The young spinoza

The Young Spinoza The Young Spinoza A METAPHYSICIAN IN THE MAKING Edited by Yitzhak Y. Melamed 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford New York Auckland  Cape Town  Dar es Salaam  Hong Kong  Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2015 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The young Spinoza : a metaphysician in the making / edited by Yitzhak Y Melamed pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978–0–19–997166–4 (pbk : alk paper) — ISBN 978–0–19–997165–7 (cloth : alk paper)  1.  Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632–1677.  2.  Metaphysics.  3.  Philosophers— Netherlands—Biography.  I.  Melamed, Yitzhak Y., 1968– editor B3999.M45Y66 2015 199′.492—dc23 2014033974 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Alan Gabbey { CONTENTS } Contributors  Abbreviations  Introduction  Spinoza’s Lost Defense  ix xiii EDWIN CURLEY Fictio/Verziering (e) in Spinoza’s Early Writings  33 FILIPPO MIGNINI The Problem of True Ideas in Spinoza’s Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect  52 ALAN NELSON Truth in the Emendation  66 JOHN MORRISON Spinoza’s Rules of Living  92 MICHAEL LEBUFFE Leibniz on Spinoza’s Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione  106 MOGENS LỈRKE Spinoza’s Cartesian Dualism in the Korte Verhandeling  121 DANIEL GARBER Reason in the Short Treatise  133 COLIN MARSHALL Spinoza’s Calvin: Reformed Theology in the Korte Verhandeling van God, de Mensch en Deszelfs Welstand  144 RUSS LEO 10 Spinoza, the Will, and the Ontology of Power  160 JOHN CARRIERO 11 Spinoza’s Essentialism in the Short Treatise  VALTTERI VILJANEN 183 viii Contents 12 When Was Spinoza Not Young Any More?  196 FRÉDÉRIC MANZINI 13 Spinoza on Eternity and Duration: The 1663 Connection  205 TAD M. SCHMALTZ 14 Spinoza on Negation, Mind-Dependence, and Reality of the Finite  221 KAROLINA HÜBNER 15 Temporalities and Kinds of Cognition in the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect, the Short Treatise, and the Ethics  238 ODED SCHECHTER 16 Spinoza’s Early Anti-Abstractionism  255 SAMUEL NEWLANDS 17 A Glimpse into Spinoza’s Metaphysical Laboratory: The Development of the Concepts of Substance and Attribute  272 YITZHAK Y. MELAMED 18 From the Passive to the Active Intellect  287 URSULA RENZ 19 Degrees of Essence and Perfection in Spinoza  300 JOHN BRANDAU 20 The Young Spinoza and the Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza’s Ethics  319 PINA TOTARO Bibliography  Index  333 349 { CONTRIBUTORS } John Brandau is a Ph.D.  candidate in the Philosophy Department at Johns Hopkins University He is currently writing his dissertation on Spinoza’s theory of essence, in which he elucidates such issues as Spinoza’s views on definitions, the ontological status of essences, and the relationship between causation and essence John Carriero is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles He is author of Between Two Worlds: a Reading of Descartes’s “Meditations” (2009) and co-editor with Janet Broughton of A Companion to Descartes (2008) Edwin Curley is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor He is the editor and translator of The Collected Works of Spinoza, of which Volume I appeared in 1985, and Volume II is expected in 2015 He also produced an edition of Hobbes’s Leviathan (1994), which gives an account of the variations between the English and Latin texts of that work, and is the author of two books on Spinoza (Spinoza’s Metaphysics, 1969, and Behind the Geometrical Method, 1988), and one on Descartes (Descartes Against the Skeptics, 1978), as well as numerous articles on seventeenth-century philosophy Daniel Garber is Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University He is the author of Descartes’ Metaphysical Physics (Chicago, 1992), Descartes Embodied (Cambridge, 2001), and Leibniz: Body, Substance, Monad (Oxford, 2009) He is also the co-editor with Michael Ayers of the Cambridge History of Seventeenth Century Philosophy (Cambridge, 1998) Karolina Hübner is an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto She has published several articles on Spinoza’s metaphysics Mogens Lærke is a Permanent Senior Research Fellow at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) and member of the Institut d’histoire de la pensée classique (UMR 5037) at the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon He is the author of Leibniz lecteur de Spinoza (Paris, 2008) and of numerous articles on early modern philosophy Michael LeBuffe is Professor and Baier Chair of Early Modern Philosophy at the University of Otago He is the author of From Bondage to Freedom: Spinoza 354 ideas (cont.) proper order of, 52, 62, 77 (see also methodology: proper order of philosophizing) of singular things, 190–191, 216, 234 true, 4, 35, 38, 46–47, 50, 52–57, 62–63, 67, 229, 290–291, 297 agreement feature of, 67–68, 79, 81–84, 86 causal interpretation, 66, 79–80, 84, 291 certainty feature of, 73–74, 80–83, 84–88 coherence interpretation, 66, 74, 79, 82, 291n11 correspondence interpretation, 66, 74, 79–81, 291n11 deductive feature of, 74–78, 80–81, 83–84, 88 essence feature of, 70–73, 76–78, 79n18, 80–81, 83–86 essentric interpretation, 66, 79n18, 84n22, 85–91 foundation feature of, 77–78, 79n18, 80–81, 83–84, 88 intrinsic feature of, 68–70, 79n18, 80–82, 84, 86 mind-relativity feature of, 78–82, 84, 90 illusion, 224, 232–235 imagination, 33, 37, 136n10, 243, 249, 289, 328–329 beings of, 102 description of, 247–248 as distinct from intellect, 35, 49–51, 84–86, 102, 244, 263 modes of, 102 as origin of (false) ideas, 35, 51, 75, 98, 252, 254, 263, 297–298 and recollection, 250–254, 260–261 related to fiction, 41, 45n41, 296 infinity, 13, 222 See also God; eternity inherence, 140 intellect, 50, 200 See also cognition; ideas; knowledge; minds; thought activity of (intellectus agens), 8, 54–56, 63, 89n26, 110, 112–115, 118, 120, 138n14, 172n15, 193, 229, 232–233, 235, 262, 264, 287–299 Index and attributes, 262, 272, 275 as distinct from imagination (see imagination: as distinct from intellect) as faculty, 49, 162, 181, 256 human, 48–49, 52, 64, 114–117, 287–299 infinite (divine), 52, 63–64, 72, 107, 113–116, 119, 124, 166n10, 189, 218n35, 230–232, 235, 242–243, 258, 281, 298n24, 315n25 See also ideas: God’s idea as mode, 116–118 order of, 179 passivity of, 8, 133, 230, 287–299 power of, 37, 54–55, 69, 74–78, 83–85, 96, 110, 112–113, 115, 230n33 (see also ideas: true) relationship to infinite, 52, 65 and sense perception, 46, 75, 77–78, 81, 83, 87, 89, 98, 134, 182, 244–245, 264 (see also imagination; testimony) and thought, 111, 114–115 and universals, 163–164, 264–266 intelligibility, 118, 186, 291n8 intuition, 58–60, 62, 227n21, 245–246, 248 See also scientia intuitiva ben Israel, Manasseh, 17–19, 23, 24n38 Jacobi, Friedrich, 221n2 Jarrett, Charles, 191n28 Jelles, Jarig, 17n22, 104n4 Joachim, Harold, 52n1, 54–56, 58, 79n18, 221n2, 249n19, 256n7, 265n60 Josephus, Flavius, 145 Junius, Franciscus, 145 Justel, Henri, 117 Kant, Immanuel, 142, 163, 166, 171, 224 Kaplan, Yosef, 2 Keckermann, Bartholomaus, 146, 150 de Keyser, Hendrik, 156 Kneale, Martha, 205n3, 212n18 knowledge, 58, 136–137, 154, 186, 227 See also cognition; ideas; intellect; minds and belief, 68, 134n4, 157, 248 clear and distinct, 37–38, 45–46, 184, 189, 247 Index dependent on God, 53, 62, 65 first kind of, 88, 98, 171, 244–245 (see also cognition: first kind of; imagination) of God, 64, 75, 141, 147, 151–154, 167n10, 229–230, 253, 269 and opinion, 126, 137, 140, 157, 162, 244–245, 248, 249n22, 293 pursuit of (as highest good), 4, 93–99, 101, 246 second kind of, 88, 133–134, 142, 244–245 (see also cognition: second kind of; reason) of self, 294–295 third kind of, 42n28, 88, 97, 135, 142, 219, 244–245 (see also intellect; scientia intuitiva) Koerbagh, Adriaan, 154 Koistinen, Olli, 174n19, 189n22 Koyré, Alexandre, 116 law of Moses, 12, 23–25, 27–30 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 4, 5, 130–131, 163n6, 180n30, 224, 225n14, 229, 259, 268, 321n4 conception of God, 13 conception of substance, 171, 182 and pre-established harmony, 129, 304–305 and Spinoza’s TIE, 49, 58, 106–120 Leopold, Jan Hendrik, 327–328 Locke, John, 58–59, 163n6, 167, 225n14 Lombard, Peter, 149n14 love, 138, 157, 249n23, 259 See also affects definition of, 127 Lucas, Jean Maximilian, 20–21, 26, 28n56, 32 Luther, Martin, 155 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 203n12 Maimon, Salomon, 221n2 Maimonides, Moses, 2, 14–15, 31, 107, 113, 115, 120, 269, 277 Malebranche, Nicolas, 291 Malinowski-Charles, Syliane, 139n15 de Maltranilla, Miguel Perez, 12, 31–32 Mansfield, Bruce, 156n39 Manzini, Frédéric, 166n10 Marion, Jean-Luc, 52n1 355 Mark, Thomas, 80n19 Marshall, Eugene, 78n16, 84n22 Marx, Karl, 159 Matheron, Alexandre, 114, 200, 217–218 Méchoulan, Henry, 2 Meijer, Willem, 328 Meinsma, K. O., 1, 145, 154 Melamed, Yitzhak, 107, 126n18, 227n21, 227n22 memory See imagination: and recollection methodology, 202, 255 proper order of philosophizing (Spinoza’s method), 49–51, 53, 62, 187, 240 for seeking truth (in TIE), 53–57, 63, 74, 245–249, 254, 266 and the scientific method, 76–77 Meyer, Lodewijk, 146, 154–155, 197–199, 201, 206–207, 209–210, 259, 269n82 Mignini, Filippo, 2, 3, 140n16, 291n10 minds, 50, 121 See also cognition; knowledge; intellect as capable of true knowledge, 37, 54, 63, 69–70 divine, 36, 79, 230 eternal, 6, 7, 42, 206, 212, 216–220, 239, 241–244, 250–253, 303n9 eyes of the, 243, 253 faculties of, 42, 54, 135, 175–177, 180–182, 269–270 as God’s idea, 287, 331 human, 35–36, 42, 49, 55, 63–64, 167n10, 189, 206–207, 209, 216–220, 230, 235–236, 242, 247, 251, 259, 269, 287–299, 303, 331 as idea of the body, 4, 295 relation to body, 5, 27, 71, 82, 89, 121, 124–132, 133, 180n29, 189, 230, 242, 251 representations of, 37, 40, 42, 46, 68, 73, 126n18, 141n18, 142, 222–223, 244, 257, 259, 262, 264, 293, 295 and the soul, 22, 287, 293 union with nature/God, 4, 62–63, 92, 95, 141, 165, 209, 231, 236, 331 modality, 188–189, 208, 218, 303–306 356 modes, 89, 162, 227n22, 228, 279, 281, 293, 311 See also attributes; duration: and modes as caused by (conceived through) God, 89, 122, 161n2, 169, 177–178, 186, 193–194, 294 definitions of, 123 essence of, 163n6, 169–170, 171n14, 190–191, 216, 262, 313–317 finite, 111n24, 115, 127, 169–170, 177, 181, 188, 190, 193–194, 217, 221–236, 240–241, 243 infinite, 6, 111n24, 114–115, 206–207, 212–215, 217–220, 221, 226, 247, 277, 294n18, 317n29 non-existent, 216–217 and substance, 163n6, 169, 172n15, 210, 227, 240, 273n3, 280 modifications, 166n10, 178, 209, 214, 221, 224 de Molina, Luis, 150n14 monism, 5, 121, 194, 210, 221, 295, 300, 303 morality, 100, 158, 249, 270–271 and God, 224 and perfection, 314–318 as property, 227, 300, 303 provisional theory of (in TIE), 4, 93, 97 More, Henry, 131 Morteira, Saul, 20, 27–28 Nadler, Steven, 10, 11n8, 21n30, 25n44–45, 81n19, 218n35 nature, 55, 122, 161, 190, 283, 307 See also God; substance and God, 144, 153–154, 189, 202n11, 212, 215, 266, 283n51, 285 human, 62, 75, 141n19, 178, 247, 318n29 investigation of, 77, 198, 265 natura naturans, 117, 154, 157 natura naturata, 115–117, 120n55, 157 order of, 87, 96, 213–214 power of, 112, 177, 180, 316n28 (see also God: power of) union with the mind, 62–63, 67 universal laws of, 20, 141n19, 170, 177–181, 212–213, 231, 266 necessitarianism, 229n29, 230 necessity, 20, 35, 146 Index comparative, 306n11, 311n21 and God, 147–149, 154, 159, 166 and ideas, 38 of things, 36, 283, 303–306, 315 van Neercassel, Johannes, 322n5 negation, 7, 221–237 as due to the mind, 224 van Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, 155n37 nobility, 249, 250n24 Nolan, Larry, 20n28 nominalism, 164, 168, 234, 258–259 nothingness, 306 Oldenburg, Henry, 47–48, 106, 154, 199, 207, 209, 214n25, 276, 292n12, 306, 324 Ostens, Jacob, 40, 43, 155 Oudaan, Joachim, 155–156 pantheism, 239, 287 parallelism, 68, 90, 124–125, 217, 227 Parkinson, G. H R., 79n18 Pascal, Blaise, 14, 76, 81 passions, 29, 104, 126, 248, 250n24 bondage to, 97 as effects of first kind of knowledge, 98, 248 overcoming of, 29, 93–99, 137–141, 143, 179, 193, 300 and perceptions, 98, 126–127 and reason, 137–141, 143, 179 perception, 35–36, 46, 55, 64, 69, 290, 293 See also knowledge Descartes’ conception of, 54, 57–58, 141 and modes of existence, 246–248 and testimony, 75, 80–81 of things sub specie aeternitatis, 219 perfection, 6, 8, 13, 186, 226n20, 237, 264n56 See also God: as supremely perfect; morality: and perfection different notions of, 315–317 as essential property, 303, 308–313 and existence, 309, 311–313 as function of perfections, 306–308, 310 highest human, 246 (see also knowledge: pursuit of (as highest good)) Index as identical to essence (see essence: as identical to perfection) and modes, 313–317 as realities, 165–167, 171, 172n15, 223, 229 and reason, 179 Perkins, William, 150 Pighius, Albert, 150 Piscatorius, Johannes, 145 Placcius, Vincent, 117 de la Placette, Jean, 157–158 Plato, 71, 72n9, 78, 258, 260, 262, 270 neo-Platonism, 113–115 Popkin, Richard, 21n30 Port-Royal Logic, 58–59 de Prado, Juan, 12, 13n, 31 predestination, 146–151, 153–157, 159 principle of contradiction, 231 principle of sufficient reason (PSR), 6, 222, 231n35, 268 Pope Alexander VIII, 322 Pope Innocent XI, 321–322 properties, 8, 134, 137n12, 185, 227 See also propria essential (see perfection: as essential property) general, 170 of God, 72 of intellect, 110, 112, 115, 244 necessary, 85 positive, 109–110, 223 and universals, 165–167, 170, 267 propria See also properties and essence, 72–73, 166, 227n22, 300, 308, 310 of God, 122, 227n22, 280 and reason, 249 providence, 101, 149, 150–151, 153–157, 159, 269 reality, 237, 252, 307, 311, 317n29 See also perfection absence (privation) of, 163, 201n11, 223, 232–233 divine, 297 and essence, 185–186, 191n28, 303 formal, 222–223, 227–229, 232, 234–235 as grounded in substance and modes, 162, 227 physical, 168–169 357 and power, 311 purely positive conception of, 222–225, 233, 235–236 traditional definition of, 163 unified account of, 182 reason, 5, 15, 133–143, 234, 248–249 See also cognition; intellect; knowledge being (thing) of (entia rationis), 5, 7, 161–162, 163n6, 164, 167, 170–171, 174, 176, 192n37, 224, 233, 235, 256–259, 265, 267, 280, 292, 316n27 (see also will: as thing (being) of reason) and control over passions, 5, 29, 137–141, 179 definition of, 134–135, 244 distinct from theology, 104, 146 distinctions of, 261–263, 279–280 guidance of, 103, 179, 250n24, 304 the light of, 58 and its object, 136–137, 139–143 as tool to remove prejudice, 102 as transition to scientia intuitiva, 136 recollection See imagination: and recollection Regius, Henricus, 130–131, 292n13 relations as being of reason, 234, 267 causal, 86 nature of, 163n6, 225 necessary, 163n6 of negation, 223, 225–228, 236 ontological status of, 162–163, 222n5, 268 and true ideas, 69–70, 82 Révah, I. S., 11–13 Revius, Jacob, 152 Rieuwerts, Jan, 10–11, 44n38 Roth, Leon, 82n20 Schmaltz, Tad, 215n27 Schuller, Hermann, 4, 106, 324n7, 324n10 scientia intuitiva (or “highest cognition”), 137n11, 216n33, 219, 239, 241, 241n11, 242–245, 248–249, 253 as fourth kind of cognition (in TIE), 241n11, 246 and its object (i.e., God), 248 and reason 135–136, 138–139, 141, 143, 249 358 Scriverus, Petrus, 155n37 Seeligman, Sigmund, 10 skepticism, 297 society, 4, 99 customs of, 99–101 and philosophers, 99–102 Spinoza’s contradictions of, 102 as threat, 103 Solano, Tomas, 12, 13n10, 27, 31–32 soul, 12, 27, 74, 175, 180n29, 184, 193 as idea of each thing, 125–127, 294 immortality of, 20–26, 101, 142, 153 as mind, 22, 230, 292 as mode of “substantial thought,” 124–125, 209 as “ruagh” or “nefesh,” 21–22 space, 89n26, 113, 169, 179 Euclidean notion of, 168, 170 idealist notion of, 142–143 Spanish Inquisition, 12–13, 32, 321 Spinoza, Benedict de account of action, 90–91, 179–180, 300–301, 304, 313–317 acosmic readings of, 7, 221–237 Compendium of Hebrew Grammar, 108, 197, 319 Descartes’s Principles of Philosophy, 1, 6, 38–39, 43, 51, 71, 132, 197–204, 206–207, 209, 222n3, 226n20, 273, 278–279, 305–307, 309n17, 311n21, 317n29 Ethics, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14, 27, 41–43, 52–54, 57n19, 63–69, 75, 79–83, 84n22, 85, 88–90, 93–94, 97–99, 102–105, 106–109, 111–120, 121, 123n6, 124–126, 132, 133–135, 136n10, 137–139, 141–143, 158–159, 161–166, 167n11, 168–169, 172n15, 173n17, 174n19, 177–178, 181n31, 182, 184, 187, 190–192, 194–195, 196, 200n8, 202, 205–206, 208, 211–220, 222n3, 223n9, 224–225, 226n19, 227–232, 234–236, 238–254, 255–256, 257n16, 258–259, 261–265, 266n67, 268n75, 269–271, 272–275, 278–279, 284–286, 288–297, 298n24, 299, 300, 302, 304–306, 308, 310–318, 319–331 Index The Vatican Ms Of Spinoza’s Ethica, 8, 12n, 273n4, 310n19, 319–331 excommunication of, 12–13, 20–21, 27–28, 30–32 idealist interpretation of, 83, 232–235 (see also ideality (mind-dependence)) Idealist responses to, 7, 221–232 Metaphysical Thoughts, 1, 6, 7, 38–40, 43, 57n19, 189–191, 197–198, 200, 202–204, 206–211, 214, 216–219, 224, 225n14, 229–232, 234, 255–263, 265, 268–270, 273, 278–280, 309 as mystic, 62n37 and physics, 165, 181 Political Treatise, 43, 108, 199–201, 319 Short Treatise, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 27, 33, 38, 40, 43, 45, 50, 53, 97–98, 101, 106, 121–132, 133–141, 144–151, 154–155, 157, 159, 160–161, 162n5, 164, 173n17, 174n21, 180–182, 183–195, 196, 206n6, 209n13, 221, 222n3, 224, 225n14, 226n19, 229–231, 234n44, 241n11, 245–246, 249, 255–258, 262, 267–269, 280–286, 287–297, 300–303, 307, 309n18, 310–311, 313–314 Theological-Political Treatise, 1, 3, 9, 11, 14–15, 17–21, 23, 26–31, 42–43, 93n1, 104–105, 146, 158, 230n31, 255, 273, 277–278, 307n15, 323, 326n12 Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect, 1, 3, 4, 7, 33–34, 38–41, 45, 47–55, 56n15, 57–59, 61–63, 64n41, 65–81, 84n22, 85–90, 92–105, 106–120, 133, 135n5, 136n10, 170, 178n25, 196, 199–201, 206n6, 212–214, 223n9, 224, 229, 230n30, 231, 236, 241n11, 245–246, 249, 254, 255–256, 257n14, 258, 261, 264n55, 265–267, 268n74, 269, 273, 277, 316n27, 319 Ep 2, 14, 47–48, 50, 274–275 Ep 4, 40, 43, 209n13, 275, 282–282, 283n50 Index Ep. 6, 276 Ep 8, 326n12 Ep 9, 117, 120n55, 207n8, 274–275 Ep 10, 243n13, 282 Ep. 12 (Letter on the Infinite), 6, 206, 210–212, 223n9, 226n17, 228, 250, 257n17, 259n33, 260n35, 265n59, 269n84 Ep 13, 198n4, 207, 306 Ep 19, 235, 269n80, 303, 309 Ep. 20, 40 Ep 21, 226n20, 233, 276, 315n25 Ep 22, 317 Ep 23, 317 Ep 28, 326n12 Ep 30, 13n Ep 32, 214n25 Ep 35, 307 Ep 36, 232, 275, 276n14, 278, 284 Ep 37, 50n53, 141n19 Ep. 43, 40 Ep 44, 104n4 Ep 50, 226 Ep 56, 264n54 Ep 58, 198n4 Ep 59, 40, 324n6 Ep. 60, 91 Ep 62, 324 Ep 63, 324n7, 324n10 Ep 64, 213–214 Ep 65, 324n10 Ep 66, 126 Ep 70, 324n10 Ep 72, 324n10 Ep 80, 324n10 Ep 81, 210n14 Ep 82, 324n10 Ep 83, 213n22 Steenbakkers, Piet, 2, 323 Steinberg, Diane, 82n20, 84n22, 215 Stensen, Niels, 8, 12n, 320–323, 325 the Stoics, 138, 203n12 Strauss, Leo, 11n8, 16n20 Suàrez, Francesco, 150n14, 258nn20–21, 262 substance, 57, 111, 163, 185, 293, 321, 329 See also attributes; God; eternity; nature characteristics of, 50n53, 223, 240, 277 conceived through itself, 272, 274, 281 359 corporeal, 1, 331 definition of, 272–275 essence of, 123–124 exists through itself, 123, 162, 272, 274, 281 and finite modes, 6, 221, 240n9 (see also modes: and substance) infinitely perfect, 122 power of (see God: power of) as “uncreated thing,” 277 van der Tak, W. G., 9n, 10, 11n temporality See also duration, eternity and existence, 250–254 testimony, 76, 81, 83, 87, 134, 244 theology, 91 and philosophy, 146–147 things fixed and eternal, 89, 111–112, 115, 170, 212–213, 261, 266, 277 imaginary, 229n29 infinite, 226n17, 247, 278 real, 161–162, 174, 187, 236, 257, 264–266, 292 of reason (see reason: being of) singular (particular), 111–113, 161–162, 164, 168–169, 178n25, 186–187, 190–191, 193, 212–214, 216–217, 218n35, 220, 223, 244, 247, 256, 261, 263, 269, 277, 283n55, 329 (see also modes) thinking, 54–55, 64, 124–125, 157, 229, 231n35, 232, 282, 289 (see also minds) thought, 62, 230 (see also attributes: of thought) conceived through God, 65, 119 as constituting the mind, 55, 78, 207 definition of, 67 (see also ideas: true) essence of, 42, 49, 109–115 and ideas, 54, 63, 65 and intellect, 55, 67–69, 74, 111, 114–115, 297 modes of, 126, 161, 189, 207, 218–220, 234, 257, 259, 265, 290, 293 (see also reason: being (thing) of; will: as thing (being) of reason) singular, 64 360 van Til, Salomo, 9–11, 11n, 32 Tremmellius, Immanuel, 145 truth, 4, 101, 136n10, 289, 291, 298 See also ideas: true; scientia intuitiva definition of, 66–67 degrees of, 90, 291n11 of laws, 27 objective, 163, 185 Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried Walther von, 4, 8, 12n, 40, 58, 106–107, 109, 113, 213–214, 323–324, 326 universals, 5, 111–112, 236n46, 293n14 See also abstraction; will: as universal as beings of reason, 164–165, 167–168, 170–171, 187, 234, 315 (see also reason: being (thing) of; will as thing (being) of reason) formation of, 167, 173n19, 234, 244, 258, 263, 297 as mode of thinking, 257, 280 ontological status of, 162–171, 174n21, 186–187 realist theories of, 255, 257–258 Ursinus, Zacharias, 150 Uytenbogaert, Johannes, 144n3, 156 de Valera, Cypriano, 144 van Velthuysen, Lambert, 38 virtue, 29, 97, 151, 179, 250 Voetius, Gisbertus, 130, 152 de Vries, Simon, 117, 207, 243n13, 274, 326n12 Index Wachter, Johann Georg, 119 will, 5, 8, 37, 39, 117, 209, 229, 310n18 See also causation: external; conatus; good: and the will as accident, 171n15 as being (thing) of reason, 161–162, 174–179, 292 as cause, 161, 173–176, 178, 180, 182 freedom of, 6, 120n55, 158, 160–161, 178–180, 209 as fiction, 40, 42, 173n18, 180, 192–193, 209, 292 idea of, 161 and mental action, 45, 290, 298 modes of, 98, 173n17, 175, 178 ontological status of (i.e., power of), 161, 172–182 reification of, 172–182, 263, 290 role in representation, 40, 45n41, 259, 291–293 and substance, 172n15, 174n21, 175–176, 177n24, 178–179, 181 as universal, 161, 172–173, 175, 256 and volitions (back search), 161–162, 172–174, 178–179, 193, 209, 269 William of Champeaux, 164 wisdom, 93, 97, 101, 103, 105, 122, 124, 151 Wolf, Abraham, 20n29, 21n30, 180nn29–30 Wolfson, Harry A., 2, 205, 215, 250n27, 262, 263n52 Zeno’s paradoxes, 269 .. .The Young Spinoza The Young Spinoza A METAPHYSICIAN IN THE MAKING Edited by Yitzhak Y. Melamed 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s... and the unification of the mind with the whole of Nature, or God, and points out the Cartesian background of these connections The second part of the chapter traces the development of these themes... overlap) with the assumed dates of the composition of the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect and the Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being, and precede the publication of Spinoza s