Berton the great depression, 1929 1939 (1990)

“The historian of the future, when he writes about Canada and the Great Depression, will comment upon the remarkable ineptitude of Canadian public men when faced with this emergency He will write of the obstinate refusal of governments to face realities; of their pitiful and tragic tactics of ‘passing the buck’ to one another; and of their childish expectation that providence, or some power external to themselves, would come to their rescue and save them from the consequences of their refusal to look into the future, foresee events that loomed black in the sky, plain to be seen, and take such steps as were possible to mitigate the fury of the storm The severity of the condemnation will be measured by the extent of the power which was not used and the responsibility that was denied.” —Winnipeg Free Press, March 18, 1933 Copyright © 1990 by Pierre Berton Enterprises Ltd Anchor Canada paperback edition 2001 All rights reserved The use of any part of this publication, reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system without the prior written consent of the publisher — or, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a license from the Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency — is an infringement of the copyright law Anchor Canada and colophon are trademarks National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Berton, Pierre, 1920– The Great Depression 1929–1939 eISBN: 978-0-307-37486-8 Depressions – 1929 – Canada Canada – Economic conditions – 1918–1945 I Title FC577.B47 2001 F1034.B468 2001 330.971 C2001-930600-8 Cover photo: © Hulton Archive Published in Canada by Anchor Canada, a division of Random House of Canada Limited Visit Random House of Canada Limited’s website: www.randomhouse.ca v3.1 Books by Pierre Berton The Royal Family The Mysterious North Klondike Just Add Water and Stir Adventures of a Columnist Fast Fast Fast Relief The Big Sell The Comfortable Pew The Cool, Crazy, Committed World of the Sixties The Smug Minority The National Dream The Last Spike Drifting Home Hollywood’s Canada My Country The Dionne Years The Wild Frontier The Invasion of Canada Flames Across the Border Why We Act Like Canadians The Promised Land Vimy Starting Out The Arctic Grail The Great Depression Niagara: A History of the Falls My Times: Living with History 1967, The Last Good Year Picture Books The New City (with Henri Rossier) Remember Yesterday The Great Railway The Klondike Quest Pierre Berton’s Picture Book of Niagara Falls Winter The Great Lakes Seacoasts Pierre Berton’s Canada Anthologies Great Canadians Pierre and Janet Bertone’s Canadian Food Guide Historic Headlines Farewell to the Twentieth Century Worth Repeating Welcome to the Twenty-first Century Fiction Masquerade (pseudonym Lisa Kroniuk) Books for Young Readers The Golden Trail The Secret World of Og Adventures in Canadian History (22 volumes) Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Other Books by This Author OVERVIEW: The worst of times 1929 The Great Repression The legacy of optimism Crash! The world of 1929 1930 “Not a five cent piece!” Mother’s boy Mrs Bleaney’s clouded crystal ball “Bonfire Bennett” Old-fashioned nostrums 1931 Still fundamentally sound Rocking the boat The Red Menace Quail on toast Blood on the coal Nine on trial 1932 The dole Shovelling out the unwanted Boxcar cowboys Restructuring the future An attempt at political murder 1933 The shame of relief Death by Depression Childhood memories Making headlines The Regina Manifesto Bible Bill 1934 The seditious A.E Smith Radio politics Harry Stevens’s moment in history The year of the locust Pep, ginger, and Mitch The Pang of a Wolf Slave camps 1935 Bennett’s New Deal Speed-up at Eaton’s The tin canners On to Ottawa The Regina Riot Changing the guard 1936 State of the nation The weather as enemy Le Chef, the Church, and the Reds Birth control on trial Abdication 1937 The rocky road to Spain Dead in the water Mitch Hepburn v the CIO The Prime Minister and the dictator The black blizzard Bypassing democracy 1938 A loss of nerve Trampling on the Magna Carta Bloody Sunday The Nazi connection Keeping out the Jews 1939 A yearning for leadership Back from the dead The royal tonic War AFTERWORD: The first convoy Author’s Note Sources Bibliography About the Author Overview The worst of times Nobody could tell exactly when it began and nobody could predict when it would end At the outset, they didn’t even call it a depression At worst it was a recession, a brief slump, a “correction” in the market, a glitch in the rising curve of prosperity Only when the full import of those heartbreaking years sank in did it become the Great Depression – Great because there had been no other remotely like it and (please God!) there would never be anything like it again In retrospect, we see it as a whole – as a neat decade tucked in between the Roaring Twenties and the Second World War, perhaps the most signi cant ten years in our history, a watershed era that scarred and transformed the nation But it hasn’t been easy for later generations to comprehend its devastating impact The Depression lies just over the hill of memory; after all, anyone who reached voting age in 1929 is over eighty today There are not very many left who can remember what it was like to live on water for an entire day, as the Templeton family did in the Parkdale district of Toronto in 1932, or how it felt to own only a single dress – made of our sacks – as Etha Munro did in the family farmhouse on the drought-ravaged Saskatchewan prairie in 1934 The statistics of those times are appalling At the nadir of the Depression, half the wage earners in Canada were on some form of relief One Canadian in ve was a public dependant Forty per cent of those in the workforce had no skills; the average yearly income was less than ve hundred dollars at a time when the poverty line for a family of four was estimated at more than twice that amount This army of the deprived was treated shabbily by a government that used words like “ scal responsibility” and “a sound dollar” as excuses to ignore human despair Balancing the budget was more important than feeding the hungry The bogey of the deficit was enlisted to tighten the purse strings R.B Bennett, who presided over the ve worst years of the Depression, said he was determined to preserve the nation’s credit “at whatever sacri ce.” But the burden of that sacri ce did not fall on the shoulders of Bennett or his equally parsimonious opponent, Mackenzie King It fell on those who, in spite of the politicians’ assurances to the contrary, were starving and naked – on the little girl in Montreal who fainted one day in school because, as her teacher discovered, it wasn’t her turn for breakfast that morning; on another little girl in Alberta who could go to school only on those days when it was her turn to wear “the dress”; on the Ottawa landlord who collapsed in the street from hunger because none of his tenants had been able to pay their rent; on the New Brunswick father who awoke one cold winter night in a house without fuel to check on his three-month-old baby, only to find her frozen to death The most shocking statistic of all reveals that the federal government from 1930 to 1936 spent more of the taxpayers’ money to service the debt of the Canadian National Le Patriote, March 1934 Mail and Empire (Toronto), 1929, 1931, July 1933 Mercury (Estevan), 1931, 1932 Montreal Gazette, January, September-December 1929 Regina Leader, January and December 1929 Regina Leader-Post, September-October 1931, December 1933, March 1934 Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, December 1933, March 1934 Toronto Daily Star, 1929–1939 Toronto Evening Telegram, July 1933, January 1935 Vancouver Daily Province, 1938 Vancouver Sun, December 1929 Manitoba, later Winnipeg Free Press, 1929–1939 Magazines Canadian Annual Review, 1929, 1930 Canadian Forum, 1929–1939 Chatelaine, 1929–1935 Life, 18 July 1938 Maclean’s, 1929–1935 Saturday Night, 1929 Personal Interviews John Archer; Harry Auld; Edward and Ruth Barker; Robert Barr; William and Elsie Beeching; Mike Bevan; Gordon Bongard; George Bothwell; Steve Brodie; Humphrey Carver; Verdun Clark; John Clyne; William Cook; E.M Culliton; Rosella Diduck; Robert Drouin; Lara Du y; James Ealey; Eugene Forsey; Peter Frankham; Tom Gallagher; Wilfred Gardiner; William and Anne Gilbey; King Gordon; Gordon Hogarth; Ken John; Henry Kanis; Elo Kellner; William Krehm; John Langille; Blanche Lovely; Donald McLay; Dan Magee; Ed Mirvish; W.O Mitchell; Claire Morrison; Eileen Nye; Joe Parkinson; Glenn Petersen; J Lyman Potts; Albert Reid; Mary Rothecker; Mitch Sago; Willis Shaparla; Matthew Shaw; Charles Sherwin; Irene Spry; Allan Stapelton; Kathleen Stratton; Muni Taub; Charles Templeton; Gilma Williams; Edna Wilson; Robert S Wilson; Joe Zacher Unpublished Manuscripts Ewen, Jean “You Can’t Buy it Back.” 1974 Friess, Lorna “The Unionizing of the Estevan Coal-Miners.” March 1976 Irving, John Allan “A Canadian Fabian, The Life and Work of Harry Cassidy.” Unpublished thesis, University of Toronto John, Ken Memoirs Joli e, Kyle “Penitentiary Medical Services, 1835–1983.” Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada, Secretariat 1984 LeFresne, G.M “The Royal Twenty Centers: the Department of National Defence and Federal Unemployment Relief 1932–1936.” Unpublished thesis, Royal Military College Liversedge, Ronald “A Memoir of the Spanish Civil War,” see University of British Columbia Library Mavis, Harry “Vancouver to Halifax by Side-door Pullman.” Sherwin, Charles “Boxcar Cowboy.” Thompson, Robert H “Memories of Saskatoon in the 1930s.” Zacher, Joe “The Rod-Riders of the Dirty and Hungry Thirties.” Published Sources Abella, Irving “The CIO, the Communist Party and the Formation of the Canadian Labour Congress 1936–1941,” Canadian Historical Association Papers, 1969 ——— (ed) On Strike: Six Key Labour Struggles in Canada 1919-1949 Toronto: James Lorimer, 1975 ———, and Troper, Harold None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 19331948 Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1982 Allan, Ted, and Gordon, Sydney The Scalpel the Sword: The Story of Dr Norman Bethune Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1971 (reprint) Allen, Frederick Lewis Only Yesterday New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957 (reprint) ——— Since Yesterday New York: Bantam Books, 1939 Allen, Ralph Ordeal by Fire: Canada 1910-1945 Toronto: Doubleday, 1961 Alway, Richard M.H “Hepburn, King and the Rowell-Sirois Commission,” Canadian Historical Review 48, no.2, 1967 Anon Canadian Problems.… Toronto: Oxford University Press, [1933] Anon “Experiences of a Depression Hobo,” Saskatchewan History 22, 1969 Anon Not Guilty! The Verdict of a Workers Jury Toronto: Canadian Labour Defence League, [1932] Avery, Donald H “British-born ‘Radicals’ in North America, 1900–1941: The Case of Sam Scarlett,” Canadian Ethnic Studies 10, no.2, 1978 Bailey, A.W “The Year We Moved,” Saskatchewan History 20, 1967 Beaverbrook, Lord Friends: Sixty Years of Intimate Personal Relations with Richard Bedford Bennett.… Toronto: Heinemann, 1959 Beeching, William C Canadian Volunteers Spain, 1936–1939 Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 1989 ———, and Clarke, Phyllis (eds.) Yours in the Struggle: Reminiscences of Tim Buck Toronto: NC Press, 1977 Berton, Pierre My Country Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976 ——— “The Amazing Career of George McCullagh,” Maclean’s, 15 January 1949 Betcherman, Lita-Rose The Little Band Ottawa: Deneau, 198[2] ——— The Swastika and the Maple Leaf: Fascist Movements in Canada in the Thirties Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, c1975 Black, Conrad Duplessis Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1977 Black, H “The Saskatchewan Plan,” Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial Meeting, Canadian Conference on Social Work, 1934 Bliss, Michael A Canadian Millionaire: The Life and Business Times of Sir Joseph Flavelle, Bart., 1858–1939 Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1978 ——— Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1987 Braithwaite, Max “The Year It Didn’t Rain,” Maclean’s, 19 March 1958 Britnell, G.E “Saskatchewan, 1930–1935,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 2, no.2, 1936 ——— The Wheat Economy Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1939 Broadfoot, Barry Ten Lost Years, 1929-1939: Memories of Canadians Who Survived the Depression Toronto: Doubleday, 1973 Brown, Lorne “Unemployment Saskatchewan History 23, 1970 Relief Camps in Saskatchewan, 1933–1936,” ——— When Freedom Was Lost Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987 ———, and Brown, Caroline An Unauthorized History of the RCMP Toronto: James Lorimer, 1973 Buck, Tim An Indictment of Capitalism Toronto: Canadian Labor Defense League, [1932] ——— Thirty Years, The Story of the Communist Movement in Canada, 1922–1952 Toronto: Progress Books, [1952] Caplan, Gerald L “The Failure of Canadian Socialism: The Ontario Experience, 1932– 45,” Canadian Historical Review 44, no.2, 1963 Cassidy, Harry “Relief Works as a Remedy for Unemployment in the Light of Ontario Experience, 1930–1932,” in Papers and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, 1932 ——— Unemployment and Relief in Ontario, 1929–1932 Toronto: J.M Dent & Sons, [1932] ———, Heakes, A.G, and Jackson, G.E “The Extent of Unemployment in Canada 1929– 1932,” in Papers and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, 1932 Chakravarti, A.K “Precipitation De ciency Patterns in the Canadian Prairies 1921 to 1970,” Prairie Forum 1, no.2, 1976 Chambers, Edward J “The 1937–8 Recession in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 21, no.3, 1955 Clark, S.D “The Religious Sect in Canadian Politics,” American Journal of Sociology 51, no 3, 1945 Cochrane, Ken (ed.) Towards a New Past Volume III: An Oral History of Industrial Unrest in the Estevan Bienfait Coal elds Regina: Department of Culture and Youth, Government of Saskatchewan, 1975 Cook, Ramsay (ed.) The Politics of Discontent Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967 ——— The Politics of John W Dafoe and the Free Press Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963 Croft, Frank “How Did We Ever Get Through the Depression?” Maclean’s, April 1960 Diefenbaker, John G One Canada: Memoirs of the Right Honourable John G Diefenbaker, The Crusading Years, 1895–1956 Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1975 Djwa, Sandra The Politics of the Imagination: The Life of F.R Scott Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1987 Dodd, Dianne “The Canadian Birth Control Movement on Trial, 1936–37,” Social History 16, no.32, 1983 ——— “The Hamilton Birth Control Clinic of the 1930s,” Ontario History 75, no.1, 1983 Donnelly, Murray Dafoe of the Free Press Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1968 Drystek, Henry “The Simplest and Cheapest Mode of Dealing with Them, Deportation from Canada before World War II,” Histoire Sociale 30, November 1982 Eayrs, James In Defence of Canada: From the Great War to the Great Depression Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964 ——— “A Low Dishonest Decade: Aspects of Canadian External Policy, 1931–1939,” in Keenleyside, Hugh (ed.), The Growth of Canadian Policies in External Affairs Durham: Duke University Press, 1960 Edwards, Frederick “Fascism in Canada,” Maclean’s, 15 April 1938 and May 1938 Eggleston, Wilfrid “What of the Drought Area?” Dalhousie Review 17, 1937–1938 ——— While I Still Remember: A Personal Record Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1968 Elliott, David R “Antithetical Elements in William Aberhart’s Theology and Political Ideology,” Canadian Historical Review 59, no.1, 1978 ———, and Miller, Iris Bible Bill: A Biography of William Aberhart Edmonton: Reidmore Books, 1987 Esberey, Joy Knight of the Holy Spirit: A Study of William Lyon Mackenzie King Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980 Ewen, Jean China Nurse Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1981 Ewen, Tom, see McEwen, Tom Ferguson, G.V John W Dafoe Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1948 Ferns, Henry, and Ostry, Bernard The Age of Mackenzie King Toronto: James Lorimer, 1976 Fetherling, Doug Gold Diggers of 1929 Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1979 Finkel, Alvin “Alberta Social Credit Reappraised: The Radical Character of the Early Social Credit Movement,” Prairie Forum 11, no.l, 1986 ——— “Social Credit and the Unemployed,” Alberta History 31, no.2, 1983 ——— The Social Credit Phenomenon in Alberta Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989 Forsey, Eugene Freedom and Order: Collected Essays Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974 Forster, Donald, and Read, Colin “The Politics of Opportunism: The New Deal Broadcasts,” Canadian Historical Review 60, no.3, 1979 Francis, R.D., and Ganzevoort, H (eds.) The Dirty Thirties in Prairie Canada Vancouver: Tantalus Research Ltd., 1980 Francis, R Douglas Frank H Underhill, Intellectual Provocateur Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986 Galbraith, John Kenneth The Great Crash New York: Andre Deutsch, 1980 Garner, Hugh One Damn Thing After Another Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1973 George, Isabelle “Back-to-the-land Settlement in the Moose Mountains in the 1930s,” Saskatchewan History 33, 1980 Gibbon, John Murray Canadian Mosaic: The Making of a Northern Nation Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1938 Gordon, King “King Gordon Remembers F.R Scott,” Saturday Night, July 1985 Gray, James Men Against the Desert Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1967 ——— The Winter Years: The Depression on the Prairies Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1966 Gray, John “The Day a Whole Generation Went Broke,” Maclean’s, 15 October 1954 Gray, John Morgan Fun Tomorrow: Learning to be a Publisher and Much Else Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1978 Grayson, L.M., and Bliss, Michael (eds.) The Wretched of Canada Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971 Griffin, Frederick Variety Show Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1936 Griffin, Sean (ed.) Fighting Heritage Vancouver: Tribune Publishing Co Ltd [1985] Harkness, Ross J.E Atkinson of the Star Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963 Heaps, Leo The Rebel in the House: The Life and Times of A.A Heaps, M.P Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, [1984] Higley, Dahn D O.P.P.: The History of the Ontario Provincial Police Toronto: Queen’s Printer, 1984 Hoar, Victor (ed.) The Great Depression Vancouver: Copp Clark, 1969 ——— The Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion: Canadian Participation in the Spanish Civil War Toronto: Copp Clark, [1969] Horn, Michiel “Free Speech within the Law,” Ontario History 72, no.1, 1980 ——— “The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada,” Canadian Historical Association Booklet No 39, 1984 ——— The League for Social Reconstruction: Intellectual Origins of the Democratic Left in Canada, 1930–1942 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980 ——— (ed.) The Dirty Thirties: Canadians in the Great Depression Toronto: Copp Clark, 1972 Howard, Victor [Victor Hoar] We Were the Salt of the Earth Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 1985 Humphrey, John T “Homes Are Not Castles,” Canadian Magazine 91, March 1939 Hunter, Peter Which Side Are You On, Boys: Life on the Canadian Left Toronto: Lugus Productions, 1988 Hutchison, Bruce The Far Side of the Street Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1976 ——— The Incredible Canadian Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1952 Hutton, E “Charlie Millar’s Million-Dollar Joke,” Maclean’s, 15 June 1952 Imai, Shin “Deportation in the Depression,” Queen’s Law Journal 7, no.l, 1981 Irving, John The Social Credit Movement in Alberta Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1959 Istrati, Konrad C Virgin Sod Assiniboia: Konrad Istrati, 1986 Jamieson, Stuart Marshall Times of Trouble: Labour Unrest and Industrial Con ict in Canada, 1900–1966 Ottawa: Task Force on Labour Relations, 1968 Johnson, L.P.V., and MacNutt, Ola J Aberhart of Alberta Edmonton: Coop Press [1970] Jones, David C Empire of Dust: Settling and Abandoning the Prairie Dry Belt Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1987 ——— “Fall of an Hon Member,” Horizon Canada 10, no.118, 1987 Jones, Richard “Duplessis and the Union Nationale Administration,” Canadian Historical Association Booklet No 35, Ottawa, 1983 Kappele, A.P “The Administrative Set-up for Local Welfare Services,” Proceedings of Canadian Conference on Social Work, 1930 Keate, Stuart “Maurice the Magnificent,” Maclean’s, September 1949 Kesterton, W.H A History of Journalism in Canada Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967 King, Elizabeth “The Experience of Some Canadian Cities from the Angle of the Private Agency,” Proceedings of Canadian Conference on Social Work, 1930 Lawton, Alma “Relief Administration Saskatchewan History 22, 1969 in Saskatoon during the Depression,” Leach, James D “The Workers Unity League and the Stratford Furniture Workers: The Anatomy of a Strike,” Ontario History 60, no.2, 1968 Lendrum, Arthur “On Relief,” Maclean’s, April 1933 Lewis, David The Good Fight: Political Memoirs 1909–1958 Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1981 Lipset, Seymour Martin Agrarian Socialism: The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959 Liversedge, Ronald Recollections of the On to Ottawa Trek, ed by Victor Hoar Carleton Library no.66 Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, c1973 Logan, H.A “Unemployment Insurance in Canada,” Papers and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association 1932 McCready, Margaret “Relief Diets,” Proceedings of Canadian Conference on Social Work, 1934 MacDonnell, Tom Daylight Upon Magic: The Royal Tour of Canada, 1939 Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1989 MacEachern, George George MacEachern: An Autobiography Sydney: University College of Cape Breton Press, 1987 McEwen, Tom The Forge Glows Red Toronto: Progress Books, 1974 ——— He Wrote for Us Vancouver: Tribune Publishing Company, 1951 MacGill, Helen Gregory “The Di erence in the Pay Envelope,” Social Welfare 11, February 1929 MacInnis, Grace J.S Woodsworth: A Man to Remember Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1953 McKenty, Neil “Mitchell F Hepburn and the Ontario Election of 1934,” Canadian Historical Review 45, no.4, 1964 ——— Mitch Hepburn Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967 Mackenzie, J.B “Section 98, Criminal Code and Freedom of Expression in Canada,” Queen’s Law Journal 1, no 4, 1972 McLaren, Angus, and McLaren, Arlene Tigar The Bedroom and the State: The Changing Practices and Politics of Contraception and Abortion in Canada, 1880–1980 Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986 MacLean, Andrew D R.B Bennett, Prime Minister of Canada Toronto: Excelsior Publishing Company, 1935 McLeod, E.S “Shadow over Canada,” The Nation, 12 February 1938 McNaught, Kenneth A Prophet in Politics: A Biography of J.S Woodsworth Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1959 McNeil, Bill Voice of the Pioneer Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1988 ———, and Wolfe, Morris Signing On: The Birth of Radio in Canada Toronto: Doubleday, 1982 Makahonuk, Glen “The Saskatchewan Coal Strikes of 1932: A Study in Class Relations,” Prairie Forum 9, no.1, 1984 ——— “The Saskatoon Relief Camp Workers Riot of May 8, 1933: An Expression of Class Conflict,” Saskatchewan History 37, 1984 Manion, R.J Life Is an Adventure Toronto: Ryerson Press, [1936] Martin, David “Adrien Arcand, fascist,” The Nation, 26 February 1938 Marum, Andrew, and Parise, Frank Follies and Foibles: A View of 20th Century Fads New York: Facts on File Inc., 1984 Meighen, Arthur Unrevised and Unrepented: Debating Speeches and Others Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1949 Moon, Barbara “Aberhart, the Man and the Shadow,” Maclean’s, 15 March 1953 Morton, W.L Manitoba: A History Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957 Munro, Etha “They Say It Couldn’t Happen Again …” Western Producer, April 1976 Neatby, H Blair The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1972 ——— “The Saskatchewan Relief Commission, 1931–34,” Saskatchewan History 3, 1950 ——— William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1924–1932: The Lonely Heights Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963 ——— William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1932–1939: The Prism of Unity Toronto: University of Toronto Press, [1976] Nish, Cameron (ed.) Quebec in the Duplessis Era, 1935–1939: Dictatorship or Democracy? Toronto: Copp Clark, 1970 O’Leary, Grattan Recollections of People, Press and Politics Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1977 Owram, Doug “Economic Thought in the 1930s: The Prelude to Keynesianism,” Canadian Historical Review 66, no 3, 1985 Parker, Keith A “Arthur Evans, Western Radical,” Alberta History 26, no 2, 1978 Peck, Mary Biggar Red Moon Over Spain: Canadian Media Reaction to the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 Ottawa: Steel Rail Publishing, 1988 Petryshyn, J “Class Con ict and Civil Liberties: The Origins and Activities of the Canadian Labour Defense League, 1925–1940,” Labour 10, Autumn 1982 ——— “R.B Bennett and the Communists: 1930–1935,” Journal of Canadian Studies 9, no.4, 1974 Pimlotte, Ralph “Closing Relief Camps Sparks Riot,” Briarpatch, January/February 1983 ——— “Life in Saskatoon During the Hard Times,” Briarpatch, March 1983 Pitsula, James C Let the Family Flourish: A History of the Family Service Bureau of Regina, 1913–1982 Regina: Family Service Bureau, 1982 Powell, T.D.J “Northern Settlement, 1929–1935,” Saskatchewan History 30, 1977 Power, Chubby [Charles G.] A Party Politician: The Memoirs of Chubby Power Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1966 Prang, Margaret “The Origins of Public Broadcasting in Canada,” Canadian Historical Review 46, no.l, 1965 Purvis, Arthur B “Obligations of Government Towards Social Security,” Child and Family Welfare 13, no.3, 1937 Quinn, H.F “The Bogey of Fascism in Quebec,” Dalhousie Review 18, no.3, 1938–39 Rasporich, Anthony “Tomo Cacic: Rebel Without a Country,” Canadian Ethnic Studies 10, no.2, 1978 Reed, James From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement and American Society Since 1830 New York: Basic Books, 1978 Reid, Escott “The Canadian Election of 1935,” American Political Science Review 30, 1936 Repo, Satu “Lakehead in the Thirties: A Labour Militant Remembers,” This Magazine 13, no.3, 1979 Roberts, Barbara “Shovelling Out the Mutinous: Political Deportations from Canada before 1936,” Labour/Le Travail 18, Fall 1986 ——— Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada, 1900–1935 Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988 Roberts, Leslie “What Happened in Quebec,” Maclean’s, December 1949 Roddan, Andrew God in the Jungles Vancouver, [1931] Russell, P.A “The Co-operative Government’s Response to the Depression, 1930–34,” Saskatchewan History 3, 1950 Ryan, Oscar Deported! Toronto: Canadian Labour Defense League, 1932 ——— Eight Men Speak Toronto: Progressive Arts Clubs of Canada, n.d ——— Tim Buck: A Conscience for Canada Toronto: Progress Books, 1975 S “Embryo Fascism in Quebec,” Foreign Affairs 16, no.3, 1937–38 Safarian, A.E The Canadian Economy in the Great Depression Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1970 (reprint) Scarrow, Howard Canada Votes New Orleans: Hauser Press, 1962 Schultz, Harold J “Aberhart: The Organization Man,” Alberta Historical Review 7, no.2, 1959 ——— “The Social Credit Back-Benchers Revolt, 1937,” Canadian Historical Review 41, no.l, 1960 Scott, F.R “Communists, Senators and All That,” Canadian Forum 12, no.136, 1932 ——— A New Endeavour: Selected Political Essays, Letters and Addresses Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986 ——— “The Trial of the Toronto Communists,” Queen’s Quarterly 39, August 1932 Shachtman, Tom The Day America Crashed New York: G.P Putnam’s, 1979 Sinclair, Gordon Will the Real Gordon Sinclair Please Stand Up Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1966 Sinclair, Peter “The Saskatchewan CCF: Ascent to Power and the Decline of Socialism,” Canadian Historical Review 54, no.4, 1973 Smith, A.E All My Life Toronto: Progress Books, 1949 Smith, Janet Adam John Buchan: A Biography London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1965 Snow, Duart “The Holmes Foundry Strike of March 1937: We’ll Give Their Jobs to White Men!” Ontario History 69, no.l, 1977 Spry, Graham “The Origins of Public Broadcasting in Canada: A Comment,” Canadian Historical Review 46, no.2, 1965 Stacey, C.P Canada and the Age of Con ict: A History of Canadian External Policies, Vol 2, 1921–1948, The Mackenzie King Era Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981 ——— A Very Double Life: The Private World of Mackenzie King Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1976 Stephenson, Bill “The Great Birth Control Trial,” Maclean’s November 1957 Stewart, Roderick Bethune Toronto: New Press, 1973 Stewart, Sandy From Coast to Coast: A Personal History of Radio in Canada Toronto: CBC Enterprises, 1985 Stortz, Gerald, with Eaton, Murray “Pro Bono Publico: The Eastview Birth Control Trial,” Atlantis 8, no.2, 1983 Strong-Boag, Veronica “The Girl of the New Day,” Labour 4, no.4, 1979 ——— The New Day Recalled Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1988 ——— “Wages for Housework: Mothers’ Allowance and the Beginnings of Social Security in Canada,” Journal of Canadian Studies 14, no.l, 1979 Struthers, James No Fault of Their Own: Unemployment and the Canadian Welfare State, 1914–1941 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983 ——— “Prelude to Depression: The Federal Government and Unemployment, 1918– 1929,” Canadian Historical Review 58, no.3, 1977 ——— “A Profession in Crisis: Charlotte Whitton and Canadian Social Work in the 1930s,” Canadian Historical Review 62, no.2, 1981 Stubbs, Roy St George Prairie Portraits Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1954 Swankey, Ben “Re ections of a Communist: The 1935 Election,” Alberta History 28, no 4, 1980 ———, and Sheils, Jean Evans “Work and Wages!” Semi-Documentary Account of the Life and Times of Arthur H (Slim) Evans, 1890–1944 Vancouver: Trade Union Research Bureau, 1977 Swettenham, John McNaughton Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1968 Thomas, Lewis H (ed.) The Making of a Socialist: The Recollections of T.C Douglas Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1982 Thompson, John Herd “The Political Career of Ralph Webb,” Red River Valley Historian, Summer 1976 ———, and Seager, Allen Canada 1922–1939: Decades of Discord Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1985 Topping, C.W Canadian Penal Institutions Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1929 Turner, Allan R “How Saskatchewan Dealt with Her Dust Bowl,” Geographical Magazine 28, no 4, 1955 Urquhart, M.C Historical Statistics of Canada Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1965 Ward, Norman “Hon James Gardiner and the Liberal Party of Alberta, 1935–40,” Canadian Historical Review 56, no.3, 1975 Watkins, Ernest R.B Bennett: A Biography Toronto: Kingswood House, 1963 Watson, Louise She Never Was Afraid: The Biography of Annie Buller Toronto: Progress Books, 1976 Weisbord, Merrily The Strangest Dream: Canadian Communists, the Spy Trials and the Cold War Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1983 Westin, Jeane Making Do: How Women Survived the ’30s Chicago: Follett Publishing, 1976 Wilbur, J.R.H “The Bennett Administration 1930–1935,” Canadian Historical Association Booklet No 24, 1969 ——— (ed.) The Bennett New Deal: Fraud or Portent? Toronto: Copp Clark, 1968 ——— H.H Stevens, 1878–1973 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977 ——— “H.H Stevens and R.B Bennett, 1930–34,” Canadian Historical Review 43, no.l, 1962 ——— “H.H Stevens and the Reconstruction Party,” Canadian Historical Review 45, no.l, 1964 Williams, Fred C The Fifth Horseman Calgary: Pandarus Books, 1973 Withrow, Oswald C.J Shackling the Transgressor Toronto: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1933 Young, Scott Gordon Sinclair: A Life … And Then Some Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1987 Young, Walter D The Anatomy of a Party: The National C.C.F., 1932–61 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969 PIERRE BERTON, Canada’s most widely read historian, was born in the Yukon and educated at UBC Author of forty-seven books, he has received three Governor General’s awards for non ction, two Nellies for broadcasting, two National Newspaper awards, the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour, and the National History Society’s rst award for “distinguished achievement in popularizing Canadian history.” He holds eleven honorary degrees, is a member of the Newsman’s Hall of Fame, and is a Companion of the Order of Canada ... Yesterday The Great Railway The Klondike Quest Pierre Berton s Picture Book of Niagara Falls Winter The Great Lakes Seacoasts Pierre Berton s Canada Anthologies Great Canadians Pierre and Janet Bertone’s... Page Copyright Other Books by This Author OVERVIEW: The worst of times 1929 The Great Repression The legacy of optimism Crash! The world of 1929 1930 “Not a five cent piece!” Mother’s boy Mrs... Eaton’s The tin canners On to Ottawa The Regina Riot Changing the guard 1936 State of the nation The weather as enemy Le Chef, the Church, and the Reds Birth control on trial Abdication 1937 The