Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2010 Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-444-53082-0 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The Netherlands 11 12 13 10 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Introduction Volume of the ‘Flotation Reagents Handbook’ is a continuation of Volume 1, and presents fundamental and practical knowledge on flotation of gold, platinum group minerals and the major oxide minerals, as well as rare earths Rather than reiterating what is well known about flotation of gold, PGMs and oxide minerals, emphasis has been placed on the separation methods which are not so effective when using conventional treatment processes These difficult separation methods are largely attributed to problems with selectivity between valuable minerals and gangue minerals, especially in the flotation of oxide ores and base metal oxides, such as copper, lead and zinc oxide ores Literature on flotation of gold, PGMs, rare earths and various oxides is rather limited, compared to literature on treatment of sulphide-bearing ores As mentioned earlier, the main problem arises from the presence of gangue minerals in the ore, which have flotation properties similar to those of valuable minerals These minerals have a greater floatability than that of pyrochlore or columbite In the beneficiation of oxide minerals, finding a selectivity solution is a major task This volume of the Handbook is devoted to the beneficiation of gold, platinum group minerals and, most important, oxide minerals The book contains details on flotation properties of the major minerals The fundamental research carried out by a number of research organizations over the past several decades is also contained in this book Commercial plant practices for most oxide minerals are also presented The major objective of this volume of the Handbook is to provide practical mineral processors that are faced with the problem of beneficiation of difficult-to-treat ores, with a comprehensive digest of information available, thus enabling them to carry out their development testwork in a more systematic manner and to assist in the control of operating plants This book will also provide valuable background information for researchers, university students and professors The book contains comprehensive references of worldwide literature on the subject New technologies for most of the oxide minerals included in this volume were developed by the author ix – 17 – Flotation of Gold Ores 17.1 INTRODUCTION The recovery of gold from gold-bearing ores depends largely on the nature of the deposit, the mineralogy of the ore and the distribution of gold in the ore The methods used for the recovery of gold consist of the following unit operations: The gravity preconcentration method, which is used mainly for recovery of gold from placer deposits that contain coarse native gold Gravity is often used in combination with flotation and/or cyanidation Hydrometallurgical methods are normally employed for recovery of gold from oxidized deposits (heap leach), low-grade sulphide ores (cyanidation, CIP, CIL) and refractory gold ores (autoclave, biological decomposition followed by cyanidation) A combination of pyrometallurgical (roasting) and hydrometallurgical route is used for highly refractory gold ores (carbonaceous sulphides, arsenical gold ores) and the ores that contain impurities that result in high consumption of cyanide, which have to be removed before cyanidation The flotation method is a technique widely used for the recovery of gold from goldcontaining copper ores, base metal ores, copper nickel ores, platinum group ores and many other ores where other processes are not applicable Flotation is also used for the removal of interfering impurities before hydrometallurgical treatment (i.e carbon prefloat), for upgrading of low-sulphide and refractory ores for further treatment Flotation is considered to be the most cost-effective method for concentrating gold Significant progress has been made over the past several decades in recovery of gold using hydrometallurgical methods, including cyanidation (CIL, resin-in-pulp), bio-oxidation, etc All of these processes are well documented in the literature [1,2] and abundantly described However, very little is known about the flotation properties of gold contained in various ores and the sulphides that carry gold The sparse distribution of discrete gold minerals, as well as their exceedingly low concentrations in the ore, is one of the principal reasons for the lack of fundamental work on the flotation of gold-bearing ores In spite of the lack of basic research on flotation of gold-bearing ores, the flotation technique is used not only for upgrading of low-grade gold ore for further treatment, but 17 Flotation of Gold Ores also for beneficiation and separation of difficult-to-treat (refractory) gold ores Flotation is also the best method for recovery of gold from base metal ores and gold-containing PGM ores Excluding gravity preconcentration, flotation remains the most cost-effective bene ficiation method Gold itself is a rare metal and the average grades for low-grade deposits vary between and ppm Gold occurs predominantly in native form in silicate veins, alluvial and placer deposits or encapsulated in sulphides Other common occurrences of gold are alloys with copper, tellurium, antimony, selenium, platinum group metals and silver In massive sulphide ores, gold may occur in several of the above forms, which affects flotation recovery During flotation of gold-bearing massive sulphide ores, the emphasis is generally placed on the production of base metal concentrates and gold recovery becomes a secondary consideration In some cases, where significant quantities of gold are contained in base metal ores, the gold is floated from the base metal tailings The flotation of gold-bearing ores is classified according to ore type (i.e gold ore, gold copper ore, gold antimony ores, etc.), because the flotation methods used for the recovery of gold from different ores is vastly different 17.2 GEOLOGY AND GENERAL MINERALOGY OF GOLD-BEARING ORES The geology of the deposit and the mineralogy of the ore play a decisive role in the selection of the best treatment method for a particular gold ore Geology of the gold deposits [3] varies considerably not only from deposit to deposit, but also within the deposit Table 17.1 shows major genetic types of gold ores and their mineral composition More than 50% of the total world gold production comes from clastic sedimentary deposits Table 17.1 Common genetic types of gold deposits Ore type Description Magmatic Gold occurs as an alloy with copper, nickel and platinum group metals Typically contains low amount of gold Placer deposits, in general conglomerates, which contain quartz, sericite, chlorite, tourmaline and sometimes rutile and graphite Gold can be coarse Some deposits contain up to 3% pyrite Size of the gold contained in pyrite ranges from 0.01to 0.07 μm This type contains a variety of ores, including(a) gold-pyrite ores, (b) goldcopper ores, (c) gold-polymetallic ores and (d) gold oxide ore, usually upper zone of sulphide zones The pyrite content of the ore varies from 3% to 90% Other common waste minerals are quartz, aluminosilicates, dolomite etc Sometimes are very complex and refractory gold ores Normally the ores are composed of quartz, sericite, chlorites, calcite and magnetite Sometimes the ore contains wolframite and scheelite Ores in clastic sedimentary rock Hydrothermal Metasomatic or scarn ores 17.3 Flotation Properties of Gold Minerals and Factors Affecting Floatability Table 17.2 Major gold minerals Group Mineral Chemical formula Impurity content Native gold and its alloys Native gold Electrum Cuproauride Amalgam Bismuthauride Au Au/Ag Au/Cu Hg/Au Au/Bi 0–15% Ag 15–50% Ag 5–10% Cu 10–34% Au 2–4% Bi Tellurides Calaverite Sylvanite Petzite Magyazite AuTe3 (Au,Ag)Te2 (Au,Ag)Te Au(Pb,Sb,Fe)(S,Te11) Unstable Krennerite Platinum gold Rhodite Rhodian gold Aurosmiride AuTe2(Pt,Pl) AuPt AuRh AuRh Au,Ir,Os Up to 10% Pt 30–40% Rh 5–11% Rh 5% Os + 5–7% Ir Gold associated with platinum group metals In many geological ore types, several sub-types can be found including primary ores, secondary ores and oxide ores Some of the secondary ores belong to a group of highly refractory ores, such as those from Nevada (USA) and Chile (El Indio) The number of old minerals and their associations are relatively small and can be divided into the following three groups: (a) native gold and its alloys, (b) tellurides and (c) gold associated with platinum group metals Table 17.2 lists the major gold minerals and their associations 17.3 FLOTATION PROPERTIES OF GOLD MINERALS AND FACTORS AFFECTING FLOATABILITY Native gold and its alloys, which are free from surface contaminants, are readily floatable with xanthate collectors Very often however, gold surfaces are contaminated or covered with varieties of impurities [4] The impurities present on gold surfaces may be argentite, iron oxides, galena, arsenopyrite or copper oxides The thickness of the layer may be of the order of 1–5 µm Because of this, the flotation properties of native gold and its alloys vary widely Gold covered with iron oxides or oxide copper is very difficult to float and requires special treatment to remove the contaminants Tellurides, on the other hand, are readily floatable in the presence of small quantities of collector, and it is believed that tellurides are naturally hydrophobic Tellurides from Minnesota (USA) were floated using dithiophosphate collectors, with over 9% gold recovery 17 Flotation of Gold Ores 30 Adsorption of xanthate (%) 25 20 15 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Conditioning time with xanthate (minutes) Figure 17.1 Relationship between adsorption of xanthate on gold and conditioning time in the presence of various concentrations of xanthate Flotation behaviour of gold associated in the platinum group metals is apparently the same as that for the platinum group minerals (PGMs) or other minerals associated with the PGMs (i.e nickel, pyrrhotite, copper and pyrite) Therefore, the reagent scheme developed for PGMs also recovers gold Normally, for the flotation of PGMs and associated gold, a combination of xanthate and dithiophosphate is used, along with gangue depressants guar gum, dextrin or modified cellulose In the South African PGM operations, gold recovery into the PGM concentrate ranges from 75% to 80% Perhaps the most difficult problem in flotation of native gold and its alloys is the tendency of gold to plate, vein, flake and assume many shapes during grinding Particles with sharp edges tend to detach from the air bubbles, resulting in gold losses This shape factor also affects gold recovery using a gravity method In flotation of gold-containing base metal ores, a number of modifiers normally used for selective flotation of copper lead, lead zinc and copper lead zinc have a negative effect on the floatability of gold Such modifiers include ZnSO4·7H2O, SO2, Na2S2O5 and cyanide when added in excessive amounts The adsorption of collector on gold and its floatability is considerably improved by the presence of oxygen Figure 17.1 shows the relationship between collector adsorption, oxygen concentration in the pulp and conditioning time [4] The type of modifier and the pH are also important parameters in flotation of gold 17.4 FLOTATION OF LOW-SULPHIDE-CONTAINING GOLD ORES The beneficiation of this ore type usually involves a combination of gravity concentra tion, cyanidation and flotation For an ore with coarse gold, gold is often recovered by gravity and flotation, followed by cyanidation of the reground flotation concentrate In 17.6 Flotation of Carbonaceous Clay-Containing Gold Ores some cases, flotation is also conducted on the cyanidation tailing The reagent combina tion used in flotation depends on the nature of gangue present in the ore The usual collectors are xanthates, dithiophosphates and mercaptans In the scavenging section of the flotation circuit, two types of collector are used as secondary collectors In the case of a partially oxidized ore, auxiliary collectors, such as hydrocarbon oils with sulphidi zer, often yield improved results The preferred pH regulator is soda ash, which acts as a dispersant and also as a complexing reagent for some heavy metal cations that have a negative effect on gold flotation Use of lime often results in the depression of native gold and gold-bearing sulphides The optimum flotation pH ranges between 8.5 and 10.0 The type of frother also plays an important role in the flotation of native gold and gold-bearing sulphides Glycol esters and cyclic alcohols (pine oil) can improve gold recovery significantly Amongst the modifying reagents (depressant), sodium silicate starch dextrins and low molecular-weight polyacrylamides are often selected as gangue depressants Fluorosilicic acid and its salts can also have a positive effect on the floatability of gold The presence of soluble iron in a pulp is highly detrimental for gold flotation The use of small quantities of iron-complexing agents, such as polyphosphates and organic acids, can eliminate the harmful effect of iron 17.5 FLOTATION OF GOLD-CONTAINING MERCURY/ANTIMONY ORES In general, these ores belong to a group of difficult-to-treat ores, where cyanidation usually produces poor extraction Mercury is partially soluble in cyanide, which increases consumption and reduces extraction A successful flotation method [5] has been developed using the flowsheet shown in Figure 17.2, where the best metallurgical results were obtained using a three-stage grinding and flotation approach The metallurgical results obtained with different grinding configurations are shown in Table 17.3 Flotation was carried out at an alkaline pH, controlled by lime A xanthate collector with cyclic alcohol frother (pine oil, cresylic acid) was shown to be the most effective The use of small quantities of a dithiophosphate-type collector, together with xanthate was beneficial 17.6 FLOTATION OF CARBONACEOUS CLAY-CONTAINING GOLD ORES These ores belong to a group of refractory gold ores, where flotation techniques can be used to (a) remove interfering impurities before the hydrometallurgical treatment process of the ore for gold recovery, and (b) to preconcentrate the ore for further pyrometallur gical or hydrometallurgical treatment There are several flotation methods used for beneficiation of this ore type Some of the most important methods are described below 17 Flotation of Gold Ores Feed Grind Classification Classification Grind Scalp Float Classification Flotation Cleaner Classification Grind Flotation Cleaner Cleaner Cleaner Final tailing Concentrate to smelter Figure 17.2 Flotation flowsheet developed for the treatment of gold-containing mercury–antimony ore Table 17.3 Gold recovery obtained using different flowsheets [5] Product Single-stage grind-flotation Two-stage grind-flotation Three-stage grind-flotation % Recovery in concentrate Tailing assays (%, g/t) Au Ag Sb As S Au Ag Sb As S 88.1 92.2 95.3 89.2 91.8 95.2 72.9 93.4 95.7 68.4 78.7 81.2 70.1 81.2 85.7 1.7 1.0 0.7 5.0 4.1 2.2 0.04 0.015 0.005 0.035 0.022 0.015 0.38 0.27 0.19 17.6 Flotation of Carbonaceous Clay-Containing Gold Ores 17.6.1 Preflotation of carbonaceous gangue and carbon In this technique, only carbonaceous gangue and carbon are recovered by flotation, in preparation for further hydrometallurgical treatment of the float tails for gold recovery Carbonaceous gangue and carbon are naturally floatable using only a frother, or a combi nation of a frother and a light hydrocarbon oil (fuel oil, kerosene, etc.) When the ore contains clay, regulators for clay dispersion are used Some of the more effective regulating reagents include sodium silicates and oxidized starch 17.6.2 Two-stage flotation method In this technique, carbonaceous gangue is prefloated using the above-described method, followed by flotation of gold-containing sulphides using activator–collector combinations In extensive studies [6] conducted on carbonaceous gold-containing ores, it was established that primary amine-treated copper sulphate improved gold recovery considerably Ammonium salts and sodium sulphide (Na2S · 9H2O) also have a positive effect on gold-bearing sulphide flotation, at a pH between 7.5 and 9.0 The metallurgical results obtained with and without modified copper sulphate are shown in Table 17.4 17.6.3 Nitrogen atmosphere flotation method This technique uses a nitrogen atmosphere in grinding and flotation to retard oxidation of reactive sulphides, and has been successfully applied on carbonaceous ores from Nevada (USA) The effectiveness of the method depends on (a) the amount of carbo naceous gangue present in the ore, and (b) the amount and type of clay Ores that are high in carbon or contain high clay content (or both) are not amenable for nitrogen atmosphere flotation Table 17.4 Effect of amine-modified CuSO4 on gold-bearing sulphide flotation from carbonaceous refractory ore Reagent used CuSO4 + xanthate Amine modified CuSO4 + xanthate Product Gold sulphide concentrate Gold sulphide tail Head Gold sulphide concentrate Gold sulphide tail Head Weight (%) 30.11 69.89 100.00 26.30 73.70 100.00 Assays (%, g/t) Au S 9.63 1.86 4.20 13.2 0.85 4.10 4.50 0.49 1.70 5.80 0.21 1.68 % Distribution Au 69.1 30.9 100.0 84.7 15.3 100.0 S 79.7 20.3 100.0 90.8 9.2 100.0 204 25 Flotation of Titanium Minerals Feed Slimes RM O/S −35m −35m To flotation BM −200m +65m C T M C M −65m C C T M M Final gravity tails −100m RM Figure 25.19 White mountain titanium flowsheet Over 56% of the feed was rejected in the gravity tailing with about 9% loss of the total titanium in the ore The overall results, including gravity and flotation, are summarized in Table 25.17 A premium-grade rutile concentrate assaying 97.3% TiO2 was produced at an average recovery of 96% TiO2 This was a premium-grade rutile concentrate 25.6 Practices in Rutile Flotation 205 Table 25.15 Reagent scheme for the White Mountain titanium rutile ore Additions (g/t) Reagent TiO2 rougher TiO2 cleaner Depressants and modifiers Hydrofluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) Oxalic acid DAX1 300 200 – 400 275 250 Collectors KBX1 Fuel oil 600 300–500 50 – Table 25.16 Results from the gravity preconcentration tests Test Product number T1 T2 Combined –200 m and +200 m table concentrate +middlings Combined –200 m and +200 m table tails Slime Head (calc) Combined –200 m and +200 m table concentrate +middlings Combined –200 m and +200 m table tails Slime Head (calc) Weight Assays (%) % Distribution (%) TiO2 SiO2 Fe2O3 CaO TiO2 SiO2 Fe2O3 CaO 42.28 8.05 63.0 0.85 0.28 91.2 41.7 31.5 41.7 56.23 0.53 64.8 1.32 0.29 8.0 57.0 65.4 56.7 1.49 100.0 2.13 56.5 2.38 3.73 63.94 1.14 1.6 1.3 3.1 0.9 0.31 0.29 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.98 7.92 64.0 0.90 0.31 89.8 42.7 30.2 42.6 56.24 0.59 62.3 1.48 0.30 9.0 55.7 66.6 55.2 1.78 100.00 2.67 57.8 3.70 62.9 2.23 1.25 2.2 0.38 1.3 1.6 3.2 0.31 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 206 Table 25.17 Overall results obtained in a continuous pilot plant operation Test number F-3 3.37 96.63 100.00 3.22 96.78 100.00 Assays (%) TiO2 SiO2 97.2 0.47 3.17 97.4 0.61 3.72 0.74 65.4 64.7 0.79 62.84 60.8 % Distribution Fe2O3 CaO TiO2 SiO2 Fe2O3 CaO 0.72 1.23 1.17 0.80 1.45 1.43 0.06 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.30 0.30 87.9 12.1 100.0 84.7 15.7 100.0 0.04 99.96 100.0 0.04 99.9 100.0 2.0 98.0 100.0 1.8 98.2 100.0 0.8 99.2 100.0 2.9 97.1 100.0 Flotation of Titanium Minerals TiO2 concentrate non-magnetic Combined overall tails + slime Head (calc) TiO2 concentrate non-magnetic Combined overall tails + slime Head (calc) Weight (%) 25 F-4 Product References 207 REFERENCES Polkin, S.I., Concentration of Ores from Sand Deposits and Hard Rock, Izdatelstro Nedra 1987, pp 1180–23 Fan, X., and Rawson, N.A., The Effect of pb(NO3)2 on Ilmenite Flotation, Minerals Engineering, Vol 13, No 2, pp 205–213, 1999 Bulatovic, S., and Wyslouzil, D.M., Process Development for Treatment of Complex Perovskite, Ilmenite and Rutile Ore, Minerals Engineering, Vol 12, No 12, pp 1407–1417, 1999 Bulatovic, S., Process Development for Beneficiation of Apatite, Ilmenite Ore from Quebec, Canada, Report of Investigation, p 320, July 2001 Liu, Q.I., and Peng, Y., Development of Composite Collector for the Flotation of Rutile, Minerals Engineering, Vol 12, No 12, pp 1419–1430, 1999 Belash, F.N., and Gamilow, M.A., Perovskite Flotation Using Acid Pretreatment, Bulletin CIN Cvetnie Metaly, No 21, 1959 Bulatovic, S., Pilot Plant test on Perovskite Recovery from Powderhorn USA ore, Report of Investigation, 1987 Runolima, U., How Otammaki Floats Ilmenite from Fnland Titaniferous Magnetite, Mining World San Francisco, pp 49–55, 1957 Bulatovic, S., Process Development for beneficiation of Complex Apatite–Ilmenite Ore from Quebec, Canada, Laboratory and Pilot Plant Studies, Report of Investigation, 1997 10 Bulatovic, S., Chromium Removal from the Ilmenite Concentrate by Flotation from RZM Western Australia, Report of Investigation, 1993 11 Davis, J.P., Wonday, S., and Keilj, A.K., Developoment and Operation fo Zircon Flotation at Sierra Rutile, 10th Industrial Mineral International Congress, San Francisco, pp 65–71, 1992 12 Bulatovic, S., Laboratory and pilot plant development testwork on recovery of titanium and zircon from Wimmera heavy mineral sand, Report of Investigation, p 330, 1992 Index A B AAC10, for tantalum/niobium and zircon separation, 147, 148t Acid pretreatment, for ilmenite flotation, 178, 179f Acidified silica/AQ55D, for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 189 Acintols, for Indian beach sand flotation, 165, 166t Acrylate, for oxide zinc ore flotation, 82, 82t Alaskan-type deposits, of PGM, 22 Alkyl hydroxamate, for yttrium group of REOE beneficiation, 156–157, 157f Alluvial deposits, of PGM, 22 Aluminum sulphate, as tin ore collector, 102 Amines for fluorite flotation, 163–164 for oxide zinc ore flotation, 72–73, 72t, 81, 81t for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 116, 116t for tantalite-columbite flotation, 130, 131f for tantalum/niobium recovery in Ghurayyah ore, 136, 136t in Malawi, Africa ores, 140, 141f Anglesite, flotation of, 70–72, 71f Anorthositic deposits, of titanium, 177 Antimony ore, flotation of gold-antimony ores, 10–11, 11t gold-containing, 5, 6f, 6t Apatite-ilmenite ores, beneficiation of, 186–190, 187f, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191t collectors for, 187–188, 188f AQ4, in niobium recovery, 121, 121t, 122f Armac C, for oxide zinc ore flotation, 72t, 73 Arsenical gold ores, flotation of, 11–13, 12f Arsenopyrite, pyrite separation from, 12–13, 12f Arsonic acid collector, for tin ores, 93, 93f, 94f Atacamate, flotation of, 51 Azurite, flotation of, 51 BAA See Benzyl arsonic acid Barite, flotation of, 162 Barite-calcite gangue, for mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ore beneficiation, 77, 77t, 78t Barite-fluorite ores, bastnaesite flotation in, 154, 161–164, 162t, 163f, 164t Barium chlorite, for barite flotation, 162 Barium sulfide (BaS), for oxide lead ore, 70 BaS See Barium sulfide Base metal sulphide ores, gold flotation from, 13–15, 14f, 14t Bastnaesite, 151, 152t, 153 flotation of, 153–154, 153f, 154f, 155f, 155t, 159–164 from Dong Pao deposit, 161–164, 162t, 163f, 164t in Mountain Pass operation, 159, 160f, 161t Beneficiation of apatite-ilmenite ores, 186–190, 187f, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191t of cassiterite See Cassiterite, beneficiation of of ilmenite See Ilmenite, beneficiation of of oxide lead ores, 78, 80t of oxide zinc ores, 78–83, 79f, 80t, 81t, 82t, 83t of pyrochlore ores See Pyrochlore ores, beneficiation plant practices for of tantalum/niobium ores See Tantalum/ niobium ores, beneficiation of of tin ores See Tin ores, beneficiation of of titanium minerals See Titanium minerals, beneficiation of Benzyl arsonic acid (BAA), for rutile flotation, 181 Bernic Lake, tantalum/niobium flotation at, 132–133, 134t Bornite, 62 Brazilian monazite ore, flotation of, 167, 168t Busheld Complex, 21 209 210 C Calcite gangue, for mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ore beneficiation, 75, 75t Carbon, preflotation of, Carbonaceous clay ores, gold-containing, flotation of, 5, 7, 7t Carbonaceous gangue, preflotation of, Carbonatite ores, 111–112, 112t bastnaesite flotation in, 154, 155f pyrochlore flotation from, 112–116, 113f, 113t, 114f, 115t, 116t, 117t Carboxylic collectors, for monazite flotation, 167 Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), for PGM recovery, 27, 30, 31f Cassiterite, 87 beneficiation of, 89–97 gravity method, 89–91, 90f gravity-flotation combination, 91, 92f practices in, 98–108 treatment process selection, 98 deposits of, 88–89 flotation of, 91–93 collectors and chemistry of, 93–96, 93f, 94f, 94t, 95f, 96f depressants for, 96–97, 97t floatability of, 98 introduction to, 87, 91–93 plant development and operation for, 98–108 at Renison, 99, 99t, 100f, 101t at Union, 100–101, 102t with gravity concentration, 90–91 CB110, in monazite flotation, 171, 173t Cerium group, of rare earth oxide elements, 151, 152t flotation properties of, 153–158 See also Bastnaesite, flotation of; Monazite, flotation of Cerussite, flotation of, 70–72, 71f Chalcopyrite, 26, 26f Chloritic tourmaline ore types, 89 Chromium, flotation of, 192, 192f, 193f, 193t, 194t Chromium deposits chemical analyses of, 35, 35t with PGM, 24, 25t flowsheet for, 40, 42f reagent practice in flotation of, 33, 35–38, 35t, 36f, 37t, 38t Index Chrysocolla, flotation of, 51 Clastic sedimentary deposits, gold recovery from, 2, 2t CMC See Carboxymethyl cellulose Coarse-grained tin ores, 88 Cobalt ores See Copper cobalt ores Collector mixture D, for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 189 Collectors for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 187–188, 188f for Brazilian monazite ore flotation, 167, 168t for chromium flotation, 192 for fluorite flotation, 163–164 for gold recovery, 15, 16t for ilmenite production from heavy mineral sands, 192 for Indian beach sand flotation, 165, 166t for Malawi, Africa tantalum/niobium ores, 140, 141t for mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ore beneficiation, 75, 75t for monazite flotation, 153, 153f, 167 for oxide copper ores, 55–58, 57t, 58f, 58t for oxide lead ore flotation, 71–72 for oxide zinc ore flotation, 72–73, 72t, 73f, 74f, 81, 81t for perovskite flotation, 182, 183f PGM recovery and in chromium ores, 35–38, 36f, 37t, 38t in copper-nickel deposits, 32, 33f, 34t for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 116, 116t, 117t for rutile flotation, 181, 181t for tantalite-columbite flotation, 130, 131t for tantalum/niobium and zircon separation, 148, 148t for tantalum/niobium recovery, 136, 137t for tin ore flotation, 93–96, 93f, 94f, 94t, 95f, 96f at Huanuni concentrator, 103–105, 104t, 106t for White Mountain titanium ore, 203, 205f Columbite minerals, 111–112, 112t flotation characteristics of, 129–130, 129f, 130f, 131f, 131t Conditioning power, for Otanmaki ore ilmenite beneficiation, 185–186, 186f Conditioning time, for Otanmaki ore ilmenite beneficiation, 185–186, 186f Index Copper Cliff plant, platinum recovery in, 31–32, 33t Copper cobalt ores, 51–52 flotation of industrial practice in, 59–61, 59t, 60f, 61t, 62t introduction to, 47 Copper ores See also Copper oxide gold ores; Mixed copper sulphide oxide ores; Oxide copper ores gold-containing, flotation of, 8–9, 8f, 9f, 9t Copper oxide gold ores, 48, 48t flotation of, 10, 10t Copper oxide mixed ore – type 1, 48, 48t Copper oxide mixed ore – type 2, 48, 48t Copper sulfate (CuSO4) for oxide zinc mineral activation, 80–81 as PGM activator, 27, 28f, 28t Copper sulphide oxide ores, mixed, 48, 48t Copper-lead-zinc ores, flotation of gold from, 15, 16t Copper-nickel deposits, PGM from, 23–24 flowsheet for, 39–40, 41f reagent practice in flotation of, 31–33, 32f, 33f, 33t Copper-zinc ores, flotation of gold from, 13–14, 14t Covellite, 62 Cuprite, flotation of, 50 Cyanidation, for gold recovery, 1–2 D DAX1, for White Mountain titanium ore, 203, 205f Depressant A4, for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188 Depressant SHQ, for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 189 Depressants for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188 for bastnaesite-containing ore flotation, 159 for chromium flotation, 192 for fluorite flotation, 164 gold recovery from copper and, 14, 14t at Huanuni concentrator, 103 for ilmenite production from heavy mineral sands, 192 for Indian beach sand flotation, 165, 165t 211 for Malawi, Africa tantalum/niobium ores, 140–141, 142f for mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ore beneficiation, 75, 75t for oxide copper ores, 54–55, 55f, 56t for oxide zinc ore flotation, 73, 81–82, 82t PGM recovery and, in chromium ores, 35–38, 36f, 37t, 38t for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 114–116, 115t for Rosetta Nile black sand flotation, 166 for tantalum/niobium and zircon separation, 147, 148t for tantalum/niobium recovery, 136 for tin ore flotation, 96–97, 97t at Huanuni concentrator, 104, 106t for White Mountain titanium ore, 203, 205f Desliming in monazite ore preparation, 169–170, 169f, 170t in niobium recovery, 120–121, 120f, 121t Dicarboxilic acids, for tin ores, 96, 96f Disseminated deposits, of tin, 88 Dithiophosphate collectors for gold recovery, 4–5, 15, 16t for PGM recovery, 31 Dodecylammonium chloride, for ilmenite flotation, 178 Dolomitic gangue, for mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ore beneficiation, 75, 75t Dolomitic oxide ores, recovery of, 60f, 61, 61t, 62t, 63f Dong Pao deposit, bastnaesite flotation in, 161–164, 162t, 163f, 164t DQ4, for monazite desliming, 170, 170t E EMF2, for pyrochlore flotation, 113, 113t Emulsifiers, for Otanmaki ore ilmenite beneficiation, 186 Eschynite, 152t Euxenite, 151, 152t F Fatty acid flotation method for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188 for bastnaesite-containing ores, 159 for carbonatite ore flotation, 112–113, 113f, 113t 212 Fatty acid flotation method (Continued) for monazite ores, 171 for oxide zinc ores, 79–80 for tantalum/niobium recovery, 136 for yttrium group of REOE beneficiation, 157, 157f Fatty acid modification, of xanthate collectors, 56–58, 57t, 58f, 58t Fergusonite, 152t, 155 Flotation of bastnaesite See also Bastnaesite, flotation of of cerium group of rare earth oxide elements, 153–158 of chromium, 192, 192f, 193f, 193t, 194t of gold ores See Gold ores, flotation of of monazite See also Monazite, flotation of of niobium See niobium, flotation of nitrogen atmosphere method, for gold recovery, of oxide copper ores See Oxide copper ores, flotation of of oxide lead ores, properties of, 70–72, 71f, 71t of oxide lead silver ores, 83–86, 84f, 85f, 85t, 86t of oxide zinc ores, properties of, 72–74, 72t, 73f, 74f of PGM ores See Platinum group metals, flotation of of pyrochlore See Pyrochlore, flotation of of rare earth oxide elements See Rare earth oxide elements, flotation of of tin See Tin ores, flotation of two-stage method, for gold recovery, 7, 7t Flowsheet for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188, 189f for chromium PGM-containing ores, 40, 42f for chromium removal, 192, 193f for Cu–Ni-containing PGM ores, 39–40, 41f for dolomitic copper oxide ores, 60f, 61, 61t, 62t, 63f for gold-containing copper ore, 9f for gold-containing mercury-antimony ore, 6f for Guadalajara rutile ilmenite ore flotation, 198–199, 202f for ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188, 190f for Inco metal PGM recovery, 32f for iron-hydroxide decoating, 147, 147f for mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ore beneficiation, 75, 76f Index for Mrima case study, 120, 120f for niobium beneficiation, 123, 124f for Otanmaki ore ilmenite beneficiation, 185–186, 187f for oxide siliceous ore, 59, 60f for oxide zinc ore beneficiation practices, 78, 79f for REOE for Dong Pao deposit, 162, 163f at Mount Weld, 171, 171f at Mountain Pass operation, 159, 160f for sulphide-dominated PGM ores, 39, 40f for tantalum/niobium flotation in Ghurayyah ore, 136, 138f from gravity tailings, 134, 135f in Malawi, Africa ore, 143, 143f zircon separation from, 144, 145f for tin ores gravity beneficiation, 90f gravity-flotation beneficiation, 92f at Huanuni concentrator, 104t, 105t at Renison, 100f at San Rafael tin mine, 107t for Titania A/S plant ilmenite beneficiation, 183, 184f for White Mountain titanium ore, 199, 204f for yttrium group of REOE beneficiation, 156–157, 156f for zircon, rutile and ilmenite production, 194–195, 195f Fluorite, flotation of, 163–164 Fossil placer deposits, of PGM, 22–23 G Gadolinite, 152t, 155–156 Gangue constituents of mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ore, 74–75 of oxide copper ores, 49 Gangue flotation, for Guadalajara rutile ilmenite ore flotation, 199 Geology, of gold ores, 2–3, 2t, 3t Ghurayyah ore, tantalum/niobium recovery from, 134–140, 136t, 137f, 137t, 138f, 139f, 139t, 140t Gold, recovery of, 1–2 Gold ores flotation of arsenical, 11–13, 12f carbonaceous clay-containing, 5, 7, 7t Index concluding remarks on, 15 in copper ores, 8–9, 8f, 9f, 9t copper-lead-zinc ores, 15, 16t copper-zinc ores, 13–14, 14t gold-antimony ores, 10–11, 11t introduction to, 1–2 lead-zinc ores, 13, 14f low-sulphide-containing, 4–5 in mercury/antimony ores, 5, 6f, 6t oxide copper-gold ores, 10, 10t properties for, 3–4, 4f geology and mineralogy of, 2–3, 2t, 3t Gold-antimony ores, flotation of, 10–11, 11t Gravity method for tantalum/niobium ore beneficiation, 132, 133f, 133t, 134t for tin ore beneficiation, 89–91, 90f at Huanuni concentrator, 103–105, 104f at San Rafael tin mine, 106 Gravity preconcentration method for gold recovery, 1–2 for PGM recovery, 22–23 for White Mountain titanium ore, 199, 203, 204f Gravity-flotation combination, for tin ore beneficiation, 91, 92f Greenbushes gravity tailing, tantalum/niobium flotation from, 134, 135f, 136t Grind-flotation techniques, metallurgical results of, 6t Guadalajara rutile ilmenite ore, rutile flotation of, 197–199, 202f, 203t H H2SiF6 See Hydrofluorosilicic acid Hard rock lodge deposits, of tin, 91 Hard rock ore, rutile flotation from, 197–199 Heavy mineral sands, ilmenite production from, 191–192, 192f, 193f, 193t, 194t Hemimorphite ore type, 68t, 69 Huanuni concentrator, tin ore flotation at, 103–105, 104f, 104t, 105f, 106t Hydrochloric acid for niobium flotation, 114, 114f for tantalum/niobium separation from zircon, 114, 114f Hydrofluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) for Malawi, Africa tantalum/niobium ores, 140–141, 142f 213 for tantalum/niobium and zircon separation, 147, 148t for White Mountain titanium ore, 203, 205f Hydrometallurgical method, for gold recovery, 1–2 Hydrophobic gangue depressants, for PGM recovery, 30–31, 31f Hydrothermal deposits, of PGM, 21 Hydroxamic acid for bastnaesite-containing ores, 159 for Brazilian monazite ore flotation, 167, 168t for oxide copper flotation, 49, 49f, 50f I Ilmenite, 175, 176t See also Apatite-ilmenite ores beneficiation of, 183–186, 184f, 185t, 186f, 187f in Otanmaki ore, 185–186, 185f, 186f Titania A/S plant, 183–185, 184f, 185t flotation of properties of, 177–180, 178f, 179f, 180f, 180t at Sierra Leone mine, 194–197, 195f, 196f, 198f, 199t, 200f, 201t, 202t production from heavy mineral sands, 191–192, 192f, 193f, 193t, 194t Ilmenite-haematite, 177 Ilmenite-magnetite, 177 Ilmenite-rutile, 177 Ilmenorutile, 111–112, 112t, 175, 176t Indian beach sand, monazite flotation of, 165–166, 165t, 166t Iridium See Platinum group metals Iron-hydroxide decoating, 146–147, 146f, 147f K KBX1, for White Mountain titanium ore, 205t KBX2, for White Mountain titanium ore, 203 KM3 depressant, in PGM recovery, 35–37, 37t Kokoamine KK, for oxide zinc ore flotation, 72t, 73 Kolwezi concentrator, 57–58 dolomitic oxide ore at, 61, 62t oxide siliceous ore at, 59–60, 59t, 60f, 61t Komoto plant, 58 mixed copper sulphide oxide ores at, 62 214 L LAC2, 104, 104t Lead ores See Copper-lead-zinc ores; Oxide lead ores Lead-zinc ores, flotation of gold from, 13, 14f Leucoxene, 176, 176t Loparite, 152t, 153 Low-sulphide-containing gold ores, flotation of, 4–5 Index Morensky Reef operation, flotation rates from, 26–27, 26f Morensky-type deposits, of PGM, 21 Mount Weld ore, monazite flotation from, 168–169, 169t, 171, 171f Mountain Pass operation, bastnaesite flotation in, 159, 160f, 161t Mozley drum separators, 89, 106 Mrima Hill deposit, 119–121, 120f, 121t, 122f, 122t Muscovite, with amine collectors, 130, 131f N M Magnetic ores, of tantalum/niobium, 127 Malachite, floatability of, 49–50, 50f, 51f Malawi, Africa tantalum/niobium ores, beneficiation of, 140–143, 141f, 141t, 142f, 143f, 144f, 144t Medium-coarse-grained tin ores, 88 Mercaptan, for oxide zinc ore flotation, 81, 81t Mercury ore, gold-containing, flotation of, 5, 6f, 6t MESB, for fluorite flotation, 163 Metasomatic deposits, of tantalum/niobium, 129 Mineralogy, of gold ores, 2–3, 2t, 3t Mixed copper sulphide oxide ores, 48, 48t industrial practice in beneficiation of, 62–63, 62t, 63f, 64t Mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ores geological and mineralogical features of, 67–68 reagent scheme and plant practice for beneficiation of, 74–78, 75t, 76f, 77t, 78t MM4, for fluorite flotation, 164 Modifiers for oxide zinc ore flotation, 81–82 for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 114–116, 115t for tin ore flotation, at Huanuni concentrator, 104, 106t Monazite, 151, 152t, 153 flotation of, 153–154, 153f, 154f, 155f, 155t, 165–173 Brazilian ore, 167, 168t from complex ores, 168–169, 169t of Indian beach sand, 165–166, 165t, 166t ore preparation for, 169–170, 169f, 170t of Rosetta Nile black sand, 166, 166t studies for, 170f, 171, 171f, 172f, 173t Na2S See Sodium sulfide NaOH See Sodium hydroxide Nchanga concentrator dolomitic oxide ore at, 61, 62t mixed copper sulphide oxide ores at, 62 Nickel sulphide deposits, PGM from, 23–24 reagent practice in flotation of, 31–33, 32f, 33f, 33t Niobium See also Tantalum/niobium ores flotation of, 111–125 See also Pyrochlore ores, flotation of refractory ores of, 119–121, 120f, 121t, 122f, 122t Nitric acid, for niobium flotation, 114, 114f Nitrogen atmosphere flotation method, for gold recovery, Norilsk Talnakh ore, 24 O Oka operating plant, pyrochlore ore beneficiation at, 123 Orthodihydroxybenzene, for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 116 Ortit, 152t Osmium See Platinum group metals Otanmaki ore, ilmenite beneficiation of, 185–186, 185f, 186f Oxalic acid for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 189 for Malawi, Africa tantalum/niobium ores, 140–141, 142f for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 114, 115t for tantalum/niobium and zircon separation, 147, 148t for White Mountain titanium ore, 203, 205f Index Oxide cobalt ores, 51–52 Oxide copper ores chemical composition and physical structure of, 49 depressants for, 54–55, 55f, 56t flotation of industrial practice in, 59–61, 59t, 60f, 61t, 62t introduction to, 47 practice in beneficiation of, 52–58, 54f, 55f, 56t, 57t, 58f, 58t properties of, 49–51, 49f, 50f, 51f, 52f minerals and, 47–48, 48t sulphidizers for, 53–54, 54f surface layer mechanical strength of, 49 Oxide lead ores beneficiation practices for, 78, 80t of economic value, 69–70, 69t flotation properties of, 70–72, 71f, 71t geological and mineralogical features of, 68 Oxide lead silver ores flotation of, 83–86, 84f, 85f, 85t, 86t plant metallurgical results for, 85–86, 86t plant reagent scheme for, 84–85, 85t processing characteristics of, 83 properties of, 83 research and development on, 84, 84f, 85f Oxide ores, PGM flotation of, 38 Oxide siliceous ore, recovery of, 59–60, 59t, 60f, 61t Oxide zinc ores beneficiation practices for, 78–83, 79f, 80t, 81t, 82t, 83t of economic value, 69–70, 69t flotation of collectors for, 72–73, 72t, 73f, 74f, 81, 81t properties of, 72–74, 72t, 73f, 74f geological and mineralogical features of, 68–69, 68t reagent schemes for, 82–83, 82t, 83t Oxygen, xanthate absorption and, 4, 4f P Palladium See Platinum group metals Parisite, 152t Pechenga Cala Peninsula, 24 Pegmatite ores, 111–112, 112t pyrochlore flotation from, 116–118, 117f, 118f, 119t of tantalum/niobium, 129 215 Pentlandite, 26, 26f Perovskite, 176, 176t flotation properties of, 182, 183f Petrosol 845, for copper recovery, 59, 60f PGE See Platinum group elements PGM See Platinum group metals pH chromium flotation and, 192, 192f ilmenite flotation and, 178, 178f, 179f malachite floatability and, 49, 50f monazite flotation and, 153, 153f Otanmaki ore ilmenite beneficiation and, 186 tantalum/niobium recovery and in Ghurayyah ore, 136, 137f, 137t in Malawi, Africa ore, 141, 142f Phosphonic acid, for tin ores, 93, 93f, 94f Phosphoric acid ester, for perovskite flotation, 182, 183f PL519, for tantalum/niobium recovery, 136, 137t PL520, 103, 104t Placer deposits of PGM, 21–22 of tin, 89–91 Platinum group elements (PGE), 19 deposits of, 23 Platinum group metals (PGM) chromium deposits with, 24, 25t flowsheet for, 40, 42f reagent practice in flotation of, 33, 35–38, 35t, 36f, 37t, 38t classification of, 19–20, 20t copper-nickel and nickel sulphide deposits with, 23–24 flowsheet for, 39–40, 41f reagent practice in flotation of, 31–33, 32f, 33f, 33t description of deposits of, 21–22 flotation of introduction to, 25 ores amenable to, 23 of oxide ores, 38 gold associated with, 3, 3t flotation of, introduction to, 19 mineralogy and recovery of, 22–23 minerals of, 19–20, 20t plant practice in treatment of, 38–40, 39f, 40f, 41f, 42f reagent schemes for, 41, 42–44t sulphide-dominated deposits of, 23 216 Platinum group metals (PGM) (Continued) flotation properties of, 25–27, 26f flowsheet for, 39, 40f reagent practice in flotation of, 27–31, 28f, 28t, 29t, 30t, 31f PlV28, for pyrochlore flotation, in pegmatite ores, 118, 119t PM230, for gold recovery, 10, 10t PM303, for PGM recovery, 37–38, 38t PM306, for PGM recovery, 30, 30t Pneumatalitic-hydrothermal deposits, of tantalum/niobium, 129 Priorit, 152t, 155 Pyrite arsenopyrite separation from, 12–13, 12f gold recovery v., 8, 8f Pyrochlore ores beneficiation plant practices for, 122–125, 124f, 125t at Oka operating plant, 123 at St Honore Niobec operation, 123, 124f, 125t flotation of, 112–119 from carbonatite ores, 112–116, 113f, 113t, 114f, 115t, 116t, 117t from pegmatite ores, 116–118, 117f, 118f, 119t pH and, 153, 153f general overview of, 111–112, 112t Pyrometallurgical method, for gold recovery, 1–2 Pyrophyllite, in cassiterite flotation, 97 Pyrrhotite, 26, 26f Q Quinolines, for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 116, 117t R R845, 107 Rare earth oxide elements (REOE) cerium group of, 151, 152t flotation properties of, 153–158 flotation of, 158–173 of bastnaesite-containing ores, 159–164, 160f, 161t, 162t, 163f, 164t introduction to, 158 of monazite, 165–173, 165t, 166t, 167t, 168f, 168t, 169f, 169t, 170f, 170t, 171f, 172f, 173t Index ore and minerals containing, 151–153, 152t yttrium group of, 151, 152t flotation properties of, 155–158, 156f, 157f, 158f Reagent schemes for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188, 191t for cassiterite, 98 for chromium flotation, 192, 193t for Guadalajara rutile ilmenite ore flotation, 199, 203t for mixed sulphide oxide lead zinc ore beneficiation, 74–78, 75t, 76f, 77t, 78t for Mountain Pass operation, 159, 161t for Otanmaki ore ilmenite beneficiation, 186 for oxide copper ores, 52–58, 54f, 55f, 56t, 57t, 58f, 58t dolomitic ores, 61, 61t for oxide lead silver ores, 84–85, 85t for oxide zinc ores, 82–83, 82t, 83t for PGM-containing ores, 41, 42–44t from chromium deposits, 33, 35–38, 35t, 36f, 37t, 38t from Cu-Ni and Ni ores, 31–33, 32f, 33f, 33t in sulphide-dominated ores, 27–30, 28f, 28t, 29t, 30t for REOE for Dong Pao deposit, 162, 164t at Mount Weld, 171, 171f, 172f for siliceous oxide ores, 59, 59t at St Honore Niobec operation, 123, 125t for tantalum/niobium flotation in Malawi, Africa ore, 143, 144t with zircon, 147–148, 148t for tin ore flotation at Huanuni concentrator, 104, 106t at San Rafael tin mine, 106, 108t for Titania A/S plant ilmenite beneficiation, 183–185, 185t for White Mountain titanium ore, 203, 205t Renison Bell tin mine, tin ore flotation at, 99, 99t, 100f, 101t REOE See Rare earth oxide elements Reverse flotation method, for oxide zinc ores, 80 Rhodium See Platinum group metals Rock deposits, of titanium, 177 Rooiberg mill, tin ore flotation at, 100–101, 102t Index Rosetta Nile black sand, monazite flotation of, 166, 166t RS702, for tantalum/niobium and zircon separation, 148, 148t Ruthenium See Platinum group metals Rutile, 176, 176t flotation of Guadalajara rutile ilmenite ore, 197–199, 202f, 203t from hard rock ore, 197–199 practices in, 194–204 properties of, 181, 181t, 182t White Mountain titanium, 199, 203–204, 204f, 205t, 206t with zircon flotation at Sierra Leone mine, 194–197, 195f, 196f, 198f, 199t, 200f, 201t, 202t S Samarskit, 152t San Rafael tin mine, tin ore flotation at, 106–108, 107f, 108t Sand deposits, of titanium, 177 Sea water, as tin ore collector, 102–103, 103t Sedimentary deposits, of tantalum/niobium, 129 Sierra Leone mine, zircon flotation at, 194–197, 195f, 196f, 198f, 199t, 200f, 201t, 202t Silver ores See Oxide lead silver ores SM500 collectors, for tantalum/niobium flotation, 130, 130t Smithsonite ore type, 68–69, 68t Soda ash, for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188 Sodium alkyl sulphate for pyrochlore flotation, in pegmatite ores, 117, 118f for tantalite-columbite flotation, 130, 130f Sodium fluoride, for Titania A/S plant ilmenite beneficiation, 183, 185 Sodium hexametaphosphate, for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 114 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 189 Sodium oleate for Indian beach sand flotation, 165, 166t for monazite flotation, 153, 153f, 167, 167t for perovskite flotation, 182, 183f for pyrochlore flotation, in pegmatite ores, 117, 117f 217 for tantalite-columbite flotation, 129–130, 129f for yttrium group of REOE beneficiation, 157, 157f Sodium oxalate for Brazilian monazite ore flotation, 167, 168t for monazite flotation, 167, 167t, 168f Sodium pyrophosphate, for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 114 Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) for barite flotation, 162 for ilmenite flotation, 178, 180f for Indian beach sand flotation, 165, 165t for oxide copper ore flotation, 54 for oxide zinc ore flotation, 81, 82t for pyrochlore flotation, in carbonatite ores, 116 as tin ore collector, 102 Sodium sulfide (Na2S) for monazite flotation, 154, 154f, 170f, 171 for oxide lead ore, 70, 71f, 71t for oxide zinc ore flotation, 81, 81t SPA See Steryl phosphonic acid SR82, for barite flotation, 162 St Honore Niobec operation, pyrochlore ore beneficiation at, 123, 124f, 125t Stanin, 88 Steryl phosphonic acid (SPA), for rutile flotation, 181 Stillwater Complex, 21 Stogargen deposit, 183 Sudbury area, 23 Sulfuric acid for ilmenite flotation, 178, 179f for niobium flotation, 114, 114f for perovskite flotation, 182 Sulphide ores gold recovery from, platinum group metals in, 23 flotation properties of, 25–27, 26f flowsheet for, 39, 40f reagent practice in flotation of, 27–31, 28f, 28t, 29t, 30t, 31f Sulphidization - amine flotation, for oxide zinc ores, 81 Sulphidization process, for oxide copper ores, 49, 53–58, 54f, 55f, 56t, 57t, 58f, 58t Sulphidizers for oxide copper ores, 53–54, 54f for oxide lead ore flotation, 70, 71t 218 Sulphosuccinamate collectors for rutile flotation, 181, 182t for tin ores, 95–96, 96f Surface layer mechanical strength, of oxide copper ores, 49 T Tall oil modifications for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188 bastnaesite flotation and, 154, 155t for perovskite flotation, 182, 183f Tall oil modifications (Continued) for Titania A/S plant ilmenite beneficiation, 183, 184f Tantalite minerals, flotation characteristics of, 129–130, 129f, 130f, 131f, 131t Tantalum/niobium ores See also Columbite minerals; Tantalite minerals beneficiation of from Ghurayyah ore, 134–140, 136t, 137f, 137t, 138f, 139f, 139t, 140t from Malawi, Africa, 140–143, 141f, 141t, 142f, 143f, 144f, 144t practices for, 131–132, 133f, 133t, 134t zircon containing, 134–140, 136t, 137f, 137t, 138f, 139f, 139t, 140t flotation of, 132–134 at Bernic Lake, 132–133, 134t at Greenbushes gravity tailing, 134, 135f, 136t geological and mineralogical features of, 127, 129 introduction to, 127 minerals of economic value, 127, 128t tin gravity intermediate product separation of, 146–148, 146f, 147f, 148t zircon separation from, 137, 139–140, 139f, 139t, 140t from bulk concentrate, 144, 145f, 145t Tapioca starch, caustic, for apatite-ilmenite ore beneficiation, 188 Tellurides, of gold, 3, 3t flotation of, Temperature, for bastnaesite-containing ore flotation, 159 Tenorite, flotation of, 50 3XD, for oxide copper ore flotation, 54 Tin ores beneficiation of, 89–97 Index gravity method, 89–91, 90f gravity-flotation combination, 91, 92f practices in, 98–108 treatment process selection, 98 deposits of, 88–89 flotation of, 87–108 collectors and chemistry of, 93–96, 93f, 94f, 94t, 95f, 96f depressants for, 96–97, 97t at Huanuni concentrator, 103–105, 104f, 104t, 105f, 106t introduction to, 87, 91–93 plant development and operation for, 98–108 at Renison, 99, 99t, 100f, 101t at San Rafael tin mine, 106–108, 107f, 108t at Union, 100–101, 102t at Valkoomesky plant, 102–103, 103t at Wheal Jane, 92f, 101–102, 102t mineral composition of, 87–88, 88t tantalum/niobium separation from, 146–148, 146f, 147f, 148t Titania A/S plant, ilmenite beneficiation at, 183–185, 184f, 185t Titanium minerals beneficiation of, 182–192 apatite-ilmenite ores, 186–190, 187f, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191t from heavy mineral sands with chromium problems, 191–192, 192f, 193f, 193t, 194t ilmenite ores, 183–186, 184f, 185t, 186f, 187f rutile ores, 194–204 deposit classification of, 176–177 flotation properties of, 177–182 ilmenite, 177–180, 178f, 179f, 180f, 180t perovskite, 182, 183f rutile, 181, 181t, 182t introduction to, 175 ores of, 175–176, 176t Topaz, in cassiterite flotation, 96–97 Tourmaline with amine collectors, 130, 131f in cassiterite flotation, 96–97 2MD, for oxide copper ore flotation, 54 Two-stage flotation method, for gold recovery, 7, 7t TX26, 104, 104t TY3 collector, for oxide copper ore recovery, 57–58, 57t, 58t Index U 219 for PGM recovery, 27–30, 29t, 30t Xenotime, 152t Union, tin ore flotation at, 100–101, 102t Y V Valkoomesky plant, tin ore flotation at, 102–103, 103t Violarite, 26, 26f Yttrium group, of rare earth oxide elements, 151, 152t flotation properties of, 155–158, 156f, 157f, 158f Yttrocerite, 152t, 155–156 W Z Water, cassiterite flotation and, 98 Wheal Jane Concentrator, tin ore flotation at, 91, 92f, 101–102, 102t White Mountain titanium ore, rutile flotation of, 199, 203–204, 204f, 205t, 206t Willemite ore type, 68t, 69 X Xanthate collectors for gold recovery, 3–5, 4f, 15, 16t PM230 v., 10, 10t for oxide copper ore recovery, 55–58, 57t for oxide lead ore flotation, 71–72 for oxide zinc ore flotation, 81, 81t Zellness deposit, 183 Zinc ores See Copper-lead-zinc ores; Copperzinc ores; Lead-zinc ores; Oxide zinc ores Zircon flotation of, at Sierra Leone mine, 194–197, 195f, 196f, 198f, 199t, 200f, 201t, 202t REOE-containing, recovery of, 157–158, 158f in tantalum/niobium ores beneficiation of, 134–140, 136t, 137f, 137t, 138f, 139f, 139t, 140t separation from bulk concentrate, 144, 145f, 145t separation of, 137, 139–140, 139f, 139t, 140t, 147–148, 148t ... 90 110 120 135.1 54.3 60.9 71 77.6 86 .2 3.8 2. 5 2. 2 2. 0 0.9 57 60 70 75 77 61 64 71 76 77 0.4 0 .2 0 .2 0.15 0. 02 21.0 28 .2 33 .2 38.3 40 .2 13.0 17.4 20 .5 23 .9 25 .2 7.3 6.0 4 .2 3.8 2. 5 82 84 86... 92. 2 95.3 89 .2 91.8 95 .2 72. 9 93.4 95.7 68.4 78.7 81 .2 70.1 81 .2 85.7 1.7 1.0 0.7 5.0 4.1 2. 2 0.04 0.015 0.005 0.035 0. 022 0.015 0.38 0 .27 0.19 17.6 Flotation of Carbonaceous Clay-Containing Gold. .. valuable minerals and gangue minerals, especially in the flotation of oxide ores and base metal oxides, such as copper, lead and zinc oxide ores Literature on flotation of gold, PGMs, rare earths and