Business life and public policy

BUSINESS LIFE AND PUBLIC POLICY D C COLEMAN [Photograph by Ian Fleming] BUSINESS LIFE AND PUBLIC POLICY Essays in honour of D C COLEMAN Edited by NEIL McKENDRICK and R B OUTHWAITE The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry Vlll in 1534 The University has printed and published continuously since 1584 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa h Up ://www.cambridge org © Cambridge University Press 1986 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 1986 First paperback edition 2002 A catalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Business life and public policy 'Bibliography of D C Coleman's published works': p Bibliography: p Includes index Contents: Piscatorial politics in the early Parliaments of Elizabeth I / G R Elton - Marriage as business / R B Outhwaite - Age and accumulation in the London business community, 1665-1720 / Peter Earle - [etc.] Finance - Great Britain - History - Addresses, essays, lectures Businessmen - Great Britain - History - Addresses, essays, lectures Great Britain - Politics and government - Addresses, essays, lectures Coleman, D C (Donald Cuthbert), 1920I Coleman, D C (Donald Cuthbert), 1920II McKendrick, Neil III Outhwaite, R B HG186.G7B87 1986 332'.0941 85-31333 ISBN 521 26275 hardback ISBN 521524210 paperback Contents Preface List of contributors page vii xiv Piscatorial politics in the early Parliaments of Elizabeth I G R ELTON Marriage as business: opinions on the rise in aristocratic bridal portions in early modern England R B OUTHWAITE 21 Age and accumulation in the London business community, 1665-1720 PETER EARLE 38 The use and abuse of credit in eighteenth-century England JULIAN HOPPIT 64 Convicts, commerce and sovereignty: the forces behind the early settlement of Australia c H WILSON 79 'Gentleman and Players' revisited: the gentlemanly ideal, the business ideal and the professional ideal in English literary culture NEIL MCKENDRICK 98 The City, entrepreneurship and insurance: two pioneers in invisible exports - the Phoenix Fire Office and the Royal of Liverpool, 1800-90 CLIVE TREBILCOCK 137 'At the head of all the new professions': the engineer in Victorian society w j READER 173 Bernard Shaw, Bertold Brecht and the businessman in literature j M WINTER 185 vi 10 Contents Lost opportunities: British business and businessmen during the First World War B W E ALFORD 11 205 Ideology or pragmatism? The nationalization of coal, 1916-46 BARRY SUPPLE 228 Bibliography ofD C Colemaris published works Index 251 257 Preface This volume of essays, humbly offered by a few of his many pupils, colleagues and friends, celebrates the contribution to historical scholarship of Donald Coleman, a contribution happily still in full flow, despite, or perhaps even because of, his retirement in 1981 from his teaching post as Professor of Economic History in the University of Cambridge The range and scale of that contribution can be glimpsed from the bibliography of his writings.1 Its quality is no less remarkable Essential features of the latter are its incisiveness, its humanity and above all its good sense In work after work he has brought an acute economic perception to history without ever losing sight of the fact that the past was made by people not processes These qualities are perhaps most vividly displayed in what is arguably his greatest work, the mammoth three-volume study, Courtaulds: An Economic and Social History (1969-80), where his alchemical touch transformed the all too frequent base metal of business history into an enthralling analytical narrative stretching over two and a half centuries That great work confirmed his leading position among the world's historians of modern business, rivalling his eminence as an economic historian of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries It is perhaps significant that Donald's working life began in the business world and his academic career rather late In 1939, at the age of seventeen, he left Haberdashers' Aske's School for the City world of insurance Two years later he enrolled at the University of London Hardly had he done so, however, when he was called away by the war The army occupied him for the next six years, and active service in, amongst other places, Italy nurtured a characteristic interest in that country's history and culture Thereafter, in 1946, he exchanged what some might regard as one form of warfare for another by returning to the London School of Economics, where he was a prominent member of that mature and mettlesome student intake still remembered as the liveliest intellectual cohort of our time See pp 251-5 vii viii Preface Something of his general career there is recalled for us here by one of his teachers, Professor F J Fisher: 'In a recent tribute to Charles Wilson, Donald Coleman sketched a type of successful businessman that he claims often to have found in history Imaginative and individualistic; shrewd and not easily swayed by the ideas and opinions of others; industrious and with great powers of application; ambitious, but for achievement and recognition rather than for money With the substitution of academic for business achievement, that model would have fitted Donald as a student remarkably well For Donald was never a conventional student He entered upon serious academic study only after a decade of experience in the insurance world and the army By then his adolescent doubts and indecisions were behind him: he knew what he wanted He plotted his campaign of study with military precision Those whose task it was to teach him were seen more as assistants, valuable or otherwise, than as leaders to be followed Teaching him therefore was a challenge, but a challenge that was made the more welcome by the fact that, in the intervals of fighting in Italy, he had acquired a knowledge of food and drink that made him, in the world of hospitality, the teacher and the rest of us his students 'Perhaps Donald's greatest achievement as a student was to finish an excellent doctoral thesis in the statutory minimum time of six terms - a feat no longer deemed possible despite all the aids to research that have become available That thesis - on the economy of Kent in the early seventeenth century - was never published, although many others have raided it with profit But it laid the foundation for much of his later career The study of a single county over a short period was deliberately chosen as requiring the examination of a variety of economic activities and the use of a wide range of historical sources - an admirable training for any future teacher Kent supplied materials for books on Sir John Banks, a financier who acquired estates in that county, and on the paper industry, one of the activities carried out there But of more immediate importance was the fact that, since a good number of industries flourished in seventeenth-century Kent, Donald became the obvious candidate for appointment to a new lectureship in industrial history that had been established at the L.S.E Thus he got his foot on thefirststep of an academic ladder, the top of which he was to reach in less than twenty years 'That appointment was made in 1951 and in those days, when students were less cosseted than they are now, teaching duties at the School were light and, in any case, the demand for industrial history was small Donald was able therefore to concentrate on writing and editorial work and he rapidly established his reputation through his books on Banks and on the paper industry, through a stream of important articles and book reviews, Ideology or pragmatism P 249 It has, of course, been argued that nationalization failed to solve the problem of labour relations because it precluded workers' control or direct participation - just as the failure of the campaign for nationalization in 1919-20 has been blamed on the abandonment of syndicalist ideals.45 But on any realistic consideration it is very difficult to see how more intensive and elaborate participation in management could have provided anything other than an aggravation of the industry's economic problems, either in the inter-war period or since 1946 Throughout the 1920s and 1930s the industry was incapable of generating sufficient employment for those notionally attached to it The pursuit of efficiency would have worsened that problem, while the pursuit of short-run improvements in wage rates or conditions (which always took precedence for the miners) would have threatened even more jobs As the mining trade journal pointed out in 1945, throughout the 1930s a 'degree of inefficiency was tolerated rather than face a formidable social problem'.46 Of course, superficially, and certainly compared with private enterprise in the 1930s, nationalization worked in one very important respect; for much of the 1950s and 1960s it proved possible simultaneously to run down the industry and modernize its technology But thefinancialcost was enormous - and it was potentially easy largely because (unlike the 1930s) full employment cushioned the effects of the reduction in capacity A more telling comparison must therefore be (as in so many other aspects of British economic history) between the 1980s and the 1930s Once again, the industry has excessive and expensive capacity - made the more excessive and expensive by virtue of the subsidies derived from public ownership Hence once again, there is pressure to rationalize a declining industry And once again there is nowhere for the excess labour to go - although now there are, at least, generous arrangements for redundancy and early retirement But the essential point remains that, in spite of early goodwill, nationalization did not produce industrial harmony Rather, it ultimately institutionalized the potential conflicts in industrial relations and to that extent it has not solved the industry's economic problems Further, the major economic and commercial decisions have frequently been made in relation to the stresses and crises of labour relations - as, at a quite different level, they were between 1919 and 1939 Fifty years on, the industry's economic position (although not its technology or its wage levels) would be familiar to the bitter adversaries of the 1920s and 1930s Contrary, then, to the hopes and predictions of those who advocated public ownership from the 45 46 M G W o o d h o u s e , ' Mines for t h e Nation or Mines for the Miners ? Alternative Perspectives on Industrial Democracy, 9 - ' , Llafur , (Summer 1978), - Colliery Guardian, January , p 1 250 BARRY SUPPLE First World War onwards, it was not a remedy for the sickness of the industry's labour relations With the disappearance from the scene of the owners, the miners' suspicions, resentments and economic ambitions found other points of focus And (as happened with intervention in the inter-war period) the public corporation ushered in not so much an era of 'corporatism' as a renewed bout of industrial politics The obstacles to industrial reforms, and the costs of overcoming them, have remained disconcertingly familiar Perhaps the most telling explanation of why this should be so came from Gwilym Lloyd George in the debate on the Nationalization Bill On the date when the State takes over, what will be the effect on [the miner] ? He will go to the same pit and get the same lamp from the same man; he will go into the same cage, will probably be lowered by the same man, and when he gets to the bottom, he will, if he is in certain parts of the country, see the same expression on the face of the pony He will see the same manager, the same deputy, the old roadway, the same coalface, and, on the Friday, he will probably be paid by the same man.47 Lloyd George was right - just as his father had been right in predicting the inevitability of nationalization in 1919 Nothing essential had been changed The problems of productivity, size and costs still had to be tackled - and they were still tackled in the context of destabilized labour relations that only full employment elsewhere could ameliorate Nationalization was in many ways simply the latest form taken by enforced state interventions designed to resolve or avert industrial strife and a declining industry The pressure of that strife, the temptation to cushion it, the decline of the industry, have all continued or reappeared The material ambitions and structural resentments of the labour force are still the most important determinants of policy To optimists on January 1946, nationalization may have appeared the' End of History' and the' Beginning of Nowadays' It was neither It was the continuation of industrial politics by other means 47 Quoted in R A Brady, Crisis in Britain (London, 1950), p 119 Bibliography of D C Colemaris published works BOOKS The British Paper Industry, 1495-1860 (Oxford, 1958; reprinted Westport, Conn., 1975) Sir John Banks, Baronet and Businessman (Oxford, 1963; reprinted Westport, Conn., 1975) Courtaulds: An Economic and Social History, vols (Oxford, i and n, 1969; in, 1980) Industry in Tudor and Stuart England (London and Basingstoke, 1975) The Economy of England, 1450-1750 (1977; reprinted 1978) PAMPHLETS The Domestic System in Industry (London, Historical Association, 1960) What Has Happened to Economic History? (Cambridge, Inaugural lecture, 1972) CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS Part (1485-1700) and (with S Pollard) Part (1760-1850), in A Survey of English Economic History, ed M W Thomas (London, 1957; 2nd edn 1960; 3rd edn 1967) 'Economic Problems and Policies', in New Cambridge Modern History, vol v, ed F L Carsten (Cambridge, 1961) 'Sir John Banks, Financier', in Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England, ed F J Fisher (Cambridge, 1961) Introduction to and editing of K Samuelsson, Religion and Economic Action (translated from the Swedish by E G French, Stockholm, 1961) 'Economic History: General' and 'English Economic History, 1500-1750', in Handbook for History Teachers, W H Burston and C W Green (London, 1962; 2nd edn 1972) 'Industrial Revolution' and 'Industrialization', in A Dictionary of the Social Sciences, ed Julius Gould and William L Kolb (London, 1964) Introduction to and editing of Revisions in Mercantilism (London, 1969) 'Countryside and Industry: The Economics of an Age of Change', in The Eighteenth Century: Europe in the Age of the Enlightenment, ed Alfred Cobban (London, 1969) ' English History: Economic and Social Development, 1603-1789', in Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol vm (Chicago, 1970) 'Textile Growth', in Textile History and Economic History, ed N B Harte and K G Ponting (in honour of Julia de Lacy Mann, Manchester, 1973) 251 252 Bibliography ofD C Coleman's works 'War Demand and Industrial Supply', in War and Economic Development, ed J M Winter (Cambridge, 1975) 'Politics and Economics in the Age of Anne', in Trade, Government and Economy in Pre-industrial England, ed D C Coleman and A H John (London, 1976) 'Courtaulds and the Beginning of Rayon', in Essays in British Business History, ed Barry Supple (Oxford, 1977) 'Thomas Southcliffe Ashton, 1889-1968', in Dictionary of National Biography, 1961-70 (Oxford, 1981) 'Ralph Davis: An Appreciation', in Shipping, Trade and Commerce, ed P L Cottrell and D H Aldcroft (Leicester, 1981) 'Historians and Businessmen', in Enterprise and History, ed D C Coleman and P Mathias (Cambridge, 1984) ARTICLES 'London Scriveners and the Estate Market in the Later Seventeenth Century', Economic History Review (1951) 'Naval Dockyards under the Later Stuarts', Econ Hist Rev (1953) 'Combinations of Capital and Labour in the English Paper Industry, 1789-1825', Economica (1954) 'Labour in the English Economy of the Seventeenth Century', Econ Hist Rev (1956) Reprinted in Essays in Economic History, vol n, ed E M Carus-Wilson (1962) 'Industrial Growth and Industrial Revolutions', Economica (1956) Reprinted in Essays in Economic History, vol in, ed E M Carus-Wilson (1962); in The Rise of Capitalism, ed D S Landes (New York, 1966); and in Genoza nowozytnej Anglii, ed A Maczak (Warsaw, 1968) 'Eli Heckscher and the Idea of Mercantilism', Scandinavian Economic History Review (1957) Reprinted in Economic Thought: An Historical Anthology, ed James A Gherity (New York, 1965); and in Revisions in Mercantilism, ed D C Coleman (London, 1969) 'The Early British Paper Industry and the Huguenots', Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London (1957) 'Premiums for Paper', Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (1959) ' Museums in the Eighteenth Century: the Economic Background', Museums Journal (1959) 'Growth and Decay During the Industrial Revolution: The Case of East Anglia', Scand Econ Hist Rev (1962) 'An Innovation and Its Diffusion: The New Draperies', Econ Hist Rev (1969) 'Gentlemen and Players', Econ Hist Rev (1973) 'Ralph Davis, 1915-78', Proceedings of the British Academy (1979) 'Mercantilism Revisited', Historical Journal (1980) 'Ken Ponting: An Appreciation', Textile History (1983) REVIEW ARTICLES 'Technology and Economic History, 1500-1700', Econ Hist Rev (1959) 'Review of Periodical Literature: Great Britain, 1500-1700', Econ Hist Rev (1959-62) 'The New Age of Technology, 1750-1900', Economica (1960) Bibliography ofD C Coleman's works 253 'The "Gentry" Controversy and the Aristocracy in Crisis, 1558-1641', History (1966) 'Early Modern Economic England', Econ Hist Rev (1972) 'The Model Game', Econ Hist Rev (1977) 'Texts for Pre-industrial Times', Historical Journal (1978) 'The Local and the Global in Early Modern Society', Historical Journal (1982) 'Proto-industrialization: A Concept Too Many', Econ Hist Rev (1983) COMMENTS AND REJOINDERS 'Rejoinder: G R Hawke on - What?', Econ Hist Rev (1971) 'The Coal Industry: A Rejoinder', Econ Hist Rev (1977) 'Philanthropy Deflated: A Comment', Econ Hist Rev (1978) BOOK REVIEWS The Enforcement of English Apprenticeship, 1563-1642 by M G Davies, Journal of Political Economy (1957) The Royalists During the Puritan Revolution by P H Hardacre, Econ Hist Rev (1957) The Royal African Company by K G Davies, Economica (1958) Cultural Foundations of Industrial Civilization by J U Nef, British Journal of Sociology (1958) A History of Industrial Chemistry by F S Taylor, and The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century by L F Haber, Victorian Studies (1958) Profit and Power by C H Wilson, Econ Hist Rev (1958) The County Committee of Kent in the Civil War by A M Everitt, Econ Hist Rev (1958) Philanthropy in England, 1480-1660 by W K Jordan, Econ Hist Rev (1960) The Strutts and the Arkwrights by R S Fitton and A P Wadsworth, History (1960) The Stages of Economic Growth by W W Rostow, Bankers Magazine (1960) Commercial Crisis and Change in England, 1600-42 by B E Supple, History (1960) British Industry: Change and Development in the Twentieth Century by J H Dunning and C J Thomas, Economica (1961) The Brewing Industry in England, 1700-1830 by P Mathias, English Historical Review (1961) A History of Labour in Sheffield by S Pollard, Eng Hist Rev (1961) Marshall's of Leeds: Flax Spinners, 1788-1886 by W G Rimmer, Times Literary Supplement (30 June 1961) Carron Company by R H Campbell, Economica (1962) The Industrial Revolution on the Continent by W Henderson, History (1962) The Century of Revolution, 1603-1714 by C Hill, Econ Hist Rev (1962) Guinness1 s Brewery in the Irish Economy, 1759-1876 by P Lynch and J Vaizey, Journal of Economic History (1962) People and Industries by W H Chaloner, History Today (1963) Men of Iron: The Crowleys in the Early Iron Industry by M W Flinn, British Journal of Industrial Relations (1963) American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century by H J Habakkuk, Economica (1963) The Wool Trade in Tudor and Stuart England by P J Bowden, Eng Hist Rev (1964) 254 Bibliography ofD C Colemaris works Calendar of Treasury Books, vol xxxi, pt I (1717), Econ Hist Rev (1964) Contemporary Printed Sources for British and Irish Economic History, 1701-1750, ed L W Hanson, Jour Econ Hist (1965) The Fleming-Senhouse Papers, ed E Hughes, Econ Hist Rev (1965) Kentish Sources, iv: The Poor, ed E Melling, Econ Hist Rev (1965) Herbert Correspondence, ed W J Smith, Econ Hist Rev (1965) The World We have Lost by P Laslett, and An Introduction to English Historical Demography, ed E A Wrigley, History (1967) Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol iv, ed E E Rich and C H Wilson, History (1968) Invention and Economic Growth by J Schmookler, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (1968) Land, Labour and Population in the Industrial Revolution, ed E L Jones and G E Mingay, Eng Hist Rev (1969) Calendar of Southampton Apprenticeship Registers, ed A L Merson, Econ Hist Rev (1969) The Royal Forests of Northamptonshire, ed P A J Pettit, Econ Hist Rev (1969) The Rise of the Entrepreneur by J W Gough, Business History (1970) Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution by A E Musson and E Robinson, Econ Hist Rev (1970) Scarcity and Choice in History by W H B Court, Econ Hist Rev (1971) A Theory of Economic History by J R Hicks, Eng Hist Rev (1971) The Family Life of Ralph Josselin by A Macfarlane, History (1971) Partners in Science: Letters of James Watt and Joseph Black ed E.Robinson and D McKie, Econ Hist Rev (1971) The Lancashire Textile Industry in the Sixteenth Century by N Lowe, Business History (1973) Three Generations in a Family Textile Firm by Jocelyn Morton, Textile History (1973) Poverty and Progress by R G Wilkinson, Guardian (8 March 1973) W D & H Wills and the Development of the U.K Tobacco Industry, 1786-1965 by B W E Alford, Econ Hist Rev (1974) Essays in Kentish History ed M Roake and J Whyman, Econ Hist Rev (1974) Family and Fortune by L Stone, History (1974) England and the Baltic by H Zins, Slavonic and East European Review (1974) The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol n: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, ed C M Cipolla, Econ Hist Rev (1975) Rural Change and Urban Growth, 1500-1800, ed C W Chalklin and M A Havinden, Agricultural History Review (1976) The Paper Industry in Scotland by A G Thomson, Eng Hist Rev (1976) The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 by J De Vries, T.L.S (22 July 1977) Comparative Aspects of Scottish and Irish Economic History, 1600-1900, ed L M Cullen and T C Smout, Irish Economic and Social History (1978) The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville, by T A Home, History (1979) New Cambridge Modern History, vol xin, ed P Burke, Econ Hist Rev (1980) Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth Century England, by J Appleby, Journal of Modern History (1981) Mercantilism as a Rent-seeking Society by K B Ekelundjr andR Tollison, Business History (1982) Bibliography ofD C Coleman's works 255 Structure and Change in Economic History by D C North, T.L.S (15 January 1982) The Past and the Present by L Stone, Econ Hist Rev (1982) Ireland and Scotland, 1600-1850, ed.T M DevineandD Dickson, Scottish Economic and Social History (1984) Manufacture in Town and Country Before the Factory, ed M Berg, P Hudson and M Sonnenscher, T.L.S (11 May 1984) Greene King: A Business and Family History by R G Wilson, Econ Hist Rev (1984) Index Banks, Sir Joseph, 81, 83 Bass, George, 90 Baudin, Nicolas, 86, 88, 90, 91, 96 Beardmores, 210 Bell, Sir Robert, Benn, Sir Ernest, 107-8 Bennett, Arnold, 114 Bentham, Jeremy, Betteshanger miners' strike, 243 Blainey, G., 80-2, 94 Blake, William, 112 Blakeney, 17 Blond, Anthony, 127 Blosseville, Jules, 92 Blue Book rates, 217 Bolton, G C, 81 Boots, 212, 218 Bordeaux, 146 Botany Bay, 79-84 passim, 87-8, 93, 97 Bougainville, Louis de, 88 Bougainville the elder, 85 Bougainville the younger, 86 Bouvet de Losier, P., 85 Bowen, John, 90-1 Bowley, A L, 206 Boyd, Percival, 41-2, 58, 61 Bramah, Joseph, 177 Brand, Lord, 217 Brecht, Bertold, 186 Stjoan of the Stockyards, 188, 198-202, 203 Brewer, J., 65 Briggs, Asa, 116 Bright, Sir Charles, 184 British Engineers' Association, 209 British fire insurance, 142 British Petroleum, 214-15, 218 British Thomson Houston, 214, 218 Bronte, Charlotte, 106, 113-14 Broomfield, J J., 150, 153-5, 158 Brunei, I K., 178 Brunlees, Sir James, 175, 176 Albion fire service, 142 Aldersey, Thomas, 15, 16 Alford, Francis, 15 Alliance fire insurance, 165 Allied Suppliers, 212 American Civil War, 145, 155, 162, 166 American Viscose Corporation, 211 American War of Independence, 68 Annan, Noel, 122, 203 Arden, John, 127 Arkwright, Sir Richard, 68, 71 Armstrong, William, 176 Arnold, Matthew, 108, 116-17 Arthur, Sir George, 91 Artificers, Statute of (1563), Ashton, T S., 64 Assurances Generates, 165 Atlas fire insurance, 142 Auldjo, Alexander, 146 Austen, Jane, 117 Austin, Charles E W., 143 Austin motors, 214 Australia discoverers, 83-6 fire insurance, 159, 162, 165 settlement debate legal claims, 94-7 penal, 81-2, 87, 91, 93-4, 96-7 strategic, 79-80, 82, 89-94 trade, 89-90, 93 Tasmania, 90-1 Western Australia, 92 Azienda Assicuratice, 165 Bache, Theophylact, 146 Bacon, Edward, 11, 15 Bacon, Francis, 103, 105 Bacon, Nathaniel, Baldwin, Stanley, 236 Balfour Committee, 209, 1 , Baltic trade, 80 banking clearing banks, 217-18 257 258 Index Brunner Mond, 218 Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 4, 16 Burke, Edmund, 93, 96 businessmen careers and culture, 98-9, 135-6 literary judgments, 100-7, 108-14: Drabble, 128-35; Orwell, 124-5; on professions, 119-24, 127-8; on self-made, 115-19 in literary culture, 185-93 Brecht, 186, 188, 198-202, 203 Shaw, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193-8, 199-201: passim, 202-4 see also credit; industry, manufacturing butchers andfish-days,8, 9, 12 Calthorpe, Charles, 5, 15 Cambridge Population Group, 49 Campbell, R., 52 Canada fire insurance, 147, 153, 165 Canterbury Prerogative Court, 42 Carlyle, Thomas, 189 Cecil, Lord Sackville Arthur, 184 Chancery, Court of, 28 Checkland, S G., 138 chemicals industry, 208, 213, 218 Cherwell, Lord, 246 Chesterton, G K., 102 Chicago fire insurance, 167-8 China trade, 79, 80, 89 Churchill, Sir Winston, 245 Clark, Manning, 79 Clay, Christopher, 28, 35 Clayton, G., 140 Coal Act (1938), 239 Coal Mines Act (1930), 236, 237 Coal Mines Reorganization Commission, 236-7, 239, 240-1, 244, 246 coal mining industry exports, 207, 208-9 nationalization, 228-50 achievement, 248-50 labour relation, 230-1, 234^0, ^ public/dual control, 229-31, 241, 245 rationalization, 236-40 Sankey Commission, 231^£ reorganization, 235, 240, 244-8 royalties, 239 Cobbett, William, 102 Cobden, Richard, 87 Coglan, T A., 79 Coleman, Donald, 103 Courtaulds, 205, 218 'Gentlemen and Players', 99, 122, 134, 138, 173, 177, 184,225 Collins, David, 91 Colman, George, 112 Colvilles, 210 Commercial Union insurance, 141, 169 Compton, William, Lord, 21 Conscience, Courts of, 74-6 Conservative Party, 228, 239, 246, 247 Consett steel, 210 convicts, 81, 97, 91, 93-4 See also Australia Cook, James, 80, 81, 83, 95-6 Cooke, George, 69-70 Cooper, J P., 23, 26-9 passim, 35, 37 Cooper, William, 123 cotton industry, 209, 216 Courtauld, Samuel, 224 Courtaulds, 205, 206, 211, 218, 220 Cowper, John, 15 Craik, Dinah Maria, 117 credit business use, 64-6 dangers, 66-7, 77-8 causes, 7\-AL crises, 67-71 legislation, 76-7 redress, 74-7 Crompton, R E BM 183-4 Cromwell, Thomas, 15 Crossfields, 212 Crouzet, F., 191 Cunningham, W., Dallas, K M., 79, 94 Dalton, Hugh, 241, 242, 244 Dampier, William, 84 Davenant, Charles, 78 Dawson, Captain, 181 Dee, John, Defoe, Daniel, 47, 67, 78, 109-10, 118-19 Dekker, Thomas, 103, 104 Deloney, Thomas, 103 Dickens, Charles, 113, 187 Dombey and Son, 189, 192, 193 Hard Times, 189-90, 191-3 passim Nicholas Nickleby, 192, 193 Digges, Thomas, 8, 10 Disraeli, Benjamin, 189, 190, 192 Donkin, Bryan, 178 Dorman Long, 210 Dove, Percy, 157-8 Drabble, Margaret Ice Age, 128-35 Dufresne, Marion, 85, 88 Index Dumont D'Urville, J S C, 92 Dunbar, William, 101 Dunlop, 214, 218 Dunton, John, 48 Duperrey, L I., 92 Dyer, John, 110 East India Company, 80, 89, 96 Ebbw Vale steel, 210 Economist, 209, 228, 239 Elder Dempster, 217 electrical engineering industry, 208, 213-14, 218 profession, 180-1 electricity supply industry, 244, 245 Eliot, George, 191, 192-3 Engels, Friedrich, 189, 190 engineering profession status patterns, 173-4, 184 in Victorian society, 174-5, 182-4 civil and mechanical, 175-9 telegraph, 179-81 training, 182-3 Entrecasteaux, Bruny d\ 85, 88, 96 entrepreneurship, 99-100, 136, 137-8, 142, 168, 170, 172, 185-6,202, 217,226 Escott, T H S., 182 Estcourte, Giles, 15 Evelyn, John, 109 Excess Profits Duty, 215, 217 fibres industry, 205, 211, 218 Finch, Mary, 28 Finniston, Sir Monty, ^ , 177, 184 Fisher, F J., fisheries cod and herring, 2-7 passim, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18-19 fish-days, 4, 8-9, 12-13, 14, 18, 20 imports, 3-4, 7-10, 12, 13, 17-20 passim salting, 2-3, 10, 13 see also Parliament, Elizabethan Fitzgerald, G F., 184 Fitzpatrick, B C, 79 flax, 80-2 passim, 90, 93 Fleet Prison, 71 Flinders, Matthew, 86, 90 Foot Report, 247 Foote, Samuel, 112 Ford, 214 Forster, E M., 118 Fowles, John, 127 Foxlyffe, Richard, France 259 Australian strategies, 83-6, 87-90, 91-3, 95-6, 97 and New Zealand, 92 Freycinet, Louis de, 86 Fuel and Power, Ministry of, 241, 242, 244, 246 Fulton, John, 244 Gainford, Lord, 232 Gaitskell, Hugh, 241, 244 Garbett, Samuel, 111 Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn, 113, 189 Mary Barton, 190-3 passim Gates, Sir Henry, Gay, John, 108 General Electric Company, 213-14, 218 Germany businessmen, in literature, 126-7 fire insurance, 151-2 industry, 139, 184, 211,213 see also Hamburg Gibson & Johnson, 71 Gilmour, Robin, 116 G.K.N., 210 glass industry, 214, 218 Globefireinsurance, 142 Goethe, J W von, 198 Gomersall, Mrs, 111 Gonneville, B P de, 84, 85 Goode, W.J., 21 Gordon riots, Gothenberg, 148 Gowers, Sir Ernest, 238-9, 241, 244-6 passim Grassby, Richard, 39-41, 62 Great Eastern, 181 Great Yarmouth fishery, 4-5, 7, 10-11, 14-18 passim, 19-20 Greenway, Francis, 81 Grice, William, 5, 11, 14-17 passim Griffiths, Jim, 229 Grimston, E., 5, 15 Habakkuk, H J., 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 37 Hajnal, J., 30 Hamburg fire insurance, 148-53 passim, 165 sugar refining, 146 Hamelin, Jacques, 86, 88 Harrisons, 217 Hartog, Dirk, 83 Hawkshaw, Sir John, 175, 176 hemp, 80, 81, 93 Heywood, Thomas, 103, 104 Hirst, Hugo, 213 260 Index Hitchcock, Robert, 6-8, 10 Hodgson, K D., 152 Hogg Robinson, 143 Holland Australian strategies, 79-80, 81, 83-4, 86-7, 89 fisheries, 3, 6-7, 10, 18, 20 Hollingsworth, T H., 33, 61 Holstock, William, Holts, 217 Hopton, Owen, 14, 15 Horsfall, T B., 156 Howard, John, 93, 97 Hudson, Liam, 98 Hull fishery, 4, 11, 17 Huntley and Palmers, 212 Hyndley, Lord, 244 Iceland fisheries, 2, 7-9 passim, 12, 13, 17-18 Imperial fire insurance, 142 Imperial Tobacco Company, 212, 218, 221, 224 Industrial Revolution, 69, 175 industrialism in Victorian literature, 189-93, 202-4 industry, manufacturing business reorganization, 219-24, 225-7 market opportunities, 207-8, 219, 224-7 technology, 207, 209-15 Institution of Civil Engineers, 177-8 Institution of Electrical Engineers, 174, 181 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 178-9 insurance, fire corporate memory, 150, 155, 168-73 exports, 140-2, 143-5 fire disasters, 148-53, 167-8 'purification', 151, 153, 154, 159, 163, 165, 171 see also individual companies Insurance Co of North America, 168 intelligentsia, 203-4 iron and steel industry, 210-11 James, Henry, 108 Jansz, Willem, 83 John Lysaght, 210 Jones, Charles, 140 Jones, Jenkin, 150-1, 153, 154 Jones, Tom, 233 Jong, Erica, 130 Kerguelen-Tremarec, Yves, 85, 88 Kermadec, Huon de, 86, 88, 91, 96 King, Gregory, 31 King, Philip Gidley, 88-91 passim, 94 King Island, 89 Kingsley, Charles, 189, 190 La Perouse, J F de G., Comte de, 85, 87-9 passim, 96 labour market, 212-13 Labour Party, 228, 236, 243, 244, 248 Lawrence, D H., 122, 187 Leavis, F R., 110, 123 Lennox, Charlotte, 112 Lever, William, 221 Lever Brothers, 212 Lewis, W A., 64, 206 Lewknor, Edward, 15 Liberal Party, 228, 236 linen industry, 81 Lipson, Ephraim, Liverpool, 144-5, 156-7, 158 Liverpool and London and Globe fire insurance, 144, 158, 166, 168 Iivesey, Hargreaves, Anstie, Smith & Hall, 70-1 Lloyd George, David, 222, 229, 234 Lloyd George, Gwilym, 245, 250 London, City of business community age, and accumulation, 38-9, 41-2, 43, 45-6, 54-8, 62-3 inventories, 40-1 life expectancy, 43, 54, 58-9, 62 marriage patterns, 48-9 financial sectors, 138-9, 142-3 invisible exports, 13 7-40 London and Lancashire fire insurance, 144 London Chronicle, London Court of Orphans, 39-40, 48 Common Serjeant's Book, 40-2 London Fishmongers' Company, 3, 8, 9-10, 12, 13-14, 17-20 passim London gazette, 70 ' London Population in the Late Seventeenth Century', 58 Lord, Simeon, 81 Lowestoft, 17 Lucas, John, Luddism, 113 literary, 101, 102, 129, 132 Lunar Society, 111 Lundy, Thomas Evans, 179-80 McDonald, A B., 157-8 Macmillan Committee, 218 Macquarie, Lachlan, 91 Index McVeagh, John, 104, 109, 112, 115, 126 Manchester fire insurance, 144 Mandeville, Bernard, 109, 110 Marchant, Leslie, 84, 88, 92-3 Marriage Duties assessments, 60 marriage patterns demographic, 30-2 financial transactions, 21-2, 35-6 jointure/portion ratios, 23-9, 35-7 social trends, 33-5 status, 32-3 see also London, City of Marshalsea, 76 Matra, Jean Maria, 82, 94, 96 Maudslay, Henry, 177 Mauritius, 85 metal manufacturing, 208 Mildmay, Sir Walter, 15-16 Miners' Federation, 231, 234, 242 Mining Association, 239, 247 Molyneux family, 156-7 Mond, Sir Alfred, 223 Money, L G Chiozza, 231 Moore, John Bramley, 156 More, Thomas, 103 Morris, William, 224 Morris motors, 214 Mortality, Bills of, 58, 60 mortality patterns, 30, 34-5, 43, 54, 56, 58-63, 213 Mosley, Sir Oswald, 237 motor industry, 214 Nantes, 146 Napier family, 177 Napoleonic Wars, 86, 97, 146 National Coal Board, 248 navigation acts, 2-5 passim See also Parliament, Elizabethan Neale, J E., 10 Nepean, Sir Evan, 82, 95 New Statesman & Nation, 247 New York fire insurance, 148, 149, 155, 166 New Zealand, 83, 92 Newdigate, Robert, 15 Newfoundland fisheries, 6, 8, 13 Nimmo, Sir Adam, 238 Nobels, 218 Norfolk Island, 81, 82, 88-9, 91 Norman Montagu, 218 North, D., 155 North British fire insurance, 144, 166-7 Norton, Thomas, 6, 11, 15-17 passim Norwich Union fire insurance, 144 261 O'Brien, Ens, 79, 93 Oglander, Sir John, oil industry, 208, 214-15, 218 Oldknow, Samuel, 68 Olivier, Sidney, 120 Onley, Thomas, 15 Orwell, George, 122, 124-6, 187 Osram, 213 Palmer, Henry Robinson, 177, 178 Paris, Treaty of, 80 Parliament, Elizabethan, 1-2 fisheries legislation, 2-6, 8-10 Acts (1581, 1597), 1, 14, 16-20 committees, 14-16 malpractices, 9-10, 12, 17 private pressures, 2-3, 5-6, 10-14 time-limitation, 4, 9, 13, 16, 19-20 Parsons, Sir Charles, 184 peerages, for professions, 176 Perkin, Harold, 120, 121 Peron, Francois, 86 Perry, John, 184 Petty, Sir William, 66 pharmaceutical industry, 212,218 Phelps Brown index numbers, 29 Phillip, Arthur, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 93-5 passim, 97 Phoenix fire insurance, 141-2, 144, 145-56 expansion, 158, 159-65 New York agency, 148, 149, 155, 166 losses, 167-8, 171-2 reinsurance, 165-6, 168-9 Pigou, A C, 217 Pilkingtons, 214, 218 Pocock, J G A., 65 Pope, Alexander, 108, 109 Population Census (1801), 60 Port Arthur, 91 Portugal, 83 Postan, M M., 27 Powell, Anthony, 123 pressure groups, see Parliament, Elizabethan protection, 210-11 Queen fire insurance, 144 Quiros, P F de, 83 Radcliffe, Sir Henry, 15 railway investments, 143 Raven, J R., I l l Raynes, H E., 140 Reed, William, 89 Reid Committee, 246-7 262 Index Rennie, John, 175, 176 Rennie, Sir John, 183 Richard Thomas, 210 Richter, Thomas, 150, 152, 154 Risdon Cove, 90 Roebuck, Peter, 28 Rolt, L.T.C., 178 Rosily, F E., 86, 92 Ross, Robert, 82, 93, 97 Rostow, W W., 64 Round Table, Royal Engineers, 175, 180 Royal Exchange Assurance, 140, 141, 145, 147, 151 Royal fire insurance, 144, 156-8 expansion, 159-65, 166 losses, 167-8 Royal Mail shipping group, 217 Royal Navy and Australian settlement, 79, 81, 83, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95 supplies, 80-1, 93, 94 engineer officers, 174, 179, 181, 183 fisheries protection, 7, 8, 10 rubber industry, 218 tyres, 214 Rubinstein, W D., 121, 138 Ruskin, John, 189 Russell, Bertrand, 116 Russia fire insurance, 165 St Allouarn, 85, 88 St John's, Newfoundland, 148-50, passim, 168 St Thomas, Virgin Islands, 148, 150 Salte family, 68, 69 Samuel Commission, 235 Sanderson, F W., 183 Sanderson, Michael, 122 Sankey Commission, 231-3, 148 Sarah Island, 91 Savage, Richard, 109 Scarborough, 15 Schiller, J C F von, 198, 199 Schofield, R S., 31, 61 Scotland fisheries, 9, 13 steel industry, 210 Scott, Sir Thomas, 15 'screen of islands' policy, 89 Seal trade, 89, 90 Seckford, Thomas, Selden, John, 103 Sempole, Sir Thomas, 15 Shakespeare, William, 103, 198, 199 Shann, E G., 79 Shaw, A G L, 79 Shaw, George Bernard, 120-1, 186, 192 Back to Methuselah, 194 Major Barbara, 114, 188, 190, 193-8, 199-201 passim, 202-4 Mrs Warren's Profession, 195 Shell, 214, 218 Shinwell, Lord, 229, 248 shipbuilding, 6, 18, 89, 91, 94, 210 shipping, 5-6, 156, 158, 217 Shirley, John, 15 Siemens, William, 180 Sinclair, Upton, 199 Sinclair, W A., 79, 84 Smiles, Samuel, 116, 118, 175 Smith, Adam, 38, 72, 73 Smith, S R., 51 Snow, C P., 123 soaps industry, 212, 218 social welfare, 213 Society of Telegraph Engineers, 180-1 Spain, 83 Spencer, Eliza, 21 Spencer, Sir John, 21 Sprat, Thomas, 109 Spring, Eileen, 36-7 Steel-Maitland, Sir A., 236 Steele, Sir Richard, 68, 109, 110 Steffens, Lincoln, 197 Stephenson, George, 177, 178 Stevenson, Laura Caroline, 115 Stewarts and Lloyds, 210 Stone, Lawrence, 1,23, 24, 26-9 passim, 31-3 passim, 35, 37, 122 Strutt, Jedediah, 111 Suffolk fisheries, 4-5 sugar refining, 145-6, 151, 156, 158 Sun Alliance insurance, 172 Sun fire insurance, 140, 141, 145, 147 Svennilson, I., 206 Swinburne, Sir John, 184 Swinton, A A Campbell, 184 Sydney, Thomas Townshend, Lord, 81, 83, 86-7, 95, 96 Sydney Cove, 83, 95 Tasman, Abel, 83 Tasmania, 90-1 Tawney, R H., 185,231 tea trade, 80 technology, see industry, manufacturing Telford, Thomas, 175, 176, 178 Temple, Sir William, 34 Index Thompson, H Byerley, 179 Thompson, Rodger, 27, 30, 31 Thomson, James, 109 timber, 81, 90, 91, 93, 94 Times, The, 68, 239 tobacco industry, 212, 218 Trade, Board of, 230, 241 Tredgold, Thomas, 176 Trilling, L, 102 Trinity House, Deptford, Trollope, Frances, 106 Trumbach, R., 37 Turner, Charles, 156, 159 Unilever, 218 United States fire insurance, 144-5, 146-50, 153-6, 157-8, 162, 163, 166-9 industry, 139, 154, 158,213 naval supplies from, 80, 87, 93 United Steel, 210 Van Diemen, Antony, 84 Wainwright, George, 157 Wales, South miners' strike (1915), 230 Watt, James, 111 Webb, Beatrice, 195, 203, 231 Webb, Sidney, 121, 203, 231, 233 Webber, Charles, 181 Weber, Max, 185 Wells, H.G., 113, 121 Wells (Norfolk), 17 West Indies 263 fire insurance, 147-51, passim, 162, 163, 167 West of England fire insurance, 144 Westinghouse, 213, 214, 218 whaling, 89, 90, 91 wherries, Thames, Whittington legend, 104 Wiener, Martin J., 101, 103, 174, 186-7, 193, 204 Wilde, Oscar, 118 Wilkes riots, 87 Wilkinson, Abraham, 69-70 Williams, Raymond, 193 Wilson, Harold, 244 Wilson, Thomas, Wilton, Charles, 89 Wingfield, Robert, women in Victorian literature, 192-3 Woodhouse, Henry, Wordsworth, William, 113 World War, First economic effects, 205-8, 224-7 profits, 205, 208, 211-19, 226 protection, 210-11 see also industry, manufacturing Wrigley, E A., 31 Wroth, Robert, 15 Wynter, Edward, Wynter, William, Young, Edward, 108, 109 Young, Sir George, 82, 94, 96 ... by Ian Fleming] BUSINESS LIFE AND PUBLIC POLICY Essays in honour of D C COLEMAN Edited by NEIL McKENDRICK and R B OUTHWAITE The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner... book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Business life and public policy 'Bibliography of D C Coleman's published works': p Bibliography: p Includes... modern business, rivalling his eminence as an economic historian of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries It is perhaps significant that Donald's working life began in the business world and his