerous sensor nodes with sensing, wireless communications and computing capabilities These sensor. .. WSNs Range Rate DSSS BPSK, QPSK, CCK, OFDM 100m . for Sensor Networks 231 Kazunori Uchida and Junichi Honda Design of Radio-Frequency Transceivers for Wireless Sensor Networks 249 Bo Zhao and Huazhong Yang MAC & Mobility In Wireless Sensor. 1 Applications and Case Studies Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction 3 Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction Qinghua Wang and Ilangko Balasingham 0 Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction Qinghua. 183 Modelling Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks 185 Jesús Llor and Manuel P. Malumbres Prospects and Problems of Optical Diffuse Wireless Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)