Electrochemistry of porous materials

Electrochemistry of Porous Materials Electrochemistry of Porous Materials Antonio Doménech-Carbó Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4398-0633-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to 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payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Doménech-Carbó, Antonio Electrochemistry of porous materials / Antonio Doménech-Carbó p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4398-0633-3 Porous materials Electric properties Electrochemistry I Title QD575.P67C37 2010 620.1’16 dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2009015500 Dedication Als meus pares, in memoriam Contents Foreword xi Preface .ix Author xv List of Acronyms xvii Porous Materials and Electrochemistry 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Porous Materials, Concept, and Classifications Mixed Porous Materials Electrochemistry and Porous Materials Synthesis of Porous Materials Material-Modified Electrodes Electrode-Modified Materials General Electrochemical Considerations Diffusive Aspects 11 Voltammetry and Related Techniques 12 Resistive and Capacitive Effects 15 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 19 Other Techniques 24 Electrochemical Processes Involving Porous Materials 27 Introduction 27 General Approach 29 Continuous Layer 31 Microheterogeneous Deposits .34 Distribution of Species 38 Refinements 40 Fractal Surfaces 41 Electrocatalysis 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Electrocatalysis by Surface-Confined Species 49 3.3 Electrocatalysis at Microparticulate Deposits of Porous Materials 49 3.4 Modeling Electrocatalysis at Microheterogeneous Deposits of Porous Materials: The Steady-State Approach 57 viii Contents 3.5 Modeling Electrocatalysis at Microheterogeneous Deposits of Porous Materials: Transient Responses 60 3.6 Electrocatalytic Mechanisms 63 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Electrochemistry of Aluminosilicates 69 Introduction 69 Zeolites 69 Electrochemistry of Zeolite-Associated Species 72 Topological Redox Isomers 74 Species Distribution 77 Mesoporous Materials 81 Electrochemistry of Related Materials 82 Speciation: The Maya Blue Problem 83 Electrochemistry of Metal-Organic Frameworks 95 Introduction 95 Ion Insertion–Driven Electrochemistry of MOFs 96 Metal Deposition Electrochemistry of MOFs 101 Sensing and Electrocatalysis 111 Electrochemistry of Porous Oxides and Related Materials 117 Overview 117  lectrochemistry of Metal Oxides and Metal Oxohydroxides 117 E Electrochemistry of Layered Hydroxides and Related Materials 123 Electrochemistry of POMs 126 Electrochemistry of Doped Materials 128 Porous Anodic Metal Oxide Films 131 Electrocatalysis at Metal Oxides and Related Materials 136 Site-Characteristic Electrochemistry 137 Electrochemistry of Porous Carbons and Nanotubes 143 Carbons as Electrochemical Materials 143 Porous Carbons 143 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons 145 Fullerenes 149 Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of Fullerenes and Nanotubes 154 Capacitance Response 155 Carbon Functionalization 156 Electrocatalytic Ability 158 Contents ix Electrochemistry of Porous Polymers and Hybrid Materials 167 8.1 Organic-Inorganic  Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites 167 8.2 Porous Polymers 168 8.3 Hybrid Materials Based on Modification of Conducting Organic Polymers 169 8.4 Hybrid Materials Based on Modification with Conducting Polymers 174 8.5 Electrochemical Monitoring of Polymerization in Hybrid Systems 181 8.6 Dispersion of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles into Porous Solids 188 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Electrochemical Sensing via Porous Materials 197  lectrochemical Sensing 197 E Gas Sensors with Porous Materials 198 Solid-State pH and Ion-Selective Electrodes 203 Amperometric Sensing 204 Voltammetric Sensing and Selectivity 208 Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensing 213 Electrochemical Modeling of Electronic Systems 217 10 Supercapacitors, Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Related Applications 223 10.1 Electrical Energy Storage and Conversion 223 10.2 Capacitors and Supercapacitors 223 10.3 Nickel Batteries 228 10.4 Lithium Batteries 229 10.5 Fuel Cells 236 10.6 Electrocogeneration 242 11 Magnetoelectrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry of Porous Materials 245 11.1 Magnetoelectrochemistry 245 11.2 Photoelectrochemistry 249 11.3 Photon Energy and Redox Processes 253 11.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells 254 11.5 Electrochemically Induced Luminescence and Electrochromic Materials 256 11.5 Photochemical Modulation of Electrocatalytic Processes 259 ... Insertion–Driven Electrochemistry of MOFs 96 Metal Deposition Electrochemistry of MOFs 101 Sensing and Electrocatalysis 111 Electrochemistry of Porous Oxides and Related Materials. .. among others 6 Electrochemistry of Porous Materials Interestingly, porous materials can act as templates for synthesizing other porous materials, as, for example, the application of MOFs (Liu et.. .Electrochemistry of Porous Materials Electrochemistry of Porous Materials Antonio Doménech-Carbó Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis