Edited by Javier Garcia-Martinez and Elena Serrano-Torregrosa The Chemical Element Related Titles Apotheker, Jan / Simon Sarkadi, Livia (eds.) Olah, G A., Goeppert, A., Prakash, G K S European Women in Chemistry Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy 2011 ISBN: 978-3-527-32956-4 2010 ISBN: 978-3-527-32422-4 Rehder, Dieter Chemistry in Space From Interstellar Matter to the Origin of Life 2010 ISBN: 978-3-527-32689-1 Garcia-Martinez, Javier (ed.) Nanotechnology for the Energy Challenge 2010 ISBN: 978-3-527-32401-9 Armaroli, Nicola / Balzani, Vincenzo Energy for a Sustainable World From the Oil Age to a Sun-Powered Future 2010 ISBN: 978-3-527-32540-5 Cocks, F H Energy Demand and Climate Change Issues and Resolutions Anastas, P T., Horvath, I T 2009 ISBN: 978-3-527-32446-0 Green Chemistry for a Sustainable Future Rojey, A ISBN: 978-0-470-50351-5 Energy and Climate Desai, P One Planet Communities How to achieve a successful energy transition ISBN: 978-0-470-74427-7 A real-life guide to sustainable living ISBN: 978-0-470-71546-8 Coley, D Energy and Climate Change Creating a Sustainable Future ISBN: 978-0-470-85313-9 Edited by Javier Garcia-Martinez and Elena Serrano-Torregrosa The Chemical Element Chemistry’s Contribution to Our Global Future The Editors Prof Javier Garcia-Martinez University of Alicante Inorganic Chem Deptarment Carretera San Vicente s/n 03690 Alicante Spanien Dr Elena Serrano-Torregrosa Dept Inorganic Chemistry University of Alicante Campus de San Vicente 03690 Alicante Spanien All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at © 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co KGaA, Boschstr 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages) No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers Registered names, trademarks, etc used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law Typesetting Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printing and Binding betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Cover Design Formgeber, Eppelheim Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper ISBN Print: 978-3-527-32880-2 ISBN ePDF: 978-3-527-63566-5 ISBN ePub: 978-3-527-63565-8 ISBN Mobi: 978-3-527-63567-2 ISBN oBook: 978-3-527-63564-1 V The Chemical Element: Chemistry’s Contribution to Our Global Future Every year several books are published dealing with chemistry, but this book is different and takes the reader far from the expected esoteric and academic chemistry to a chemistry that embraces our continuing existence on planet Earth By placing chemistry at the centre of challenges and solutions for our planet, it provides a much-needed perspective on the role and importance of science for development and demonstrates the critical linkage between research in chemistry, policy, industry, education and concrete actions for sustainable development The book is inspired by the United Nations declaration of 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry (IYC), and clearly spells out the role and importance of chemistry for meeting the United Nations Millennium Development Goals The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) were designated by the United Nations General Assembly as lead agencies for promoting and coordinating the IYC The objectives of the Year are to: • increase the public appreciation and understanding of chemistry in meeting world needs, • • • encourage the interest of young people in chemistry, generate enthusiasm for the creative future of chemistry, celebrate the role of women in chemistry or major historical events in chemistry, including the centenaries of Mme Curie’s Nobel Prize and the founding of the International Association of Chemical Societies Through the Year, the world is celebrating the art and science of chemistry, and its essential contributions to knowledge, environmental protection, improvement of health and economic development The critical over-arching need in this context is for the responsible and ethical use of chemical research, and its applications and innovations, for equitable sustainable development In January 2011, the official launch of the IYC took place at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris This meeting set the themes for the Year by associating “chemistry” with the words “progress of civilization, solutions for global challenges, VI The Chemical Element: Chemistry’s Contribution to Our Global Future climate change, creating a sustainable future, nutrition, food production, water, health and disease, global health, energy solutions for the future, materials of tomorrow, economic and social aspects ” The chapters of this book mirror these themes and present the reader with a comprehensive view of what “chemistry” means for our lives and our futures This book is therefore to be highly recommended to a wide readership including individuals concerned for sustainable development, politicians, young people, scientists, teachers, and global strategists It is a must for every chemist who can use it as a tool in teaching students or in informing non-scientists about the possibilities of this fundamental science Most of all, we hope that this book will be used to show young people that “chemistry” is exciting and meaningful, and that many will be enticed and inspired to take up careers in this field of scientific endeavour We congratulate the editors and authors of this marvelous book, published specially as part of the celebration of the IYC Nicole Moreau President, IUPAC Julia Hasler UNESCO Focal Point for IYC VII Contents The Chemical Element: Chemistry’s Contribution to Our Global Future V Introduction XIII List of Contributors XVII 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.4 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 1.7.6 Chemistry for Development Stephen A Matlin and Berhanu M Abegaz Chemistry, Innovation and Impact Poverty and Disparities in Life Expectancy The Millennium Development Goals Goal 1: Reducing Poverty and Hunger 10 Goal 2: Achieving Universal Primary Education 12 Goal 3: Promoting Gender Equality and Empowering Women 12 Goals and 5: Reducing Maternal and Under-Five Child Mortality 13 Goal 6: Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases 13 Goal 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability 13 Goal 8: Developing a Global Partnership for Development 15 Science, Technology and Development 15 Chemistry and Development 19 Chemical Research Applied to World Needs 19 International Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development 20 Science and Technology for National Development 22 Investments in Research and Development 22 Outputs from Investments in Research and Development 25 Connecting Science, Technology and Innovation 30 Capacity Building: Some Key Requirements for Chemistry’s Role in Development 32 Evolution of Capacity Building Approaches in LMICs 32 National Policies for S&T 33 Responsibilities 34 Professional Associations and Cooperative Networks for Chemistry and Development 36 National Funding for Research 42 Gender Issues 43 VIII Contents 1.7.7 1.7.8 1.8 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 1.8.6 1.8.7 1.8.8 1.8.9 1.9 Open Access 44 Technology Transfer 44 Chemistry and Future Challenges to Health, Wealth and Wellbeing 46 “Glocal” – Thinking and Acting from Global to Local 46 Agriculture, Food and Nutrition 47 Climate Change 49 Energy 50 Environment and Sustainable Development 50 Health 51 Intellectual Property 53 Natural Resources Exploitation 54 Water 56 Conclusions 56 Acknowledgments 58 References 58 The Role of Chemistry in Addressing Hunger and Food Security 71 Jessica Fanzo, Roseline Remans, and Pedro Sanchez Chemistry is the Backbone of Food and Nutrition 71 Global Hunger and Malnutrition in the World Today 73 Progress on the Proportion of Children Who are Underweight 73 Progress on the Proportion of the Population Who are Undernourished 74 Hunger, Nutrition, and the Food Security Mandate 74 Chemistry’s Influence on the Pillars of Food Security 76 Food Availability 76 Chemistry and the Green Revolution 76 Genetically Engineered Crops and Food Production 80 Food Access 82 Post-Harvest Treatment and Storage 82 Food Utilization 85 Balanced Diets and Utilization of Nutrients: The Chemical Components 85 Antinutrients 88 Fortification of Food Vehicles: One Chemical at a Time 89 Improving Utilization through Modern Medicine: The Contribution of Chemistry to Basic Medicines 90 Conclusion 92 References 94 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.4.1 2.4.5 2.4.5.1 2.4.5.2 2.4.5.3 2.4.5.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 Poverty 99 Mari-Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Cecilia Martínez-Costa, and Juan Sastre Contribution of Chemistry to Social and Economic Development 99 Concept and Historical Evolution of Poverty 102 Asymmetry of Poverty in the World 104 Contents 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.6.6 3.6.7 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.4.7 Causes of Poverty 106 Geopolitics 107 Geography 107 Lack of Economic Growth 107 Deficient Governance 108 Deficient Health 108 Failures of Effective and Sufficient Development Aid 108 Poverty, Malnutrition, and Life Expectancy 109 Strategies against Poverty: A General Approach with Context-Specific Solutions 112 Renewable Energy Sources and Sustainable Development 112 Infrastructure, Science, and Technological Progress 114 Microcredits and Inclusive Business Models 116 Health Promotion and Malnutrition Prevention 117 Involvement of the Local Government: The Ijebu-Ode Experiment 119 UN, CSOs, and Governments from Developed Countries: a Joint Crucial Effort 120 Additional Efforts towards Eradication of Poverty 121 Chemistry is Essential for Poverty Alleviation 122 Nanotechnology and Nanochemistry 122 Industrial Biotechnology and Biofuels 126 Combinatorial Chemistry 127 References 128 The Human Element: Chemistry Education’s Contribution to Our Global Future 131 Peter Mahaffy The International Year of Chemistry Educational Challenge 131 Scene – Chemistry to the Rescue of Threatened Communities 132 Sequel to Scene – An Education in Chemistry 135 Equipping the Human Element with Relevant Education in, about, and through Chemistry 137 Identify the Learners, Understand Their Overall Learning Objectives and Career Goals, and Ensure Education in Chemistry Meets Their Needs 138 Build and Support Active Learning Communities 139 Engage Students with Curriculum and Pedagogy that Takes Account of Research about How They Best Learn and How They Best Learn Chemistry 140 Provide Education about Chemistry, and through Chemistry, as well as in Chemistry 142 Move beyond the Fractionation of Knowledge 144 Show the Integral Connection between Chemical Reactivity and Human Activity 145 Integrate Sustainability Themes into Chemistry Education 147 IX X Contents 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.4 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.1.1 5.5.1.2 5.5.2 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9.1 5.9.2 5.9.3 5.10 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.3.1 6.1.3.2 6.1.3.3 6.1.3.4 6.1.3.5 6.1.3.6 An Example of Integrating Sustainability and Chemistry Education Curriculum: Visualizing the Chemistry Underlying Climate Change 149 Scene – Chemistry Education and Our Global Future 152 References 154 The Impacts of Synthetic Chemistry on Human Health 159 René Roy The Molecules at the Origin of Drug Discoveries 159 From Bench to Market Place 162 General Concepts of Drug Design 169 Tasks and Bottlenecks in Medicinal Chemistry 170 Lead Validation 171 Patent Protection Issues 172 Drug Metabolism and Drug Resistance or Why Make Big Pills? 173 Drug Metabolism 174 Phase I Transformations 174 Phase II Transformations 174 Drug Resistance 174 Antibacterial Agents 176 Antiviral Agents: The Flu Virus Story: The Naissance of a Sugar-based Flu Drug 177 The Viagra Story – Serendipity Leading to a Blockbuster Drug 180 Human Vaccines as a Prophylactic Health Remedy 182 Carbohydrate-based Vaccines 182 The Role of Chemistry in Synthetic Vaccines 183 Bacterial Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccines 183 Conclusion 185 References 186 The Greening of Chemistry 189 Pietro Tundo, Fabio Aricò, and Con Robert McElroy Introduction 189 The History of Green Chemistry 189 Green Chemistry in the Economy: the Chinese Circular Economy (CE) 197 Award for Green Chemistry Research 199 The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge 199 Award for Green Products and Processes 200 The European Sustainable Chemistry Award 200 The Institution of Chemical Engineers Award 200 Green and Sustainable Chemistry Network Award (Japan) 200 RACI Green Chemistry Challenge Award 200 332 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change atmosphere are a valuable tool in understanding the feedbacks and impacts of all these different effects Equally valuable are monitoring and observations in the field that help to develop the processes described in these models One of the most important aspects of the ozone hole and climate change relates to the removal of the CFCs (and their replacement HCFC and HFCs) These are very potent greenhouse gases They are much more effective per molecule than carbon dioxide and they absorb in a less opaque region of the spectrum Removing them from the atmosphere has averted even more significant greenhouse warming than is currently underway In terms of greenhouse warming it has been calculated that the Montreal Protocol is equivalent to removing a total of 135 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide since 1990 or delaying an increase in global temperatures by to 12 years [28] Global Warming Potential (GWP) The GWP is the ratio of the warming caused by a substance to the warming caused by a similar mass of carbon dioxide CO2 has a GWP of The CFCs and replacements are very effective greenhouse gases: CFC-11 has a GWP of 5000, CFC-12 is 8500 The HCFC and HFC replacement compounds have GWPs ranging from 90 to 12 000 (source: http://www.epa.org/) 9.6.1 The World Avoided It is interesting to consider what would have happened had the Montreal Protocol not been effected and CFCs levels had increased without any controls [32] Several scientific studies have used detailed computer models to simulate the atmosphere assuming increases in ozone-depleting substances In one such study [33] a concentration of ppbv of equivalent stratospheric chlorine (combining the expected chlorine and bromine concentrations) was input into the stratosphere of a threedimensional chemistry-climate model Stratospheric chlorine reached levels of 3.5 ppbv in the late 1990s and ppbv could have been present in the stratosphere between 2010 and 2020, given growth rates typical before the implementation of the Montreal Protocol This increased level of chlorine had a significant impact on the modeled ozone (Figure 9.14) Modeled losses of ozone up to 40% occur in the upper stratosphere in both hemispheres Column ozone decreases everywhere, with significant loss of tropical ozone In another similar study [34] levels of stratospheric chlorine were allowed to increase by 3% annually until the year 2065, to give a total chlorine loading of 45 ppbv By this time two-thirds of the total ozone would have been destroyed and changes in the atmospheric circulation would lead to heterogeneous processes in the tropics (not just at the poles) almost completely destroying the ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere; while low ozone in Antarctica is less of a threat to biological life, the same cannot be said of the tropics UV levels at the surface would almost double compared to what they are today As the CFCs are powerful greenhouse gases there would have been significant changes to the temperatures in the troposphere; not modeled in these studies The Montreal 9.7 Perspectives Annual-zonal mean ozone difference [%] 60 50 h [km] 40 30 –10 –20 –30 –10 –20 –30 –20 –20 –10 10 –20 –30 –20 –70 10 –90 –10 20 –50 –30 –10 10 lat [leg] –40 –35 –30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 Figure 9.14 Ozone difference in percent between model calculations assuming ppbv and 3.5 ppbv of stratospheric chlorine The figure is an average of 30 years and 30 50 70 90 represents the change in height of the ozone averaged around a latitude circle From O Morgenstern, NIWA, New Zealand Protocol, therefore, not only saved the planet from catastrophic ozone loss, it also reduced the warming due to greenhouse gases The world owes the British Antarctic Survey team of Farman, Gardiner and Shanklin a significant debt 9.7 Perspectives The formation of the ozone hole was without question man-made It was a surprise to the science of the time in many ways, yet shows how responsive scientists and policy makers can be, and how well they can work together to create a solution The way in which the ozone hole problem was tackled might be considered as a model for solving the issues of man-made climate change, however, the issues are quite different Although CFCs released at ground level take time to reach the stratosphere, the timescale involved is shorter than those pertinent to climate change The effects of the CFCs were clearly visible year on year and easy to measure: their impact was obvious and largely understood by the public Manufacturers could readily find alternatives to CFCs with little extra cost and there was little impact on everyday life Sadly, the same is not true for climate change; the science is more complex, the impacts take longer to appear, the solution will involve significant lifestyle changes and public perception is nowhere near as clear [35] As Jonathan Shanklin, one of the discoverers of the ozone hole [36], points out, the most startling lesson from the ozone hole is how quickly the planet can change and respond to the changes we all make to it We should not become complacent and continue to monitor the planet closely 333 334 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change 9.8 Resources There is a vast amount of information online regarding ozone in our atmosphere and ozone depletion, ranging from material aimed at schools to detailed scientific assessments The highest quality material is generally from international organizations, research institutes and universities This list, by no means complete, should provide the reader with a good starting point for further discovery World Meteorological Organisation (http://www.wmo.int) The WMO provide a large amount of information regarding ozone and the ozone hole For their ozone-related science products see http://www.wmo.int/ pages/themes/wmoprod/science_en.html A useful resource for younger readers can be found at http://www.wmo.int/youth/ozone_en.html with links to videos about ozone United Nations Environment Programme (http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction) UNEP OzonAction is another large collection of resources and information This site covers the science, and monitoring, and provides links to resources on social networking websites United Nations Environment Programme – Ozone Secretariat (http://www.unep.ch/ ozone/) The UNEP Ozone Secretariat is responsible for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and for the Montreal Protocol The definitive Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion publications from the UNEP/WMO (from which much of the material for this chapter came) can be found here as well as other official documents British Antarctic Survey (http://www.antarctica.ac.uk) The scientists who discovered the ozone hole worked for the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, UK This site has some useful information about the ozone hole as well as a lot more information and images of Antarctica US Environmental Protection Agency (http://www.epa.gov) The US EPA have numerous resources on ozone in the atmosphere which can be found by searching the site Their resources on ozone layer depletion can be found at http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html Environment Canada (exp-studies.tor.ec.gc.ca/e/index.htm) The Experimental Studies Unit of the Science and Technology branch of Environment Canada have provided maps and data as well as documents on links between ozone and climate change, Arctic ozone and the ozone layer in general TOMS satellite data (toms.gsfc.nasa.gov) References The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer website is one of the best places to go for data and maps of the ozone layer The Ozone Hole Watch website can be found at http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/ University of Cambridge Ozone Hole Tour (http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/) Developed as an educational resource for students and teachers this guide to the ozone hole is one of the most popular resources on the web Scientific Visualisation Studio (svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/search/Keyword/Ozone.html) The Scientific Visualization Studio at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is well worth a visit to see the range and quality of the images and animations they have produced related to ozone in the atmosphere Acknowledgments The author would like to express his thanks to his colleagues Drs Nicola Warwick and Peter Braesicke for proof-reading this chapter References Wayne, R.P (2000) Chemistry of Atmospheres, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford ISBN 019850375X Andrews, D.G (2010) An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521693187 World Health Organization (2004) Europe, Health Aspects of Air Pollution, http://www.euro.who.int/ data/assets/ pdf_file/0003/74730/E83080.pdf (accessed 10/6/2010) Gaidos, E.J and Yung, Y.L (2003) Evolution of the earth’s atmosphere, in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, vol (eds J.R Holton, J.A Curry, and J.A Pyle), Academic Press, pp 762–767 ISBN 0122270908 Ravishankara, A.R (2003) Photochemistry of ozone, in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, vol (eds J.R Holton, J.A Curry, and J.A Pyle), Academic Press, pp 1642–1649 ISBN 0122270908 Chapman, S (1930) A theory of upper-atmosphere ozone Mem Roy Meteorol Soc., 3, 103 Dobson, G.M.B (1931) Ozone in the upper atmosphere and its relation to 10 11 12 13 meteorology Nature, 137 (3209), 668–672 Smit, H.G.J (2003) Ozonesondes, in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, vol (eds J.R Holton, J.A Curry, and J.A Pyle), Academic Press, pp 1469–1476 ISBN 0122270908 Stolarki, R.S., Bloomfield, P., McPeters, R.D., and Herman, J.R (1991) Total ozone trends deduced from Nimbus TOMS data Geophys Res Lett., 18 (6), 1015–1018 Crutzen, P.J (1970) Influence of nitrogen oxides on atmospheric ozone content Q J R Meteorol Soc., 96, 320–325 Stolarski, R.S (2003) A hole in the earth’s shield, in A Century of Nature (eds L Garwin and T Lincoln), University of Chicago Press, pp 281–298 ISBN 022628413 Molina, M.J and Rowland, F.S (1974) Stratospheric sink for chlorofluormethanes: chlorine atomcatalysed destruction of ozone Nature, 249, 810–812 Riffenburgh, B (2007) Encyclopedia of the Antarctic, Routledge, TaylorFrancis Group, ISBN 100415970245 335 336 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change 14 Farman, J.C., Gardiner, B.G., and Shanklin, J.D (1985) Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction Nature, 315, 207–210 15 Stolarski, R.S et al (1986) Nimbus satellite measurements of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease Nature, 322, 808–811 16 Solomon, S., Garcia, R.R., Rowland, F.S., and Wuebbles, D.J (1986) On the depletion of Antarctic ozone Nature, 321, 755–758 17 Molina, L.T and Molina, M.J (1987) Production of Cl2O2 from the selfreaction of the ClO radical J Phys Chem., 91, 433–436 18 Brune, W.H et al (1991) The potential for ozone depletion in the Arctic polar stratosphere Science, 252, 1260–1266 19 Carslaw, K.S et al (1998) Increased stratospheric ozone depletion due to mountain induced atmospheric waves Nature, 391, 675–678 20 Amanatidis, G.T and Ott, H (1995) European commission research on stratospheric ozone depletion Phys Chem Earth, 20 (1), 13–19 21 Newman, P.A et al (2002) An overview of the SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaign J Geophys Res., 107, 8259 22 Waibel, A.E et al (1999) Arctic ozone loss due to denitrification Science, 283, 2064–2069 23 Sinnhuber, B.-M et al (2000) Large loss of total ozone during the Arctic winter of 1999/2000 Geophys Res Lett., 27, 3473–3476 24 Lefevre, F., Figarol, F., Carslaw, K.S., and Peter, T (1998) The 1997 Arctic Ozone depletion quantified from threedimensional model simulations Geophys Res Lett., 25, 2425–2428 25 UNEP (2007) Ozone secretariat, brief primer on the Montreal Protocol: the treaty, chemicals controlled, achievements to date and continuing challenges http://www.unep.ch/ozone/ 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Publications/MP_Brief_Primer_on_ MP-E.pdf (accessed June 2010) Roan, S.L (1989) Ozone Crisis The 15yr Evolution of Sudden Global Emergency, Wiley Science Editors, New York UNEP/DTIE (2010) OzonAction Newsletter and Publications http:// www.uneptie.org/ozonaction/ and also see http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction/ information/mmc/main.asp (accessed June 2010) United Nations Environment Programme / World Meteorological Organisation (2006) The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report No 50 http:// www.unep.ch/ozone/Assessment_ Panels (accessed June 2010) Please note that a new version of this report is due out in 2010 Codispoti, L.A (2010) Interesting times for marine N2O Science, 327, 1339–1340 Chubachi, S (1997) Annual variation of total ozone at Syowa station, Antarctica J Geophys Res., 102, 1349–1354 Zeng, G and Pyle, J.A (2003) Changes in tropospheric ozone between 2000 and 2100 modeled in a chemistry-climate model Geophys Res Lett., 30, 1392 Prather, M., Midgley, P., Rowland, F.S., and Stolarski, R (1996) The ozone layer: the road not taken Nature, 381, 551–554 Morgenstern, O et al (2008) The world avoided by the Montreal Protocol Geophys Res Lett., 35, L16811, 5pp, doi: 10.1029/2008GL034590 Newman, P.A et al (2009) What would have happened to the ozone layer if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been regulated? Atmos Chem Phys., 9, 2113–2128 Ahuja, D.R and Srinivasan, J (2009) Why controlling climate change is more difficult than stopping stratospheric ozone depletion Curr Sci., 97 (11), 1531–1534 Shanklin, J (2010) Reflections on the ozone hole Nature, 465 (7294), 34–35 337 Epilogue To read these chapters is to share in humanity’s greatest triumph: the mobilization of scientific knowledge for human betterment Chemistry, in particular, has been foundational, providing the tools, models, insights, and techniques for every major area of endeavor: health, agriculture, energy, transport, water, and more The stories in this marvelous book are exhilarating, powerful, and forward looking They draw on chemistry’s past challenges and triumphs to shine a light on the future needs and potential achievements The challenge of translating science into human advance is more urgent than ever before In many ways, we are of course victims of our own success Chemistry’s past accomplishments – in creating nitrogen-based fertilizers, harnessing large-scale energy sources, controlling infectious diseases, cleaning the urban water supplies – have led to a burgeoning of the world’s population as well as an unprecedented scale of production per person on the planet We are now billion human beings tightly packed into the Earth’s fragile ecosystems Average output per person per year has reached $10,000 (in a common purchasing-power adjusted measurement) The consequence is a human impact on the environment of unprecedented scale and scope The dangers for future wellbeing abound, whether in human-induced climate change, natural resource depletion, unchecked pollution, or other adverse consequences of the global economy Our tasks are highly complex Not only is humanity imposing unprecedented burdens on the Earth’s ecosystems, but is doing so in the context of unprecedented inequalities of conditions and risks on the planet Around billion people, one sixth of humanity, continue to live in extreme poverty, fighting daily for their survival, basic health, and dignity Another billion at the top of the income distribution consume roughly half of the planet’s annual economic output, and often elbow the poor aside to ensure their own continued disproportionate access to the world’s goods and services Our challenges are therefore multiple and complex, and at all scales from the local to the global The world, and notably the poor world, yearns for economic improvement, which in the short term often entails even greater demands on the Earth’s ecosystem services and depleting resource base Yet the planet as a whole needs to live within global ecological and biophysical boundary conditions to sustain life and wellbeing And in the midst of these unprecedented challenges, The Chemical Element: Chemistry’s Contribution to Our Global Future, First Edition Edited by Javier Garcia-Martinez, Elena Serrano-Torregrosa © 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA Published 2011 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA 338 Epilogue the specific, urgent, life-and-death problems of extreme poverty must be addressed and solved Our first rendezvous with global solutions is 2015, the target date for fulfillment of the Millennium Development Goals Every scintillating chapter in this book makes clear that chemistry must play a central role if we are to succeed in facing these complexities Sustainable development – combining poverty reduction, global economic improvement, and ecosystem health – will require new ways of accomplishing our most basic economic tasks: growing food, preserving public health, mobilizing safe and plentiful energy, and converting materials safely for human comfort and safety This volume is unique in offering a comprehensive and cutting-edge perspective on the future of sustainable development through the vision of some of the world’s leading chemists As a policy strategist, I was riveted page by page, as the technological possibilities for the future were authoritatively conveyed Each chapter offers remarkable clarity, breadth, technical precision, and a deep sense of humanity If there is a theme that runs in common, it is that the highest flights of science are bound up intimately with the highest human aspirations Chemistry is not a dry subject of equations and reactions It is a science of human purpose as well, with the drama and illustrious history of breakthroughs and contributions of monumental importance Professor Peter Mahaffy is compelling in advocating a new way to teach science, one that grips the students through the drama of the human condition I was convinced and entranced He recounts the dramatic “call to action” made by British chemist William Crookes in 1898 to find a new chemical pathway to mobilize nitrogen for food production, lest the world succumb to hunger in a global nitrogen shortfall Crookes’ call to action was answered a decade later by the world changing Haber–Bosch process for the industrial manufacture of nitrogen-based fertilizer This book is our generation’s call to action, to find new chemical pathways for supporting food production and nutrition, the mitigation of humaninduced climate change, the supply of safe water, the development of new medicinal compounds, and the greening of chemical processes so that the vast benefits of industry are not undone by tragic and often unforeseen side effects During my quarter century of work on the challenges of sustainable development, I have seen repeatedly the essential, and indeed overpowering, role of technical knowledge in sound policy making When science is brought to bear on our great challenges, solutions are found When politics succumbs to special interest groups, public prejudices, and even outright ignorance, we are dangerously led astray The remarkable chapter by Dr Glen Carver on ozone depletion reminds us indeed that some of humanity’s greatest challenges and risks will be uncovered first by cutting-edge science Bringing top science to bear on public policy will be increasingly vital for our very survival Fittingly, the United Nations has designated 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry If there is any question as to why this choice was made, this book answers it fully Chemistry is key to human wellbeing The appreciation of chemistry’s contributions is vital to emerging the next generation of scientists, policy makers, and informed citizens This book makes a unique and important contribu- Epilogue tion to that task It will be widely read around the world, and provide a path and inspiration for sustainable development in the years ahead I personally would like to express my profound appreciation to the editors and authors of this book for this important contribution Prof Jeffrey Sachs Director of The Earth Institute Quetelet Professor of Sustainable Development, and Professor of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University 339 371 Index a b academy of sciences for the developing world (TWAS) 17 accra agenda for action 36 acetylsalicylic acid 99f active learning 139f., 142 active pharmaceutical ingredient and intermediates (API) 216f advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) 252, 254f advancing chemistry by enhancing learning in the laboratory (ACELL) 140 african network for the chemical analysis of pesticides (ANCAP) 39 african union (AU) 24 agenda 21 51 agriculture 2, 47, 72 AIDS 13, 15, 51, 109, 118, 127 alkyl polyglycosides 189 alternative feedstocks 195, 203ff alternative reaction conditions 222 alternative solvent 217ff – areas of research 219f american chemical society (ACS) 37, 194 antarctica 311, 317ff anti-cancer agent 163 antibacterial agents 176f antibiotics 175f antinutrient 88 antiviral agents 177 arctic ozone 324 arsenic 247ff., 256ff arsenic species 248 Aspirin 159ff atmosphere 312f., 325 atom economy (AE) 148, 226 atom efficiency 148 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 81 bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS) 183f bibliometric analysis 28 bio-based economy 294 bioavailability 88 biocatalyst 216 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 239f biochemistry 100 biodiesel 204, 291, 294 biofuel 126f., 204, 244, 274, 281, 283, 290ff., 302 – production 290 – production alternatives 295 biogas 301 biomass 203, 205, 274, 290f., 295 biomass conversion 301 birth rate control 121 brain drain 28 Brazil 31ff breakthrough 3ff british antarctic survey 334 bromine 324 c caffeine 252f cancer 161, 163, 174f., 182 capability category 30 capacity building 32ff – evolution 32 CapotenTM 163 carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies 261f carbon cycle 245f carbon footprint 293, 304 carbon nanotube (CNT) 277ff., 284 – use in sustainable energy applications 279 The Chemical Element: Chemistry’s Contribution to Our Global Future, First Edition Edited by Javier Garcia-Martinez, Elena Serrano-Torregrosa © 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA Published 2011 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA 372 Index carbon sequestration 261f carbon tetrachloride 327 catalysis 276, 294, 304 catalyst 213, 275, 285f catalytic cycle 315 Chapman reactions 314f chemical industry 99 chemical reactivity 145 chemical research 19 chemical research applied to world needs (CHEMRAWN) 19f – purposes 19 chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 277f chemistry – breakthroughs 100 – contribution to energy challenge 271 – contribution to social and economic development 99ff – development 1ff., 19ff – education 135ff – greening 189ff – in context 146 – innovation 1ff – impact 1ff – key requirements 32ff – landmark examples 3ff – rescue of threatened communities 132ff – roles 50 – role for development of society 272ff chemistry education 131ff – global future 152ff – sustainability themes 147f child mortality 11 chlorine 317, 323f., 328, 333 chlorine-based industry 223 chlorine derivatives 223f., 226 – synthesis 224 chlorine dimer 323 chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitution 190 chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) 317f., 321, 327, 329, 332f circular economy (CE) 197ff – basic levels 198 – concept 199 clean coal 280f climate change 49, 282, 311ff., 330ff climate science 150 CO2-emission 224f., 262 coal 290 combating disease 16, 55 combinatorial chemistry 127 consorzio interuniversitario nazionale “la chimica per l’ambiente” (INCA) 191f., 196 cooperative networks 36 curriculum 138f., 143, 149 – guidelines for curriculum planning cyanobacteria 302 143f d Deepwater Horizon 244 demographic change 52 denitrification 322, 325 dentistry Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) 42 development 10, 15ff – investments 22 development help 108 diammonium phosphate (DAP) 240 diet 85ff dimethyl carbonate (DMC) 206ff., 217f – green production 211 dimethyl sulfate (DMS) 206f disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) 91 Dobson spectrometer 316, 319 Dobson unit (DU) 316, 320 drug 159ff., 165ff – mode of action 165ff – structure 165 – top 20 165 drug design 169ff drug development 159, 164, 169 – expertise 172 – technologies 172 drug discovery 159, 170, 186 drug dosage 173 drug metabolism 173ff – phase I transformations 174 – phase II transformations 174 drug resistance 173ff., 177, 182 – mechanisms 175f drug screening 163 dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) 298 e E factor 226f economic growth 107f economy 113 educational level 110 effective mass yield 226 effective yield 81 electrical energy 271 electricity 106f., 113 electricity loss 280 electrochemical method 289 electrochemistry electrode, nanostructure 285 Index emerging chemicals 251ff endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) 252 energy 50, 269ff – availability 269 energy chain 270 energy consumption 296 energy resource 270 energy saving 222f., 276 energy system 270 energy vector 280 environment 50 environmental assessment tool for organic synthesis (EATOS) 227 environmental protection agency (EPA) 191 environmental sustainability 13 enzyme 216 equilibrium 136 essential amino acid 86 essential nutrient 72 ester 209f ethanol 204 european sustainable chemistry award 200 f fatty alcohols 189 federation of african societies of chemistry (FASC) 37 fermentation 294 fertilizer 77f., 80, 133, 240 fixed capital investment (FCI) 291 fluoride 247ff folk medicine 159f food 47, 71 food access 82ff food availability 75f food & drug administration (FDA) 164 food fortification 89f food product pyramid 90 food production 80f food security 71ff., 93f., 147 – role of chemistry 92 food security mandate 74ff food utilization 75, 85ff., 90, 92 food vehicle 89 fossil fuel 152, 153, 272, 304 – sustainable use 276 fractionation of knowledge 144f freon-12 190 Friedel-Craft acylation 225 fuel cell 153 fuel reserve 280 g gender equality 12 gender issues 43 genetic engineering (GE) 80f genetically engineered crops 80f geography 107 geopolitics 107 global alliance for improved nutrition (GAIN) 89 global responsibility licence (GRL) 116 global warming 14 global warming potential (GWP) 332 globalization 15, 57 glocal 46f governance 108 graduate 32 gram-negative bacteria 176 gram-positive bacteria 176 green algae 302 green and sustainable chemistry network award 200 green chemistry 148, 189ff., 263 – areas 202ff – concepts 192f – definition 191f – father figure 193 – future perspectives 227ff – history 189 – in the economy 197 – IUPAC-conferences 196 – journal 196 – metrics 226f green chemistry catalysis 214 – practical elegance 214f green chemistry institute (GCI) 193f green chemistry research 195, 199, 202 – awards 199f – institutions and associations 201 green metrics 226 green revolution 12, 48, 76ff., 115 greenhouse gas (GHG) 152, 261f., 282, 293 gross domestic product (GDP) 22ff Gulf of Mexico 243f h Haber process 6, 242 Haber-Bosch process 134ff., 148 Haemophilus influenza 184 halogen 225 hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) theory health 3ff., 51, 108, 147 health impact 49 health promotion 117f., 123 herbicide tolerance (HT) 81 208f 373 374 Index hierarchical organized materials 286 high-income countries (HICs) 8, 18, 21, 54 HIV 13, 15, 51, 118 human activity 145 human reproduction (HRP) 20 hunger 9f., 71ff., 75 hydrochlorocarbon (HCFC) 318, 327f., 332 hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 285f hydrogen 283 hydrogen economy 299 hydrogen peroxide 212 hydroxyapatite (HAP) 260 i Ijebu-Ode experiment 119 impact 2ff inclusive business model 116f industrial biotechnology 126f industrial revolution 16, 134 industrialization 16 infection 112 influenza virus 177ff infrastructure 107, 114 innocuous reagents 206 innovation 1ff., 10, 30f innovative developing countries (IDCs) 24, 26 institution of chemical engineers award 200 instituto nacional de biodiversidad (INBio) 55 intellectual property 53 interactive learning 142, 150f international association of science and technology for development (IASTED) 17f international foundation for science (IFS) 38 international organization for chemical sciences in development (IOCD) 20f., 40, 56, 58 international science programme (ISP) 38 international union of pure and applied chemistry (IUPAC) 19, 37 international year of chemistry (IYC) 131f., 134, 137, 143, 153f investment 22 ionic liquids 220 isosorbide 217 k Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG) kerosene 273 kwashiorkor 109 42 l labor productivity 105 laboratory work 144 larger grain borer (LGB) 82ff lead validation 171 learner 138, 140 learner-centered education 139 learning community 139f learning environment 138f learning levels 141 Lewis-acid 214 life cycle assessment (LCA) 292f life expectancy 8f., 109, 111 lignin 205 Lipinski’s rule 169f liquid fuel 299 lithium-ion battery (LIB) 287 lithium-ion cells 287 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) 8, 12, 15, 18f., 21, 32f., 40, 44ff., 54 m maize production 79, 83 malaria 13 malnutrition 10, 73, 90, 109 malnutrition prevention 117f mass index (MI) 226f maternal mortality 13 maternal mortality ratio (MMR) 14 medicinal chemistry – tasks and bottlenecks 170f membrane 256f mercury 249ff – global cycling 249ff methane 205 methanol 204 – green synthesis 208 methanol economy 299f methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 177 methyl halide 206f microcredit 116f micronutrient 80, 88 micronutrient fertilizer 79 millennium development goals (MDGs) 9ff., 73, 76, 84, 101, 115, 120f., 131, 137, 235, 255, 292 millennium village 84 Mississippi river 243f monoalkylation 209f Montreal protocol 327ff., 332 – effects 328 mortality 13, 111 Index multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) 277f n nanocasting 287f nanochemistry 122ff nanomaterial 283ff nanomembrane 289 nanostructure 284, 288, 298 nanotechnology 122ff., 271 – applications 123f national development 22 national funding 42 natural processes 215 natural product 161, 169, 174 natural products research network for eastern and central africa (NAPRECA) 39 natural resources exploitation 54 nematode 91f network for analytical and bioassay services in africa (NABSA) 40f neuraminidase 178f new energy technology 283 nitric acid 322, 330 nitric acid trihydrate 320 nitrile 209f nitrogen 77, 80, 133, 239ff nitrogen oxide 329 nitrogen species 242 – oxidation state 242 non-communicable disease (NCD) 51 nongovernmental organization (NGO) 17, 19, 120 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) 218 nuclear chemistry 281 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 7, 41, 169 nucleic acid nutrients 239ff nutrition 47, 71f., 75, 93f o obesity 104 octane number 273f oil 290 oil refinery 272ff – chemical processes 273 open access 44 open innovation 53 organic chemistry 185f organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) 195, 202 oxidant 212 oxidation 212 ozone 312ff – climate change 330ff – measurement 316 ozone depletion 311ff – resources 334 ozone hole 311, 317ff – explanation 321f ozone hole watch website ozone layer 313 335 p pan african chemistry network (PACN) 37 pandemics 52 Paris declaration 36 patent 28f patent protection issue 172f pathogens 246f pedagogical content knowledge 141 pedagogical strategies 140f pedagogy 137ff., 145 penicillin 101 pesticide 78 petroleum 205, 272ff pharmaceutical chemistry 2, phase-transfer catalysis 190 phosgene 206 phosphorus 239ff photoelectrochemical (PEC) approach 302ff photolysis 314f photosynthesis 245 photovoltaic (PV) cell 296ff photovoltaic (PV) technology 297 plasmid 175 polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) 320ff., 325, 330 polylactic acid (PLA) 215 post-harvest treatment 82 poverty 8f., 99ff – asymmetry of poverty in the world 104ff – causes 106ff – concept 102ff – definition 102f – historical evolution 102ff – strategies against poverty 112ff poverty penalty 113 presidential green chemistry challenge 199 primary education 11f professional association 36 project kaleidoscope (PKAL) 141 protein protein complementation 87 375 376 Index protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) 109f – involved factors 110 proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell 299, 302 r RACI green chemistry challenge award 200 raw material 203 reactive chlorine compounds 323 RelenzaTM 179f renewable energy 112ff., 277, 282 renewable feedstocks 228 research and development (R & D) 22, 24f., 30, 303 – outputs from investments 25 researcher 27 rich context learning 146 river blindness 55 royal society of chemistry (RSC) 37 s safer chemicals, design 220f sanitary conditions 110 science 15ff., 22, 114ff science and technology (S & T) 15, 18f., 22, 25ff., 30, 269, 278, 291 – national policies 33f – responsibility 34ff science, technology and innovation (ST & I) 30 ff scientific publication 28, 31 scientific visualization studio 335 scientist 3ff scurvy 72 selectivity 213 smart energy house 275 soda 16 soil rehabilitation techniques 84 solar concentrator 301 solar energy 281f., 301 solar fuel 296ff solar light 274, 302 solar water disinfection (SODIS) 254f solventless reaction 219 spectroscope starting material 203, 206 stoichiometric factor (SF) 227 storage 82, 85 stratosphere 311, 313f., 316f., 321, 324, 328, 330 sugar cane 204 sulfone 209f super-structure 289 supercritical fluids (SCFs) 219 sustainability 147, 149f sustainable development 50, 112 sustainable energy 270f., 275ff sustainable water conference 2009 56 syngas (synthesis gas) 300 synthetic carbohydrate chemistry 184 synthetic chemical synthetic chemistry – impacts an human health 159ff t Taiwan 34 – development of chemical industry 35 – economic miracle 35 TamifluTM 179f Tanzania 45f – legal framework 46 – policy/regulatory framework 45 – technology policy instruments 46 – transfer of technology 45 technical progress techniques for separation technological development 17 technological progress 114ff technology 15ff., 22 technology transfer 44 – between academia and industry 44 – between countries 45 temperature 325 tetrahedral chemistry education 145 third world organization for women in science (TWOWS) 17 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) 317, 319 toxic functional group 221 toxicity 221 trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) 53f transportation 101 troposphere 313, 321, 330f tropospheric warming 151 Tshwane consensus 26f turbidity 246f u ultraviolet (UV) radiation 314, 332 undernourished population 74 undernutrition 91, 112 underweight children 73f united nations capital development fund (UNCDF) 117 united nations development programme (UNDP) 120 Index united nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization (UNESCO) 17, 21 united nations environment programme 334 united nations industrial development organization (UNIDO) 292 university of Cambridge ozone hole tour 335 urbanization 52, 57 urine 260 US environmental protection agency 334 vaccine 182ff – bacterial capsular polysaccharide vaccines 183 – carbohydrate-based vaccines 182f – synthetic vaccines 183 vancomycin 177f Viagra 180 – chemical structure 181 – chemical synthesis 182 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 218, 331 – consumption 236 – location of freshwater 236 – nutrient loading 244 – sources 237f – volume 236 – water footprints 238 water electrolysis 300 water fluoridation 6, 249 water photoelectrolysis 302 water pollution 239ff water purification 124f water quality 239ff water reuse 259f water treatment 254ff – technologies 254ff water vapor 331 wealth 3ff world food programme (WFP) 119 world health organization (WHO) 20, 109, 247 world intellectual property organization (WIPO) 53 world meteorological organization 334 world trade organization (WTO) 32, 53 w x waste 210 – reduction 210ff., 214 wastewater 259 water 56f., 153f., 219, 235ff – chemical concentrations 237 x-ray crystallography v z zeolite 212f – application 213 169 377 ... 100 to 199 < 15 200 to 299 15 to 29 300 to 499 30 to 49 500 to 999 50 to 74 1,000+ 75 to 99 (b) USMR per 1000 live births