CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS SERIES COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS SERIES Applied Electrochemistry Vijay G Singh (Editor) 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60876-208-8 Handbook on Mass Spectrometry: Instrumentation, Data and Analysis, and Applications J K Lang (Editor) 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60741-580-0 Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry Research Desiree A 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recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Khina, B B (Boris B.) Combustion synthesis of advanced materials / author, B.B Khina p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-61324-254-4 (eBook) Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis Refractory materials Heat treatment Refractory materials Mathematical models I Title TP363.K46 2010 620.1'43 dc22 2009052731 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York DEDICATION To the memory of Professor Zinoviy P Shulman (1924-2007) and Professor Leonid G Voroshnin (1936-2006) who had taught me the scientific meaning of old Russian proverb, “trust, but verify” The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them Sir William Bragg CONTENTS Preface Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter xi Advances and Challenges in Modeling Combustion Synthesis Modeling Diffusion-Controlled Formation of TiC in the Conditions of CS 13 Modeling Interaction Kinetics in the CS of Nickel Monoaluminide 39 Analysis of the Effect of Mechanical Activation on 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Gusak, A M Acta Mater 2004, 52, 4305-4315 [244] Pasichnyy, M O.; Schmitz, G.; Gusak, A M.; Vovk, V Phys Rev B 2005, 72, 014118 (7 pp) [245] Chung, C Y.; Zhu, M.; Man, C H Intermetallics 2002, 10, 865-871 [246] Talako, T L.; Grigor'eva, T F.; Letsko, A I.; Barinova, A P.; Vitiaz, P A.; Lyakhov, N Z Int J SHS 2009, 18, 125-132 INDEX A accounting, 35, 103, 107 accuracy, 80 acid, 4, 109 activation, xiv, 5, 7, 14, 15, 23, 44, 51, 62, 69, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 107, 110, 111, 115 activation energy, 5, 7, 14, 15, 23, 44, 51, 62, 69, 89, 97, 100, 106, 107, 110, 111, 115 adiabatic, 2, 6, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 53, 54, 60, 72, 96, 109 aluminum, 9, 14, 50, 51, 54, 57, 60, 61, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 78, 95, 106, 110, 111, 112, 114 amorphization, 100, 102, 106 amorphous, 99, 101 amorphous phases, 99 AMS, 123 annealing, 47, 51, 55, 69, 71, 111 annihilation, 104 assessment, 97 assumptions, 13, 81 asymmetry, 76 asymptotic, 27, 34 atoms, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 69, 71, 79, 91, 107, 113 automata, B barrier, 13, 14, 114 behavior, 7, 51, 77, 79, 85 bending, 33 blocks, 107 boundary conditions, 31, 32, 37 bulk nanostructured materials, 100 burn, 6, 25, 45, 77 burning, 97 C CAP, 105 carbide, 3, 4, 12, 17, 21, 22, 24, 28, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 46, 47, 80, 89, 91 carbides, xiii, 1, 9, 12, 21, 45, 89, 91 carbon, 10, 12, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 91 carbon atoms, 12, 22, 23, 41, 42 casting, cell, 8, 12, 18, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 40, 41, 89 chemical bonds, 98 chemical interaction, 22, 24, 44, 110 chemical reactions, xiii, 24 chemical reactivity, 98 chemical stability, 17 chromium, 111, 114 Index 106 cladding, 93 classes, 11 classical, 5, 15, 16, 51, 52 coatings, 93 collisions, 98, 113 combustion, xiii, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 27, 54, 57, 71, 73, 74, 88, 92, 95, 96, 97, 107, 108, 109, 113 compaction, 39 competition, 58, 59, 76, 82, 92 components, 23, 49, 98, 104, 110 composition, 4, 8, 13, 15, 28, 39, 52, 56, 69, 73, 77, 92, 93, 95, 101, 109, 114 compounds, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 16, 21, 33, 45, 89, 92, 98, 109 concentration, 13, 20, 21, 41, 42, 56, 58, 61, 62, 69, 73, 89, 96, 104, 105, 111, 113, 114, 115 condensed matter, 107 condensed media, xiii conductivity, configuration, 14, 17 constitution, 120 consumption, 1, 45, 55, 67, 79, 81 continuity, 31 control, 36 conversion, 4, 5, 6, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48, 74, 76, 86, 87, 90, 95, 96, 107, 114 cooling, 4, 7, 8, 57, 73, 77 copper, 104, 105 corrosion, 49 couples, 13, 14, 55, 69 covalent, 23 critical analysis, 97 critical value, 114 crystal lattice, 43, 99, 100, 110, 113 crystalline, 12, 43, 101 crystallization, 7, 9, 10, 39, 44, 47, 60, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 101, 114 crystallization kinetics, 10, 87 defects, 96, 98, 99, 100, 106, 107 deformation, 32, 96, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113 density, 5, 23, 28, 31, 38, 39, 40, 44, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69, 99, 102, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112 deposition, 93, 114 deviation, 14 differential scanning calorimetry, 58 diffusion process, 97 diffusion rates, 63 diffusion time, 79 diffusivities, 12 diffusivity, 21, 25, 38, 69 dislocation, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112 disorder, 98, 107 displacement, 32, 37, 38, 41, 67, 76, 79, 80, 89, 91, 98 DSC, 58 ductility, 99 dynamic viscosity, 23 E elaboration, 92 elastic deformation, 32 elasticity, 102 energy, 1, 7, 15, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113 energy consumption, environment, 45, 88 estimating, 16, 97, 107 evaporation, evolution, 60 experimental condition, 87 extraction, 98 extrapolation, 23 extrusion, 1, 105 F D data set, 30, 36, 46, 47, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 109 film, 13, 14, 31, 41, 42, 43, 49, 52, 54, 55, 60, 62, 66, 67, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89 Index film thickness, 41, 42, 80 films, 51, 56, 57, 73 flame, 1, 7, flame propagation, fluid, 32 foils, 49, 51, 53, 87 fragmentation, 107 fusion, 9, 27, 101, 106, 109, 110 G gas, 3, 4, 5, 39, 40, 49, 91, 105, 108, 110 generation, 113 glasses, 49 graduate students, xiv grain, 1, 4, 88, 99, 100, 102, 104, 110 grain boundaries, 100, 102, 104 grains, 10, 39, 40, 41, 44, 50, 52, 54, 59, 79, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 102, 103, 104, 107 graphite, 18, 21, 35, 39, 45 growth mechanism, 35, 47, 76 growth rate, 9, 41, 59, 66, 76 H hardness, 17 heat capacity, 5, 27, 72, 108 heat loss, 88, 96 heat release, 5, 6, 9, 16, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 36, 40, 44, 53, 54, 72, 74, 89, 106, 107, 108, 113 heat removal, 54, 77 heat transfer, 5, 8, 53, 89, 92, 107 heating rate, 10, 14, 45, 46, 48, 52, 56, 57, 59, 67, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 111, 112 heterogeneous, xiii, 5, 6, 8, 10, 44, 46, 50, 74, 78, 83, 85, 90, 92, 110, 114 heterogeneous systems, 10 high pressure, 39 high temperature, 4, 14, 39, 49, 52, 57, 79, 114 high-speed, 8, 95 107 I impact energy, 98 impurities, 1, in situ, 57 incompressible, 32 industrial, 11, 17 industrial application, 11 industry, 98 inert, infinite, 28, 37 inhomogeneity, 53 initial state, 108 inorganic, 98, 99 insight, 52, 115 integration, 34 interface, 10, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 28, 37, 38, 41, 44, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 66, 72, 73, 98, 103, 104, 114 interface energy, 104 intermetallic compounds, 8, 56 intermetallics, xiii, 1, 9, 10, 12, 45, 58, 89, 92, 109 interstitial, xiv, 12, 21, 37, 45, 89, 91, 113 interstitials, 105, 113 interval, 25, 59, 63 intrinsic, 6, 10, 11, 52, 89, 97 ions, 110 IPPD, 96, 97, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 113, 114 iron, 8, 106, 111, 112, 114 J justification, 57, 73 K kinetic model, 8, 16, 73, 90 kinetics, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 62, 63, 70, 86, 87, 88, 92, 107, 112 Index 108 L lamella, 101 lamellae, 13 lamellar, 50, 96, 104, 113, 114 laminated, 49 laser, 93 lattice, 38, 43, 80, 98, 99, 104, 107, 113, 114 law, 13, 26, 32, 57, 58, 72 lifetime, 45 linear, 27, 38, 42, 46, 62, 66, 74, 75, 78, 111 liquid metals, 7, 23, 68 liquid phase, 3, 54, 66, 68, 79, 80, 87, 88, 109 losses, 88, 96 low temperatures, 66, 69, 81 low-temperature, 14, 25 lying, 87 M manufacturing, 49, 93 margin of error, 15 mass transfer, 5, 61, 76 matrix, 99, 113 mechanical properties, 11, 33, 99, 102, 107 mechanochemistry, 98 melting temperature, 7, 17, 29, 33, 45, 46, 50, 54, 59, 73, 75, 79, 80, 89, 91 melts, 44, 50, 57, 60, 63, 76, 79, 80, 81, 85, 88 memory, ix, metal carbides, 91 metals, 7, 23, 56, 68, 74, 86, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114 microstructure, 39, 40 migration, 113 minerals, 98 mixing, 98, 114 modeling, xiii, xiv, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 44, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 62, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 97, 106, 107 models, 8, 10, 13, 16, 48, 52, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92 modulus, 32, 33, 102, 103 molar ratio, 15 mole, 102, 104, 109 molecules, 110 molybdenum, 106, 111, 112 morphology, multi-component systems, 92 multilayer films, 57 N nanocrystalline, 102, 104 nanocrystals, 102 natural, 110 nitrides, 1, 9, 12, 21 nitrogen, 91 nonequilibrium, 96 non-uniform, 53, 88 normal, 88, 104 nucleation, 13, 44, 56, 114, 115 nuclei, 14, 114 nucleus, 43, 80, 114 O observations, 39, 58 observed behavior, 76 organic, 4, 98, 109 oscillations, oxide, oxides, 1, 2, 114 P parabolic, 12, 13, 58, 72 parameter, 7, 8, 12, 15, 16, 36, 51, 62, 72, 89, 97, 101, 108, 110, 111 particles, xiv, 7, 8, 9, 14, 17, 18, 22, 25, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 54, 93, 96, 98, 99, 101, 104, 113, 114 pathways, 12, 46, 90 patterning, 107 percolation, 8, 40 percolation theory, 40 periodic, 96 Index permit, 90, 92 phase boundaries, 38, 51, 55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 72, 91 phase diagram, 10, 12, 13, 17, 19, 21, 29, 41, 50, 51, 52, 56, 59, 76, 80, 81, 89 physical and mechanical properties, 11, 99, 107 physicochemical, xiv, 95, 97, 113 planar, 9, 13, 14, 54, 60, 62, 90 planetary, 95, 96, 99 plasma, 93, 114 plastic, 96, 99, 100, 104, 106, 107 plastic deformation, 96, 99, 100, 104, 106, 107 plasticity, 32 play, point defects, 96, 100, 104, 110, 113 pore, 39 pores, 40, 41 porosity, 37, 39, 40, 44 powder, 2, 49, 50, 88, 90, 93, 96, 98, 102, 110, 114 powders, 100, 105 precipitation, xiv, 9, 10, 11, 39, 41, 43, 44, 48, 50, 52, 53, 59, 76, 79, 87, 88, 91, 114 pressure, 32, 39, 40, 102, 105 propagation, 15 proportionality, 106 protective coating, 49, 93, 114 Q qualitative concept, 14 quasi-equilibrium, xiii, 17, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 52, 54, 59, 66, 74, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92 R race, radius, 21, 22, 23, 29, 31, 36, 42, 43, 46, 88 rat, 58 reactant, xiv, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 86, 90, 91, 98, 99, 108, 109, 114 109 reaction mechanism, 8, 48, 49 reaction order, reaction rate, reaction zone, 6, 57, 74 reactivity, 7, 98 reagents, 107 recrystallization, refining, 99 refractory, xiii, 1, 3, 4, 9, 16, 23, 33, 46, 48, 90, 91, 109, 114 regular, 65 relationships, 8, 64 relaxation, 96, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113 research and development, xiv, 98 resistance, 49, 53 rolling, 102, 105 room temperature, 53, 67, 69, 105, 109 roughness, S salt, sample, 2, 5, 25, 28, 39, 40, 54 saturation, 105 scaling, 14 scattering, 107 series, 97, 107 shape, 1, 49, 80, 93 shaping, 93 shear, 32, 33, 76, 98, 103 short-term, 39, 113 simulation, 5, 52, 57, 60, 62, 66, 67, 69, 71, 76, 81, 85, 105, 108, 109 sintering, 25, 39, 41, 45, 93 sites, 41 solid phase, 9, 54, 68, 115 solid solutions, 3, 99 solid state, 95, 100 solubility, 12, 20, 28, 50, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69, 75, 76 spatial, 14 species, 21, 23 specific heat, 54 spectrum, 107 speed, 8, 15, 95 Index 110 spin, stability, 17 stages, 66, 96, 114 standards, 118 stoichiometry, 39, 57, 67 strain, 32, 100, 102, 107 strength, 33, 49 stress, 32, 102 structural changes, 107 structural characteristics, 12, 44, 107 structural defect, 107 structure formation, 4, 50, 85 structuring, subjectivity, 85 substances, 7, 11, 27, 96, 98, 99, 104 substitution, 27, 38 superalloys, 49 superconductors, superimposition, 77 supply, 21 surface area, 96, 99, 101, 103, 107 surface diffusion, 20, 22, 31 symmetry, 9, 13, 17, 21, 31, 32, 42, 89, 91 synchrotron, 57 synthesis, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 15, 16, 24, 47, 48, 74, 85, 86, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 113 transfer, 5, 8, 53, 89, 92, 107 transformation, 92, 98, 112 transition, xiii, 10, 51, 52, 80, 82, 85 transitions, 92 transport, tungsten, 106 U uniform, 4, 20, 45, 53, 88 universal gas constant, 5, 105, 108 V vacancies, 96, 104, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113 vacuum, 39 validity, 16, 89 variation, 12, 59, 64, 67 velocity, 3, 7, 9, 14, 22, 25, 51, 57, 72, 79, 95, 96, 97 vibration, 105 viscosity, 23, 71 voids, 41 volatilization, W T technology, 10 temperature dependence, 28, 34, 35, 62, 64, 67, 68, 72 temperature gradient, tensile, 32 tensile stress, 33 thermal equilibrium, 105 thermal resistance, 53 thermodynamic, 60, 109, 114 thermodynamics, 13 thin film, 41, 42, 69, 71, 90 thin films, 69, 71, 90 time increment, 63 titanates, wave propagation, 1, 45, 86, 88 welding, 49, 96, 99, 114 wires, 54 X X-ray diffraction, 106 X-ray diffraction (XRD), 106 XRD, 106, 107 Y yield, 15, 53, 98 .. .CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS SERIES COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored... Physics and Chemistry, Heterogeneous Combustion, Materials Science and related areas, who are involved in the research and development of CS-related methods for the synthesis of novel advanced materials. .. of advanced materials and reveal the existing controversies and apparent contradictions between different theories, on one hand, and between theory and experimental data, on the other hand, and