Clinical chemistry principles techniques and correlations 8th ed bishop

Clinical chemistry principles techniques and correlations 8th ed bishop Clinical chemistry principles techniques and correlations 8th ed bishop Clinical chemistry principles techniques and correlations 8th ed bishop Clinical chemistry principles techniques and correlations 8th ed bishop Clinical chemistry principles techniques and correlations 8th ed bishop Clinical chemistry principles techniques and correlations 8th ed bishop Clinical chemistry principles techniques and correlations 8th ed bishop

EIGHTH edition Clinical Chemistry Principles, Techniques, and Correlations EIGHTH edition Clinical Chemistry Principles, Techniques, and Correlations Michael L Bishop, MS, MLS(ASCP)CM Campus Department Chair Medical Laboratory Science Keiser University Orlando, Florida Edward P Fody, MD Clinical Professor Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, Tennessee Medical Director Department of Pathology Holland Hospital Holland, Michigan Larry E Schoeff, MS, MT(ASCP) Professor (Retired), Medical Laboratory Science Program Department of Pathology University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah Acquisitions Editor: Jonathan Joyce Product Development Editor: John Larkin Marketing Manager: Leah Thomson Production Project Manager: Kim Cox Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech Prepress Vendor: SPi Global Eighth edition Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2005, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1985 Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at lww.com (products and services) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bishop, Michael L., editor | Fody, Edward P., editor | Schoeff, Larry E., editor Title: Clinical chemistry : principles, techniques, and correlations / [edited by] Michael L Bishop, Edward P Fody, Larry E Schoeff Other titles: Clinical chemistry (Bishop) Description: Eighth edition | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016031591 | ISBN 9781496335586 Subjects: | MESH: Clinical Chemistry Tests | Chemistry, Clinical—methods Classification: LCC RB40 | NLM QY 90 | DDC 616.07/56—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031591 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals' examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer's package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work LWW.com Not authorised for sale in United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, and U.S Virgin Islands Acquisitions Editor: Jonathan Joyce Product Development Editor: John Larkin Marketing Manager: Leah Thomson Production Project Manager: Kim Cox Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech Prepress Vendor: SPi Global Eighth edition Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2005, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1985 Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at lww.com (products and services) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bishop, Michael L., editor | Fody, Edward P., editor | Schoeff, Larry E., editor Title: Clinical chemistry : principles, techniques, and correlations / [edited by] Michael L Bishop, Edward P Fody, Larry E Schoeff Other titles: Clinical chemistry (Bishop) Description: Eighth edition | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016031591 | ISBN 9781496365392 Subjects: | MESH: Clinical Chemistry Tests | Chemistry, Clinical—methods Classification: LCC RB40 | NLM QY 90 | DDC 616.07/56—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031591 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals' examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer's package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work LWW.com In memory of my mother, Betty Beck Bishop, for her constant support, guidance, and encouragement MLB To Nancy, my wife, for continuing support and dedication EPF To my wife, Anita, for continuing support LES Contributors Dev Abraham, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Josephine Abraham, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Michael J Bennett, PhD, FRCPath, FACB, DABCC Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Pennsylvania Director, Metabolic Disease Laboratory Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Pediatric Research Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Takara L Blamires, M.S., MLS(ASCP)CM Medical Laboratory Science Program Department of Pathology University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah Maria G Boosalis, PhD, MPH, RD, LD Professor, College of Health and Wellness Northwestern Health Sciences University Bloomington, Minnesota Raffick A R Bowen, PhD, MHA, MT(CSMLS), DClChem, FCACB, DABCC, FACB Clinical Associate Professor of Pathology Associate Director of Clinical Chemistry and Immunology Laboratory Department of Pathology Secondary hyperparathyroidism Secondary hypothyroidism “Second messenger” pathway Secretagogues Secretin Secretin/CCK test Secretion Sedatives–hypnotics Selected ion monitoring (SIM) Selenium (Se) Selenocysteine (Sec) Self-sustained sequence replication Sella turcica Sensitivity diagnostic predictive values, positive/negative Separation techniques adsorption precipitation sandwich immunoassays solid phase Serial dilution Serine (Ser) Serologic pipette Serous fluids pericardial fluid peritoneal fluid pleural fluid Sertoli cells Serum Serum bile acids Serum carotenoids Serum enzymes Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT/GOT) Serum hepatitis or long-incubation hepatitis See Hepatitis B (HBV) Serum myoglobin testing Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) Serum T4 and T3 Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) Sexual development disorders Sexual maturation Shifts trends Shipping, of biohazardous materials Short feedback loop Sickling hemoglobins, screening test for Signal amplification Signal processing in automated analysis Significant figures Simple proteins Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA) Sinusoids Sirolimus SMA-6 and SMA-12 Sodium clinical applications determination of reference ranges regulation Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Solid phase techniques Solubility test Solute Solutions colligative properties concentration conductivity pH and buffers phase hybridization assays redox potential Solvents Somatomedins Somatostatin (SS) Somatotropin See Growth hormone (GH) Southern blot Special reagent water (SRW) Specific gravity Specificity clinical diagnostic Specimens chain of custody collection electronic and paper reporting of results preparation and identification in automated analysis processing of types of samples variables Spectrophotometers (CO-oximeters) Spectrophotometry absorption/emission spectra atomic absorption basic instrumentation Beer's law chemiluminescence components of light source monochromators photodetectors sample cell double-beam dynode chain in a photomultiplier electromagnetic radiation flame photometry fluorometry instruments laser applications photodiode array quality assurance single-beam turbidity and nephelometry Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia Spills chemical Staging Standard deviation (SD) Standard deviation index (SDI) Standard dosage Standardization Standard prefixes Standard reference materials (SRMs) Steatorrhea Stereoisomers Stereoisometric specificity Steric exclusion Stokes shift Strand displacement amplification (SDA) Stray light Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis Subacute nonsuppurative thyroiditis Subacute thyroiditis Subclinical hyperthyroidism Subclinical hypothyroidism Substrate-level fluorescence immunoassay Supply–Input–Process–Output–Customer (SIPOC) Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) Surfactant production Surrogate liquid control materials Sweat CF (mucoviscidosis) electrolyte determinations Synovial fluid arthrocentesis of knee joint chemical analysis of classification of Systematic error Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, Reference Technology (SNOMED RT) Système International d'Unités (SI) conversions standard prefixes T Tacrolimus Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) TaqMan probes Taq polymerase Target amplification Temperature Teratogen Teriparatide Test cutoff (“medical decision limit”) Testes disorders of sexual development/testicular hypofunction hypogonadism, diagnosis of male reproductive tract physiology of testicles testosterone replacement therapy Testicles, physiology of cellular mechanism of testosterone action hormonal control of testicular function hormonogenesis physiologic actions of testosterone spermatogenesis Tanner staging of genital and pubic hair Testicular hypofunction disorders Testosterone cellular mechanism of action physiologic actions of effect on secondary sexual effects effect on spermatogenesis postnatal development prenatal development Testosterone replacement therapy Tetany Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) Thalassemias major minor α-Thalassemias β-Thalassemias Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) absorption antibiotics antiepileptic drugs antineoplastics bronchodilators cardioactive drugs drug distribution drug elimination free vs bound drugs immunosuppressive drugs metabolism orally administered drug pharmacogenomics pharmacokinetics psychoactive drugs routes of administration specimen collection Therapeutic range Thermal conductivity (TC) Thermistor probes Thermometers Thiamine (vitamin B1) Thiazide diuretics Thick and thin film technology Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) Thoracentesis Threonine (Thr) Threshold cycle (CT) Thromboemboli Thyroglobulin Thyroid autoimmunity Thyroid gland actions of thyroid hormone anatomy and development autoantibodies biosynthesis of hormone control of thyroid function disorders of drug-induced thyroid dysfunction hormone synthesis nonthyroidal illness protein binding of thyroid hormone tests for thyroid evaluation blood tests thyroid nodules tools for thyroid evaluation fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy nuclear medicine evaluation thyroid ultrasound Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid tests, interpretation of Thyrotoxicosis Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Thyroxine (T4) Thyroxine-binding albumin Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) Thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) Tiagabine TNM staging system Tonometry Topiramate Total carbon dioxide content (ctCO2) Total globulins Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) Total iron content (serum iron) Total laboratory automation (TLA) Toxicity rating system Toxicokinetics Toxicology analysis of toxic agents dose–response relationship acute and chronic toxicity of drugs of abuse amphetamines anabolic steroids cannabinoids cocaine opiates phencyclidine (PCP) sedatives–hypnotics routes of exposure of specific agents alcohol carbon monoxide caustic agents cyanide metals and metalloids pesticides of therapeutic drugs acetaminophen salicylates xenobiotics, poisons and toxins Toxic Substances Control Act Toxins Trabeculae Trace and toxic elements aluminum arsenic cadmium chromium copper iron lead manganese mercury methods and instrumentation alternative analytical techniques atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) elemental speciation ICP-MS interferences sample collection and processing molybdenum selenium zinc Tracer Transcription Transcription-based amplification system (TAS) Transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) Transferases Transferrin Transplantation Transthyretin Transudate Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Triglycerides enzymatic assay sequence measurement reference method Triiodothyronine (T3) Trinder reaction Triose Tropic hormones Troponin I (TnI) Troponins Troponin T (TnT) Trough drug concentration Tryptophan (Trp) Tubular diseases Tubular function distal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion Tubule Tumor markers Tumor suppressor gene Turbidimetry Turbidity Turner's syndrome or premature menopause Two-dimensional electrophoresis Tyrosine (Tyr) Tyrosinemia type I type II type III U Ultracentrifugation methods Ultrafiltration, of water Ultra-performance liquid chromatography Ultrashort feedback loop Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia Unconjugated or indirect bilirubin United States Pharmacopeia (USP) reagent Units of measure Universal precaution Unlabeled immunoassays fluid-phase Ag–Ab complexes immune precipitation in gel Urea analytical methods biochemistry clinical application nonprotein nitrogen compounds pathophysiology plasma urea concentration structure of Urea N/creatinine ratio Uremia Uremic syndrome Uric acid abnormal plasma concentration to allantoin, conversion of analytical methods biochemistry clinical application nephrolithiasis pathophysiology uricase method Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) Urinalysis (UA) chemical analyses bilirubin/urobilinogen glucose and ketones hemoglobin/blood leukocyte esterase nitrite protein crystals acid environment alkaline environment physical characteristics odor pH specific gravity (SG) turbidity visual appearance volume sediment examination bacteria casts cells cellular epithelial cells granular hyaline miscellaneous elements red blood cells white blood cells specimen collection Urinary proteins Urine testing Urobilin (stercobilin) Urobilinogen in fecal urobilinogen in urine (semiquantitative) Uroporphyrin (Uro) V Valence Valine (Val) Valproic acid Vancomycin Vascular dementia Vasoactive inhibitory peptide Vasopressin Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) Virilization Vitamin A Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Vitamin D 1,25(OH)2D–vitamin D receptor complex mechanism of action synthesis Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamins and cancer drugs and oral contraceptives on fat-soluble vitamins hypervitaminosis hypovitaminosis vitamin and deficiency states water-soluble vitamins VITROS Vitros analyzers Voice of the customer (VOC) Volume of distribution (Vd) index Von Gierke disease W Waived tests Water balance deficit deionized distilled of hydration load osmolality prefiltration reverse osmosis testing procedures Water-soluble vitamins ascorbic acid biotin folate niacin pantothenic acid pyridoxine (vitamin B6) riboflavin (vitamin B2) thiamine (vitamin B1) vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Wavelength accuracy Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Western blot See Immunoblots Whole blood Wolff-Chaikoff effect X Xenobiotics Z Zeitgeber (“time giver”) Zero-order kinetics Zinc (Zn) Zöllinger–Ellison syndrome Zona fasciculata Zona glomerulosa Zona reticularis Zone electrophoresis Zonisamide Zymogen ...EIGHTH edition Clinical Chemistry Principles, Techniques, and Correlations EIGHTH edition Clinical Chemistry Principles, Techniques, and Correlations Michael L Bishop, MS, MLS(ASCP)CM... Title: Clinical chemistry : principles, techniques, and correlations / [edited by] Michael L Bishop, Edward P Fody, Larry E Schoeff Other titles: Clinical chemistry (Bishop) Description: Eighth edition... Title: Clinical chemistry : principles, techniques, and correlations / [edited by] Michael L Bishop, Edward P Fody, Larry E Schoeff Other titles: Clinical chemistry (Bishop) Description: Eighth edition