The running and maintenance of

The Running and Maintenance of Marine Machinery The Running and Maintenance of Marine Machinery edited by J Cowley, CSE, SSe, PhD, FEng, HonFIMarE, FIMeehE published by The Institute of Marine Engineers Published by The Institute of Marine Engineers The Memorial Building 76 Mark Lane London EC3R 7JN First published 1933 Reprinted 1941, 1943, 1946, 1949, 1955, 1965, 1972,1974,1975,1976,1979,1982,1985 Sixth edition 1992 Reprinted with corrections 1994 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 0-907206-42-5 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher Printed in the United Kingdom by Unwin Brothers Ltd, Surrey; a member of the Martins Printing Group Contents The authors R Beams SA, IEng, AMIMarE Mter serving as an Engineer Cadet from 1963 to 1967, Rod Beams worked for various shipping companies until 1979, at which time he was serving as Chief Engineer He then took up a lectureship at the College of Further Education, Plymouth, and in 1985 became Senior Lecturer at Maritime Operations Centre, Warsash, Southampton, responsible for the operation and development of the machinery space simulator In 1990 he joined Haven Automation Ltd, Swansea, as Simulation Systems Manager, where he is responsible for simulator projects and the development of computer based teaching and training systems, worldwide He holds a BA(OU) Technology degree in electronics, instrumentation and computer technology S G Christensen CEng, FIMarE, Extra First Class Engineer DoT, SSe Stanley G Christensen, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Engineering at the US Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York, served at sea as a Chief Engineer in steamships and motor ships He was the silver medallist of The Institute of Marine Engineers in 1948, and is a William Nevins' prizewinner He has held senior positions in shipowning organizations in the United Kingdom and the United States of America, as a company board member, technical director, chief superintendent, and senior superintendent engineer, and is now a consulting marine engineer J Cowley CSE, SSC, PhD, FEng, HonFIMarE, FIMeehE, Extra First Class Engineer DoT Dr Cowley, Past President of The Institute of Marine Engineers, and now an Honorary Fellow, was Surveyor General in the Department of Transport from August 1981 to May 1988 He has served as a visiting Professor and a member of the Board of Governors of the World Maritime University He was awarded the Denny Gold Medal in 1982, and the IMO International Maritime Prize in 1988 P Durham SA, CEng, FIMarE Mter serving a mechanical apprenticeship with ICI, Mr P Durham joined The British India Steam Navigation Co as Junior Engineer, subsequently obtaining a First Class Combined Certificate of Competency Mter serving with Sir William Reardon Smi th' s Steam Navigation Co as Chief Engineer, he was appointed Lecturer in Marine Engineering by the, then, Llandaff College of Technology He graduated through the Open University in the early 1980s and at the time of writing was Head of the Marine Engineering section of the School of Maritime Studies (Wales) A W Finney SSe(Eng), CEng, MIMeehE Mter obtaining a degree in Mechanical Engineering from Imperial College, University of London, Mr Finney served a graduate apprenticeship at the Fraser and Chalmers turbine works of the General Electric Company Training included analogue computing and experience with early digital computers Following a period in the drawing office of the Admiralty and Special Projects Division at GEC Mr Finney transferred to the Development Laboratory eventually becoming Deputy Manager In 1980 Mr Finney moved to Lloyd's Register of Shipping, where he is currently Senior Surveyor in the Control Engineering Department A Hodgkin CEng, MIMarE, AIED After a shipwright apprenticeship at H.M Dockyard Chatham, Alan Hodgkin joined Babcock and Wilcox as a project draughtsman, becoming marine project engineer and then section leader He was appointed Chief Marine Project Engineer in 1966, and Chief Design Engineer, Industrial and Marine Division in 1980 He retired in 1987 after 40 years service ix x The AUTHORS D G Nicholas SSe, FIMarE, MIMeehE After a graduate apprenticeship at the English Electric stearn turbine factory at Rugby, and various other appointments, he became Chief Designer for the Industrial Steam Turbine Division in 1964, and Engineering Manager of the Industrial and Marine Steam Turbine Division formed in 1969, when GEC took over English Electric He was then responsible for a range of main propulsion machinery and turbo-generators supplied for VLCCs, container ships, fast ferries and naval vessels He continued as Manager of the Naval Department, and then Deputy General Manager of the Medium Turbine Division, before retiring in 1991 D G Redpath MSc, CEng, FIMarE After serving a Marine Engineering apprenticeship with Texaco Tankers, Mr Redpath obtained OND in Mechanical Engineering at Stow College, Glasgow, and Second and First Gass Certificates of Competency (Steam), and rose to the rank of Second Engineer He then served as Chief and Second Engineer with British Rail and Bums Laird, and obtained his Motor endorsement.After working as an Engineer with Northern Ireland Electricity Authority, and gaining an HNC in Naval Architecture, he joined Lloyd's Register of Shipping as Ship and Engineer Surveyor In 1978 he became Senior Lecturer in Marine Engineering at Ulster Polytechnic, and is currently Lecturer in the Department of Engineering, University of Ulster A C Stera MSc, MlnstR After graduating from Warsaw Technical University,and specialising in refrigeration, MrStera was awarded a Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1960 He then joined Blue Star Line Ltd as a seagoing engineer, and sailed on 22 reefer vessels, working as Assistant Engineer, through Second Refrigeration Engineer to Chief Engineer in 1964 He joined Lloyd's Register of Shipping in 1970, where his brief centred on the classification of newly built reefers, container ships and containers He carried out a number of investigations, machinery and insulation performance measurements at sea, the results of which have, to a large extent, been implemented in perfecting the refrigeration installation on new vessels Following a short sojourn in Kuwait, where he looked after the refrigeration interest of Lloyd's Register in the Middle East, he was appointed to his present position as Principal Surveyor and Manager of the Refrigeration Department at Lloyd's Register headquarters Mr Stera is the President of the International Institute of Refrigeration Commission D2/3, dealing with refrigerated transport F Taylor SSe, PGCE, CEng, MIMarE, AMIEE Fred Taylor joined Shell Tankers in 1964 as Marine Engineer Cadet, and graduated from Newcastle Polytechnic in 1971 with a degree in Electrical Engineering, sponsored by C A Parsons On graduation he transferred to Transformer and Generator Instrumentation as an Applications Engineer In 1972 he was appointed Lecturer at South Tyneside College (then South Shields Marine and Technical College), teaching electrical subjects, and obtained his PGCE from Huddersfield Polytechnic in 1976 He is currently Senior Lecturer, mainly involved with Marine Engineering Certificates of Competency and specialist electrical courses for the marine and offshore industries J Templeton ARCST (Hons), MSe, CEng, MIMeehE James Templeton studied Mechanical Engineering at The Royal College of Science and Technology, Glasgow, followed by a year at the School of Thermodynamics, University of Birmingham In 1961 he took up a post with Torry Research Station, MAFF, working on the development of ship board plant for chilling, freezing and refrigerated storage of fish He joined Christian Salvesen (Seafoods) Limited in 1970 with responsibilities for the specifications and installation of fish freezing and refrigerated storage plant From 1981 to 1990 he worked on development projects in a number of developing countries as a management, refrigeration and training consultant In 1990 he joined Lloyd's Register of Shipping, working in the refrigeration department on the appraisal and classification of marine refrigeration installations for refrigerated cargo vessels, liquefied gas tankers and refrigerated containers R F Thomas CEng, FIMarE, Extra First Class Engineer DoT Robert Thomas joined BP Tanker Co Ltd in 1958 as an Engineer Cadet under the alternati ve training scheme On completion of his cadetship he served as an engineer in the fleet before taking up a shore appointment with BP Shipping in 1971 In 1981 he was awarded the Denny Gold Medal for his paper 'Development of Marine Fuel Standards' After serving in various parts of the BP Group, he joined DNV Petroleum Services as Technical Coordinator in 1992 Acknowledgments The editor, authors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the help, information and drawings supplied by the following companies, journals and publishers Aalborg Ciserv International A/S ABBIndustry Ltd Allen Gears Al£aLaval Engineering Ltd APV Baker Ltd Babcock and Wilcox Co Babcock Power Ltd British Maritime Technology Brown Bros and Co Ltd Brush Electrical Machines Ltd Butterworth Heinemann Danfoss A/S Detroit Stoker Company Diamond Power Specialty Ltd EGTTurbochargers Ltd Electrical Review GEC ALSTHOM Gears Ltd GEC ALSTHOM Turbine Generators Ltd General Electric Company Hagglunds Denison Ltd Hamworthy Combustion Systems Ltd Harland & Wolff plc Haven Automation Ltd Hitachi Zosen Corporation HMSO Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd JKaMeWa M Voith AB GmbH Kawasaki Heavy Industries (UK) Ltd Lloyd's Register of Shipping Macawber Engineering Ltd MAN B & W Diesel AG McDermott International, inc New Sulzer Diesel Ltd Peter Brotherhood Ltd Railko Ltd Redler Ltd Saacke Ltd Sabroe Refrigeration A/S Senior Thermal Engineering Ltd Siemens plc Simplex-Turbulo Co Ltd South Tyneside College Sprecher + Schuh UK Ltd Stone Manganese Marine Ltd Stone Vickers Ltd Telemechanique Terasaki (UK) Ltd Videotel Marine Interational Ltd Vokes Ltd Weir Pumps Ltd Wetherby Whipp & Bourne Ltd Woodward Governor Company Reference is made to the following British Standards, and extracts are reproduced ~ith the permission of BSIStandards Complete copIes of the standards can be obtained by post from BSIPublications BS MAlOO;BS 1170; BS 1427; BS 1523; BS 2690; BS 2917;BS3939;BS4099;BS4941;BS5345;and BS5750 Chapter 12 propeller up the shaft taper It should be noted that the load on the hydraulic nut before oil is injected is recorded and should be approximately 10% of the final load The most important aspect of the fitting is to monitor the axial movement of the boss up the shaft taper using clock gauges which ensures the correct degree of interference fit If the oil pressure is out of line with that expected it indicates that some part of the boss is not expanding properly, and either oil is escaping too freely or there is a blockage in the hydraulic system Highly skewed propellers The need to reduce fuel costs has meant that more efficient propellers are used Propellers with large diameters, reduced blade areas and operatingatlower speeds, together with increased skew and blade tip areas help to meet these requirements It is claimed that the best advantages of skewed propellers are obtained where the skew angle is between 35 and 40 deg Controllable pitch propellers This type of propeller is usually associated with medium speed diesel engines and reduces speed through a uni-directional gear box to the output shafting, rotating at constant speed There are other arrangements which use reversing gear boxes, and can reverse the output shafting The propeller is attached to the tailshaft by means of a flange The boss is hollowed out to accommodate the operating mechanism The operating mechanism is a crosshead which can be operated hydraulically or mechanically, pushing the crosshead forward or aft Set into the crosshead isa sliding shoe with a hole into which fits the crankpin The crankpin ring is bolted onto the propeller blade The crankpin being offset thus, when the crosshead is moved, the blade is rotated Each blade is set into the boss and is connected to the crosshead as described above For the system to operate, the tailshaft has to be hollow to allow room for the valve rod and pressure oil for the hub The pressure oil flows to the propeller hub within the valve rod The return oil flows through the hollow shaft outside the valve rod back to the oil distribution box (00 box) The hydraulic system provides pressure oil for the auxiliary servomotor and for the main pitch setting servomotor With the control on zero pitch the valve is in the neutral position The hydraulic oil is supplied up the centre of the valve rod and returns to the supply tank around the outside of the control valve PROPELLERS AND SHAFTING 441 rod In the neutral position, the high pressure hydraulic oil exerts equal pressure on both sides of the main piston When the auxiliary servomotor receives a signal to move the propeller blade to the required pitch, the control rod is moved in the appropriate direction The control valve then permits the high pressure hydraulic oil to pressurise one side of the main piston, pushing it in the appropriate direction The pressure on the other side of the piston is relieved and returns to the supply tank, the required degree of pitch being put on the blades When astern pitch is required, the valve control rod moves from the neutral, ~osition in the ~p~site direction" the~eby pressunsmg the OpposIte sIde of the mam piston and putting astern pitch on the blade The working principle is illustrated in Fig 22 A complete system is shown in Fig 23 Directional pitch propellers These units are usually found on smaller vessels such as tugs or inter-island ferries where the vessel requires a great deal of manoeuvrability The units give both ,power and thrust, and a rudder is therefore not reqUired Although individual units can be fitted singly, it is usual to fit two giving greater manoeuvrability The blades of the unit protrude under the vessel and in most cases are protected by a guard, but obviously the blades are in danger of damage through contact An advantage of this type of unit is that the prime mover driving the hydraulic pumps can be placed in a position remote from the unit itself and coupled to it by hydraulic piping A typical setup is shown in Fig 24 INITIAL ALIGNMENT AND BORING OUT On older ships the stem frame was set up and the vessel's framing and plating built up to form the hull of the ship The stem tube was set in place and the lignum vitae bearing bored out The tailshaft was entered into the stern bush and the line shafting and main engine aligned from the tailshaft Today, with modem technology, the vessel is constructed in modular form, the modules being constructed under controlled conditions, and connected together in a building dock With this type of construction the engine space is usually connected before the section containing the stern tube is lifted into place Whereas the procedure varies from shipyard to shipyard, a typical alignment procedure for VLCCs is described below Figure 23 Controllable pitch propeller The stern frame casting, together with the rough machined stern tube, are connected with pre-formed plating to form what would become the lower aft peak section of the ship A steel hoop is welded to the tube internally and externally giving a watertight seal The complete lower aft peak section is lowered into the building dock and rigged so that it can be moved forward or aft and from port to starboard The rough machining of the stern tube in the workshop represents an angle of 1:61, which is the shaft alignment requirement Vertical alignment Situated in the building dock are two brass plates with punch marks at their centres, these being in direct line with the vessel's centre line An optical instrument is placed over the aft mark and adjusted until the centre of the tripod is on the punch mark The instrument is then used to site the forward brass plate at its punch mark, so giving a reference line and ensuring that the instrument is set up on the vessel's centre line The horizontal vernier should read zero The outer boss should have three vertical centre punch marks on the upper and lower faces, and a flat plate fitted across the stern tube boss with a small hole bored at the centre of the bore A punch mark is also made on the uppermost part of the section on the centre line All of these marks can be sited by the optical instrument in the vertical plane, the section being adjusted until they are in line If the correct dimensions have been adhered to, the lower aft peak section should lie in position in the vertical plane and match up to the plating already in place Figure 25 Vertical and horizontal alignment instances thrust shaft to the main engine, and tailshaft, is a very precarious business It is essential that the alignment is correct Otherwise there will be problems with overheating of bearings The conditions under which the initial alignment takes place can be quite different to those of actual operation The initial alignment might take place in a western European shipyard whereas the vessel will operate in the warmer climate of the Gulf area Also, during the different loading conditions of the vessel the initial alignment may be found to be wanting There have been many instances where vessels on their maiden voyage have had problems with alignment, requiring a complete realignment programme In some cases damage has occurred to line shaft, thrust, gearing and main engine bearings of diesel engines It is important therefore for a procedure to be followed to ensure that the best accuracy possible is obtained in the initial alignment One such procedure is known as the gaps and sags method Gaps and sags method The basic principle of this method is that all the loadings of the tailshaft and line shafting are known, of tailshaft together with their bearing supports From this information the bending of the various shafts can be calculated and illustrated diagrammatically It is considered necessary that the accuracy in machining the shaft flanges is good, the faces being at 90 deg to the body of the shaft The calculations give the shape of the shafting and the gaps between the flanges that are required for true alignment Allthesecalculations are undertaken with the shafting uncoupled and in a cold condition A general arrangement is illustrated in Fig 26 for a geared turbine installation Method for diesel eng Ine Installation The following method is currently used by Harland & Wolff Limited, Belfast With this method the main diesel engine is in place and adjusted to give the required slope with acceptable deflection readings of the main engine crankshaft The main thrust is incorporated inside the engine bedplate The installation has two intermediate line shafts supported on single bearings With the engine in place, the aft thrust coupling is broken and the aftermost bearing is low- Chapter 12 PROPELLERS AND SHAFTING 447 ered clear of the shaft A graduated hydraulic jack is placed at the position Rl and the calculated support load sustained by the hydraulic jack The shaft at y is raised by increments of 0.5 mmand the dimensions at X recorded The same procedure is repeated when lowering theshaftbythesameincrementsatYandbothgraphs are plotted The position of the shaft at Y relative to the line of sight when the shaft just touches the stem bush at a is ascertained from the graphs (Fig 27) When the position of the shafting is such that it is just touching at a, the intermediate bearing can be finally chocked References are taken from poker gauges of final dimensions Yand Yl, also at positions a and b The graduated hydraulic jack can be removed from the aftermost bearing position, the bearing being fitted with temporary chocks to give final dimensionat Yl Atthispoint the line shaftingandtailshaft should be in the correct alignment The positioriof the main engine can then be adjusted to give the dimensions Yand Yl at the aftermost thrust coupling when the crankshaft deflections are satisfactory The intermediate shafting, No shaft, can then be coupled to the thrust coupling The final chocking of the aftermost line shafting bearing is left as late as possible, to give the final dimension Yl The complete procedure is illustrated in Fig 28 CONCLUSIONS Whilst this chapter aims to deal with line shafting, thrust, stem sealing, tailshafts, bearings and propellers they are by no means the only arrangements found in machinery spaces Line shafting can have power take off, and in some older installations, pumps were also driven from the line shafting The thrust can also be incorporated into the gear box of medium speed diesel engines and in lower powered units within the diesel engine itself The regulations regarding survey of machinery vary from classification society to classification society but are always superseded by the statutory requirements of the Government under whose flag the vessel is registered There are many manufacturers of equipment in the marine field and their advice should always be sought regarding any problems with their product Most manufacturers have experienced such occurrences and have expert staff to deal with them For engine room staff the best solution is to familiarise themselves with the machinery on board their own vessel and to know the limits under which it can operate The seagoing marine engineer should, when the opportunity arises, have a look at the line shafting and tailshaft bearings and seals to have a thorough knowledge of their condition should problems occur in the future Index A A G Weser composite boiler 45 Aalborg AQ5 type boiler 45,47 AQ9 type boiler 45, 47 AT-4 type boiler 44 absorption system 259 access trunk 341 accumulator 242,274 active power 208-209 actuator 233,253,308,316,386,388 aerobic sewage treatment plant 380,381 AHU see air handling unit air bottles 154 circulation system 295-296 compressor 153-155,336,337,340 conditioning 301-303,340 cooled condenser 272 cooler batteries 273 handling unit 302 heater 4,20,25,26-30,51 ingress, suction lines of bilge pumping system 344 pipe 361-364 receiver 153-155 refreshing 295-296 spring 119 alarm 221,230,233,250,251,310,364, 372,403,411 overload 251 system 221,230,232,250,317 Alcap system 175 alkaline cell 218,220,221 ammonia, refrigerant 263,264,267,284286 analogue controller 236,241 apparent power 210 arcing 197 ash 37,38, 39 ash handling 37 ash modifier 177 atmospheric condenser 369 atomisation 122 atomiser 32,33,51 attemperator 13,14,17,23-24,41 Auto-klean filter 169 automatic bilge pumping 342 combustion control system 32 control system 231-250,274 restart, steering gear 311 self-closingvalve 389 sprinkler 405 voltage regulator 199,208,210-211 auxiliary boiler 1,42-48 boost pump 322 steam 1,13 steering gear 309 AVR see automatic voltage regulator axial flow fan 338 flow pump 333,336,339 piston pump 322,324 piston variable delivery pump 324, 325-328 B Babcock integral furnace type boiler 9,11 MI0 type boiler 11, 12 MIl type boiler 43,47 MIIM type boiler 44,47 M12type boiler 14 M21type boiler 13 MR type boiler 12, 13, 15 MRRtype boiler 13,14,15 selectablesuperheat boiler 11 ball bearing 126,178 ball valve 386,388 ballast piping arrangements 348 pumping 332,339,347-348,350 tank capacity 348 water system 345-351 barking 130 barring 99 battery 217-222 charging 218,221 maintenance 220-221 operating temperature 221 safety 218,220 BCN see boiler compound navy bearing 79-82,108,126,145,178,201, 224,422,423,426,428 hydrodynamic oil film 81,224,428 bedplate 105,107,317 bellows piece 390 bending stress 112 449 bi-drum boiler 3,4,6,22,30,38 bilge level detection system 252 line mud box 391 pumping 339,340-345 spaces, cargo hold 340 suction connections 340 biochemicaloxygen demand test 380 biologicalsewage plant 380 bistable device 232 black fuel 162 blackening see induction motor, contacts blackout, hydraulic circuit 324 block diagram 245 blow past 136 BOD see biochemicaloxygen demand boiler ancillaries 21-32 bi-drum 3,4, 6, 22,30, 39 blow down 52, 54, 55 compound navy 55 control 40-42 corrosion divided furnace 16 double evaporation 43,44,50 efficiency 357 exhaust gas 54 feed system 333,339 firing system 351 forced draught 340 installations, steam supply 371 integral furnace 15, 17 mono-wall construction 7,8,9 operation 50-54 pressure control 40 safety device 357 selectablesuperheat 12 single drum 8,12 tube failure 2,43 water treatment 54-59,339 see also Babcock,Combustion Engineering, Foster Wheeler, Kawasaki Heavy Industries boost and servo control circuit 322 bore cooling 118 breakdown maintenance 222 brine 263 cooler 272 regulating stations 281,282 brinelling 126 450 INDEX bubble impingement 367 built in tanks 359 bulk carrier 340 bulkhead piece 391 bunker fuel 161 bunker oil 161 bunkering 364-365 bunkering station 364 bursting discs 149 butterfly valve 349,386,387,388 bypass valve 310 C CAF see closeon air failure cage rotor induction motor see induction motor calibration,process instrumentation 253-254,255 calorifier 379 carbon dioxide flooding 152,407 cargo banana 258 chilled meat 257 discharge, oil tanker 339 frozen meat 257 odour 258 pump 332,383 tank suction line 383 taint 258 cartridge valve 324 cascade control system 236 filter 358 tank 369 cathode ray tube 249 cavitation 318,327.386.436.437 CCAr see fuel, calculated carbon aromaticity index cell, alkaline 218,220,221 charge 220,221 gassing 220 lead acid 218,219,220,221 Lec1anche 218 lithium 218 maintenance 220-221 nickel cadmium alkaline 219,220 operating temperature 221 overcharging 221 primary 218 safety 218,220 sealed 221-222 secondary 218 central coolingsystem 365,366.367 priming system 339,380 processor unit 241,242 centrifugal compressor 269,271 governor 136 pump 333,336,338-339 purifier 162,371 centrifuge 172-176,359,360,371 CFCand HCFCemissions 264 CFCrefrigerants 263 chain reaction 397 chattering 194,197 checkvalve see non return valve chemicalcleaning 52 chemicalcontrol, feed water 56 chip filter 319,322 chlorination of fresh water 379 chocks 106 ClI see fuel, calculatedignition index circuitbreaker 183,191,200,205,206208,212,214,229,see also induction motor circulatingpump 365 circulation 2,48,49,50 clack 386,387 clarifier 172 classification society see regulations; requirements control system 233-266 fire 397-399 closed feed system 373,374.375 closed-loopcontrol system 234,235 cloth filter 266 cloverleafing 117 co-ordination see induction motor, direct-on-linestarting coal ash 37 feeder 36 fired ships 35,39,41,51 handling 35,36,37,38,51 coalescerfilter 168,169,343 Cochran Chieftainboiler 45,47,48 coefficientof performance 262,269 cold pull up 390 cold rolled radius 111 combustion air 32,35, 121 behaviour 122 catalyst 177 chamber design 32 control 40 Combustion Engineering V2M-Btype boiler 15,18 V2M-B-LTGtype boiler 16,17 V2M-9type boiler 16 combustion equipment 32,51 compression card 133 pressure measurement 133 ratio 121 compressor 259,260,266-271,286,336 capacity 260 characteristic 130 computer failure 249 condenser 90-96,259,272-272,290-291, 369 coolingsystem 365-366 duty 262 condition maintenance 224 connectingrods 145-146 Conradson carbon residue 162 constant pressure charging 126 contactor see induction motor; directon-line starting; star-delta starting; autotransformer starting; protection container ships 298-301 containers fitted in circular shaped tanks 382 contamination failure 326 continuous grain flow 112 continuous liners, tailshaft 426-427 control action 236,237-238 boiler 40-42 functions 245 system 32,40-42,86,231-250,259 classification 233-236 logic 249-250 stability 240 valve 88 valve actuators 102,253 controllablepitch propeller 141,215, 253,435,440,441,442 controlled atmosphere 257,282-283 controller 233,236-237 convectionsuperheater cooling system 155-156,365-369 copper plating 265,287 corrosion 224,229,230,367,386,411, 426,427,436,437 air heater 27,28 attemperator and desuperheater 24 boiler 2, 52,58,61 crankshaft 113 feed system 58 hydraulic system 316,319 inhibitor 155 sootblower 30, 52 sulphur in fuel 164 superheater 23, 177 coupling bolt 424-425 sleeve 424 tailshaft 423-426,428 turbine drive shaft 77,78 CPU see central processor unit crack detection 427,428,431 crankcase bearing 370 explosions 106 lubricating oil system 370 pressure regulator 279 crankshaft 111-115,145 alignment 106,108,114 production 114 crosshead 141-145 bearing 142 guide 143-145 CRT see cathode ray tube current transformer 214 cushion plates 154 cylinder cover 119-120 head cooling system 366-368 liner 115-119 bore cooled 120 removal 118 replacement 118 wear 121 D damping 238 Dayton coupling 391 DC motor 195,196-198,229,230,307 dead band 377 deaerator 61,375,376 feed heater 374,375,376 heater 61,96 deballasting 348,350 deep tanks 341,352,382 deflections 114 defrosting 291 delta connection see induction motor depth filter 171 derivative action 238,245 desuperheater 13,23 24 INDEX detuner 156 dewpoint temperature 25 diaphragm, turbine 75 diesel engine installation, shafting 444447 differential fOulin&boiler diffuser ring 128 digital control systems 232,236,241 diode 199,200 direct contact heater 61,66,96 direct expansion system 281-283,291 direct feed thyristor 214 direct-on-linestarting SEE induction motor directional control valve, sticking 310315 directional pitch propeller 435,441,443 discharge head 394 distributed systems 248 diverter valve 389 domestic water system 378-379 double evaporation type boiler 43,44, 50 double-cage induction motor SEE induction motor, high torque doubler 362 drain cooler 369,378 draw card 122,131 Dresser coupling 391 drinking water 379 dry cargo vessel 341,342 drying by evacuation 290 duct keel suction line 383 duct keels, bilge line 341 dust collector 35 DXsystem see direct expansion system E EAROM see electricallyalterable read only memory earth fault, indication 202 earth leakage monitor 202,203 earthed neutral 202 economiser 3,4,8, 11,14,20, 24-26,28, 30,39,48,269 economiser system 269 EEROM see electricallyerasable read only memory efficiency propulsion plant 104 steam plant turbine 68-69 ejector 336,338,340 electricdefrosting 274 electricshock 227-228,283 electrical equipment, ingress protection code 179,180 machines, failure 224 services 209 electricallyalterable read only memory 243 electricallyerasable read only memory 243 electro-hydraulic steering gears 189,see also hydraulic systems electrochemicalseries 217 electrolyte 217,220,221,229 electromagnetic-interference 244,248 electronic display 249 expansion valve 276-277 system, operating conditions 196 emergency battery 221 bilge suction valve 342 bypass of economiser 54 diesel generating set 352 fire see fire generator starting 220,222 lighting 218,222 power source 217,218,229 propulsion 43,47 steaming 87 steering arrangement 309,310 enclosed space, entering 155,351,394, 417,418 environmental regulations 264,346 erosion shield 75 error signal 40,236,238,240 escape,fire 407 evaporating pressure 259 evaporator 259,272-273,379 evaporator pressure regulator 278 excessair 25,34 excitation 199,214 exciter 199,200 exhaust gas boiler 54 heat recovery 48-50 pollution 166 expansion bellows 391-392 bend 355,390,392,393 tank 367 valve 259 explosionrisk 106,150-153,218,284, 342,357,385 ammonia 284 crankcase 106,150-153 doors 152 engine room bilge pumping 342 lithium cell 218 starting air manifold 149 extended surface 25,28,48 extractionfan 151 F fail safe policy 252 failure maintenance 222 failure, electricalmachines 190 fan 334,335,336,340 fault finding control systems 240-241 feed check 374 feed control valve 377 feed heater 60,61,90-96 feedforward-feedbackcontrol 40 feedwater control 41 system 373-378 treatment 55-57 filter 169,170,171,266,287,291,318, 319,322,343,357 coaslescer 169 depth 171 drier 168,274,291 hot 170,171 rating 318 suction 169 fir tree root 74,75 128 fire alarm 221,230,252,403,405-406 451 accommodation space 402-407 cargo tank 408-412 chemistry 397 classification 397-399 containers 408 control plans 3%, 420 detection 221,230,252,402,405-406 drill 418 dry cargo space 407 emergency, shipboard organisation 418-421 enclosed space 403 escape 407 extinguisher 398-402 inspection 419 machinery space 412-414,417-418 outbreak 403 parties 419 patrols 419,420 prevention 413,420 protection 402-414 risk 54, 162,167,252,342,385,397, 417 structural protection 403-405,406 tanker 408-412 fire extinguishing, cargo holds 407 fire extinguishing, equipment location 396 fire fighting automatic sprinkler 405 carbon dioxide systems 407,414, 415,418 emergency fire pump 416 fixed pressure water spraying systems 415 foam system 412,414,415-416 halon gases 414 inert gas system 408-412 machinery spaces 414-418 steam smothering system 407,414 total flooding gas system 414-415 fire tube boiler 47 firmware 243 first aid 220,295-286 fixed pitch propeller 215,435 flammable atmosphere 166,179 flash gas 259,269 flash point 162,358,397 flip-flop 232 flood alarm 251 flue gas system 408-412 fluidised bed 15,35,39 flushing relief valve 322 forced circulation boiler 2,50 fork and blade method 146 Foster Wheeler D type boiler 4, 5, 43 DSDtype boiler 8, ESDI type boiler 5,6 ESD11type boiler ESDIII type boiler 6, ESDIV type boiler ESDroof fired monowall oil/natural gas boiler 34 ESRDtype boiler 8,10 D4 water tube boiler frequency converter 195 fretting 106,108 frost removal 273-274,291 fuel 32-40,121-123,159-177 additives 177 ash level 162,164 452 INDEX fuel (contd) atomiser 32 base number 117 boiler operation 51 bunker delivery 167 bunkering 167,351,353-356 burning system 351 calculated carbon aromaticity index 165,167 calculated ignition index 165,167 carbon residue 162 catalytic fines 163 characteristics 160 cleaning system 351,360 cloud point 162 combustibility 162 combustion 32,121 compatibility 164 consumption, use of economiser 24 contaminant 25,121,162,163,164 corrosion 164 cost 232 density 161 distillate, 160 economy 122 filter 168,169-172 flammability 165 flash point 162,358,397 flow control valve 32 gravity separation 172,356,358 health, safety and environment 165166 heater 175,353,356-358,384 homogniser 175 ignition 121,122,123,165,397 injection 123-125 mixing 364 natural gas 34 pollution 165-166 pour point 162,167 precautions in use 166 pump 123-125,339 purification 173-171,332 quality 123,162 requirements 160,161 residual 3,161 safety 165-166 sampling device 364,365 sediment 163 service pump 361 settling tank 172 shipboard treatment 168 sludge disposal specific energy 163,164 specific gravity 351 specification 160 stability 163 storage 167,351,353 supply, shutting off 364 surcharge pump 361 system 166-169,351-361 system, diesel propelled ship 361 tank 165, 167,356,363 temperature control 357 temperature/viscosity chart 161 testing 163,167 transfer 167,168,339,342,351,353356 treatment 175,358-361 viscosity 160,161,168,174,175,351, 352 furnace inspection 52 furnace wall construction 4,9, 11 fuse 183,189,192,196,200,208,227,229 fusible plugs 155 G gaps and sags method, tailshaft alignment 444 gas mask 284,285 gas oil 161 gate valve 386,387 gear pump 330-331,339 gearbox 99-100 gearing 97-100 generator 199-201,202-204,208-217, 228, 229, 230 brush 178,228 commutator 178,228 parallel operation 211-214 slipring 178 girder 105,108,109 Glacier-Herbert system 433 gland steam condenser 61 glass tubes 27 global warming potential 264 globe valve 349,350,386,387 governor 136 141,210-211,213 droop 138,211,213,214 effort 137 centrifugal 136 inertia type 136 maintenance 137 graphite 116 greenhouse gas 264 group valve chest 354 GWP see global warming potential H halon gas 414 hand expansion valve 275 hardware 241,248 harmonic response diagram 239,240 HCFC refrigerants 263 heat balance sheet 371,372 exchange 24,274,384,385 of compression 260 recovery boiler 48,54 transfer 178,357 heating coil 352,356-358 heating surface scale build up 373 heel 345 helical screw pump 339 hermetic compressor 269 high pressure heater 61,66,95 high temperature steam pipe, material 372 high torque induction motor see induction motor holding down bolts 106 homogeniser 175 hoop stress 111 horizontal displacement pump 334 hot brine defrosting 274 hot filter 170 hot gas defrosting 273,294 hunting 136,240,241,308,377 hunting gear 308,313 hydraulic pressure 317 hydraulic steering gear 316-324,339 hydraulic subsystem 323,324 hydraulic system auxiliary boost pump 322 axial piston pumps 322-324 cavitation 318,329 closed system with surcharge pumps 332 contamination 311,316,318-319,330 filtration 318,319,322 highly powered closed loop circuit 322 leakage 317 maintenance 324 oil reservoir 317,324 opening up 316,318 piping 317 pump displacement control 322 replenishment 316 hydrodynamic lubrication 141,423 hydrogen fire 54 I ID see ignition delay ignition 121, 123, 165, 397 ignition delay 122 impulse turbine 67,68 impulse turbine, stage efficiency 67 indicator diagram 131-133,148,149 indirect (brine) system 281-282 induced draught fan 41 induction motor autotransformer starting 187-188 cage rotor 178-188,192 circuit breaker 183,191 construction 178-179 contact, wear indicator 193 contactor 183,184,188,191,193-194 contacts, burning 189 contacts, wleding 189 Dahlander 194,195 delta connection 181,184-187,190, 191,194 delta contactor 186 direct-on-line starting 182-184,189, 199 dual wound 194 enclosure 178,179 flammable atmosphere 179 hazardous area 179 high torque 182,184,188 magnetic noise 190 maximum continuous rated 193 operating power factor operation 178-179 overcurrent relay 183,187,189-193 overload protection 189 overload trip 189,190 pole amplitude modulated 194,195 pole-change 194 power factor 178 protection 188-193,229 protection, co-ordination 189 reduced voltage starting 182,184, 187 speed control 178,194-196 star connection 181,184-187,190, 194 star contactor 184-186 star-delta starting 184,186 starter 182-188,189,193 starting current 178, 182, 184, 186, 187, 189 INDEX induction motor (contd) starting torque 182,188 stator winding 178,179,182,184, 185,192 stator winding connections 181-182, 184 thermal damage 190 thermistor protection 192 variable speed 195 inert gas system 408-412 ingress protection code, electrical equipment 179,180 innerfin evaporator 273 inspection nipple 26 insulated neutral 202 insulated tanks 34,352 insulation 224,403,404 generator 201 readings 208 resistance 202,203,204,226,228, 229,230 stator winding 179,181,182,185, 192 testing 226 integral action 238,245 integral container ships 300 integral fin, heat transfer 178 integral furnace type boiler 15,17 integrated circuit 232 intercooler 267-269 interfuel 161 interlock between contactors see induction motor, star-delta starting intermediate shafting 422-426 intermediate shafting, coupling 423-426 isolating valve 310 J jacket cooling system 366-368 JCW see jacket cooling system jerk pump 123 joining a ship 332,396 K Kawasaki Heavy Industries BDU type boiler 17,18 UF type boiler 19,20 UFR type boiler 20 UM type boiler 18, 19,22 UTR reheat boiler 21 keyed and flange coupling 424 L labyrinth seal 128 lacing wire 129 ladder diagram 245,246 latent heat of evaporation 259 LCD see liquid crystal display lead acid cell 218,219,220,221 leak detection 224, 288-289 leak detector torch 289 Leclanche cell 218 LED see light emitting diodes level control valves 278-279 LFL see fuel, flammability life maintenance 223 light emitting diode 244, 249 lighting up 52, 53 line shaft bearing 422 liquefaction 259 liquid cargo 341,381-385 liquid cargo system 381-385 liquid crystal display 249 liquid receiver 259 liquid ring pump 336,339,340 liquid ring vacuum pump 339 lithium cell 218 litmus paper 289 load control 42 current readings 227 diagram 130-131,216 limiting 140 sensing 141 sharing 140,213-214 lobe pump 335, 339 local control 232 log book entry 310,341,342,355,411, 412,418 logic diagram 246 logic gates 232,249-250 loop scavenging 125 loose water removal 332 low pressure alarm 411 heater 61,66,95 radial pump 318 steam 371 low-level alarm 54,282,308 lubricating oil 371 pressure alarm 245-247 system 100,339,369-371 lubrication, piston 134,154,326 M machinery shut down 252 machinery start-up 251 magnetic information storage 243 magnetic noise see induction motor main line shafting alignment 443-447 main thrust 433-435 main turbines, manoeuvring 376 maintenance 222-227 compressor 271, 286 computer usage 227 condenser 271,272 control installation 255 evaporator 273 generator 200-201 governor 137 hydraulic steering gear 316 inert gas system 411 propellers 437-438 refrigerating plant 287-294 switchboard 204,206 valve 276 marine containers 298-230 marine fuel 161 marine refrigerants 262 matching 130 material bolts and nuts in steam lines 372 cylinder liner 115-116 heat exchanger 385 piping 385-386 propellers 422, 435 sootblower lance 31 stem bearings tailshaft 432 superheater 23 453 matrix material, air heater 28 mcr see induction motor, maximum continuous rated mechanical stoker 35 medium speed engine 145-148 melrlc joint 22 membrane tube panel 12,13,14,16,18, 20 memory 242-244 mica undercutting 197 Michell thrust 433-435 micro carbon residue 162 microprocessor 232 microseizure 116,135 modular construction 441 Mollier diagram 260 monitored control system 233,234 monitoring device 232 monitoring system 203, 248, 250-253 motor brushes 178,188,196,197,198 commutator 188,196,198 slipring 188,197 starter 203 see also induction motor; DC motor moulded case circuit breaker 208 mud box 345,391 muff coupling 424 multi-speed motors see induction motor, speed control multiplexing 248 N Nalfleet brine treatment liquid 263 natural circulation boiler navigation lights 221,230 net positive suction head 395 neutral earthing resistor 203 neutral insulation 202 nickel cadmium alkaline cell 219,220 nominal trip temperature 192 non-reheat turbines 63-66 non-return valve 149,341,388 NPSH see net positive suction head NTC see thermistor, negative temperature coefficent NTT see nominal trip temperature OBO see ore-bulk-oil carrier observation tank 357,358 ODP see ozone depletion potential oil circulation system 428 cleaning tank 371 cooler 270,291,324 lubricated stem bearings 428 mist 151,165 overboard outlet 344 separator 270 system, refrigeration compressor 270-271 tanker, ballast 346 temperature control 234,235 testing laboratory 365 viscosity 234 oily water separator 343, 344,346 omega bend 355,392,393 open compressor 267 open transition surge 185 454 INDEX open-loop control system 234 open-loop system 318 opening steam into a line 373 opening up flange joints 392 opening up valve covers 392 ore-bulk-oil carrier 346 oscilloscope 196 ovality 113, 135 overcurrent relay see induction motor; direct-on-line starting; autotransformer starting overflow alarm 364 overflow system 363-364 overspeed trip 87,136 ozone depletion potential, refrigerants 264 P P-H diagram, vapour compression system 259,261 PAM see induction motor, pole amplitude modulated parallel non-standard bolts 425 PCB see printed circuit board PO control 238, 245 periodic maintenance 223, 224, 288 peripheral interface adaptor 244 perishable cargo 257, 282 permanent variation 137 permit to work 228 PI control 238,245,278 PIA see peripheral interface adaptor PID control 235,245 pipe fittings 3~392 pipe flanges 390,394 pipeline expansion 390,392,393 pipelines, painting in enclosed spaces 394 piping anchor points 390 design pressure ~ ducts, bilge lines 341 material 385-386 system 340-361 piston control valve 241 cooling system 368-369 lubrication 134,154,326 rings 133-136,147 scuffing 369 seizure 369 medium speed engines 146-147 pitting 58,97,193,206,265,375 planned maintenance 222 planning board 223 plastic coated pipe 386 PLC see programmable logic controller plummer blocks 422-423 poker gauge 431 pollution 163,165-166,254,263,344, 346 positive displacement pump 353 pounding 345 power card 131 electronics system 196 management system 211 reduction 251 supply 244 failure 222, 250 system 208-217 PPI see programmable peripheral interface pressing up 350 pressure generation 50 raising 53 reducing valve 357 relief device 280 test 288 primary cell 218 primary refrigerant 262 printed circuit board 196 process control 231,245 program 241,245 programmable logic controller 232, 244-249 programmable peripheral interface 244 prograrrur.able read only memory 243 PROM see programmable read only memory propeller 435-441 attachment to tailshaft 438 efficiency 436 flange mounting 438 keyless fitting 438 maintenance 437-438 materials 422,435 oil injection fitting 439 pilgrim fitting 438 repairs 437-438 skewed 441 slip 436 surface roughness 436-437 proportional action 238,239,245 proportional-plus-integral-plusderivative control 40,238, 245 propulsion machinery 65, 66 protection relay see induction motor, delta connection protective clothing 284,285,394,418 PTC see thermistor, positive temperature coefficient pulse charging 126 pulse-width-modulated frequency converter 195 pump 333-340,353,365 automatic isolation 324 axial piston 322,323,325-328 fuel transfer 167,168 gear 330-331 priming 380 screw 167 seizure 375 shaft whipping 325 vane 328-330 pumping and heating unit 51 purifier 172,173,359 PWM converter see pulse-widthmodulated converter Q quick closing valve 149,168 R radiant boiler 3,4,6,8,18,24,32,39 Railko bearing 432 RAM see random access memory Ramsbottom carbon residue 162 random access memory 243 raw water 369 reaction turbine 67, 68 reactive power 209 read only memory 243 reboiler 44,47 rechargeable battery 218 reciprocating compressor 266-267, 271, 288 reciprocating positive displacement pump 336,339 reduced voltage starting see induction motor redundancy 249 reefer vessels 294-297,340 insulation 296,297 refrigeration machinery 296 refractory material 9,11 refrigerant 259,262-265,283-286 charging 289-290 compressor 266-270 contaminants 265-266,283, 285 environmental effects 263-265 flow control 259-260,274-279 hazards 283-285 leak detection 288-289 leak reduction 264 storage 285 transfer 285 vapour 284, 285 refrigerated cargo 2»-258 refrigerated containers 298-301 refrigerating capacity 260, 286 refrigerating effect 260 refrigerating plant air conditioning 302-303 flushing 290 operation 286 safety 279-280,283-286 trouble shooting 292-294 refrigeration oil 270 refrigeration system 259,280-283 regulations bilge pumping systems 342 control engineering 254 dangerous goods 407 electrical power systems 227-228 fire 402,403,412,418 refrigerating plant 304-305 steering capability 306 reheat cycle 8,14 reheat turbine 61,63-66 reheater 8,14,16,20 relief valve 353 remote control 183,184,232 requirements cable 229 circuit breakers 229 control system 254 coupling bolts 425 electrical power systems 228-230 emergency power supply 229 fire 402,403,412,418 fuel 160,161,358,364 gaseous fuels 34 generator 200,228 insulation resistance 229 motor 229 navigation lights 230 propellers 422 protection relay 229 refrigerating plant 303-304 rudder speed 309 starter 229,230 INDEX requirements (contd) steering gears 230,306-311, 322 switchboards 229 tankers 230 unattended machinery spaces 230 residual fuel 3,32,351 resonance 156 ring main, handling water ballast 349 ring priming system 340 roller bearing 126, 178 ROM see read only memory rose box 391 rose plate 391 rotary excitation 199 positive displacement pump 336, 339 vane pump 339 vane unit 3OB, 316, 318 rotor critical, motor 192 rotor differential expansion 89,90 rudder alignment 317 contact 317 operation from within steering gear compartment 316 S safety cell 218, 220 cut out 279 electrical power systems 227-228 helmet 394 inert gas systems 411 of life at sea see SaLAS pumping systems 392, 394 system 233,250,251,279-280 sampling, feed and boiler water 57 saturation temperature 259 scavenge fires 152 scavenging 125-126 screw and wheel pump 335 screw compressor 267-269,271,288 screw pump 335,339 sealed battery 221-222 sealed gas recombination cell 221-222 sealing ring 338, 430 secondary cell 218 secondary cooling water system 369 secondary refrigerant 263 selectable superheat boiler 12 self ignition temperature 121 servo and boost pump drive 325 servo governor 137 servo pump relief valve 322 servomotor 388 sewage system 380-381 shaft eccentricity 89 shaft generator 214-217 shear force 112 shell and tube condensers 271, 272 shell and tube evaporator 272 shock pulse measurement 225,226 short-circuit 186,189,192,195,200,204, 2OB, 214, 216, 218 shrink fit III shrink fit, slip 113 sight glass 274,291 signal conversion device 233, 236 silt filter 319,322 single drum boiler 3, 8, 12 single element control 40 single-phasing see induction motor SIT see self ignition temperature slagging 177 slamming 345 sleeve type bearing 126 sliding vane pump 335 slip, pump liquid 339 slipped shrink fit 113 slipring induction motor see induction motor, high torque slow steaming 121 software 241,248 SaLAS 228,307,309,311,318,402,410, 415 solenoid valve 279 soluble oil 155 sonic testing 345 soot fires 54 sootblower 4,30-32,52, 54 sounding pipe 362 speed control, induction motor 178, 194-196 speed control, Ward Leonard system 194,196,197 spherical valve 386 spill timing 124 spontaneous combustion 397,421 spreader stoker 35,51 sprinkler systems 405-406 stability, ship 345, 352 stack factor, container 30 standby power supply 222 star connection see induction motor star-delta starting see induction motor starting air 148-150 starting air system ISO starting air valve 150 static head 395 stator winding see induction motor stator winding insulation see insulation stearn atomising burners 12 cycle 60-63 efficiency 21,25,28 pipe, design 372 plant, starting up 375 pressure control 42, 54 purity 57 separating cyclone 11 supply system 371-373 system bypass line 392 temperature controlS, 17,41 alarm equipment 372 trap 352 steaming economiser 3,24 steering capability, confined waters 311 steering capability, continuous availability 306,311 steering gears abnormal load safeguard 306, 309 arrangement 307 automatic restart 311 auxiliary arrangement 309 basic requirements 306 311 cargo ship 309 design pressure 30B drills 309 duplicate power units 307 economics 3-6,309 examination 309 455 four ram 307 holding power 309 hydraulic fluid leakage 3OB, 309, 310 hydraulic systems see hydraulic systems monitor of closed units 316 operation 311-316 overload alarms 230 passenger ship 309 power source requirement 311 pumps 324-331 rapidity of response 309 relief arrangements 309 sensitivity 309 simultaneous operation of power units 313 single failure criteria 307,308,331 stall 313 system defect consequences 311-313 test procedure following shut down 309-310 testing 3og-two ram single acting electro hydraulic 307 stepped bolt 423,425 stop pad 435 strainer plate 345 striking plate 362 stroke-bore ratio lOB strum box 391 strum plate 391 studded tubes, furnace wall 9, 11 suction filter 169 suction head 394 sulphur candles 289 Sunrod CPDl2 type boiler 46 CPD25 type boiler 46 CPH140 type boiler 46 oil fired boiler 47 patent element 47 super long stroke engine lOB supercharging 125 superheater 3,4,5,8,12,14,16,17,20, 21-23,30,39,41,43,44,47,50,54 surge current see induction motor, starting current surge drum 274 surge tank 367 surging 130 switchboard 203,204,229 synchronising 212,213,214,216 synchronous condenser 216 synthetic resin 106 system oil 370 T tailshaft 423,426-433,441 alignment 441-447 coupling 423 examination 423-433 inner seal 428,431 liner 426-428,431 outer seal 428,429,431,432 stern bearings 428 tank gauges 356 tank steaming out connections 352 tanker, fire protection 4OB-412 taper twisted turbine blades 129 tapered bolt 423 telemetry 233 456 INDEX temperature alarm see induction motor temporary variation 137 tender ship 345 terotechnology 227 tertiary cooling water system 369 testing, control installation 255 thermal damage see induction motor thermal fluid heating 167 thermal sleeve 23,24 thermistor protection see induction motor thermistor, negative temperature coefficient 193 thermistor, positive temperature coefficient 192 thermostat 280 thermostatic expansion valve 275-276 three term controller 235 thrust block 435 thyristor 195,196,214 thyristor control systems 1%,197 tie bolt 108 tQrsional stress 111, 112 training, fire drill 419 transducer 233 transformer 202,203,204,214,229 transformer maintenance 204 trichloroethylene 263 trick wheel 310 tripping 189, 190,202 tripping characteristics of three pole relays 190 tunnel bearings 422 turbine 62, 63, 66 68 alarm 90 bearing 79-82 blade 73,74,75 blade root 75 casing 70,71 casing joint 70 constructional details 69-88 control 85-88 cross compound 69 data logging 88-90 diaphragm 75, 76 drive shaft coupling 77,78 gearing 97-100 gland 82-84 loss 68, 69 monitoring 88-90 operation 103-104 rotor 72,73,375 stage efficiency 67, 68 turbo-generators 100 103 turbocharger 126 130 turning gear 98,115 two element control 41 U ullage 362 ultra-violet erasable programmable read only memory 243 ultra-violet treatment of water 379 UMS see unattended machinery space unattended machinery space 230,232, 413 uniflow scavenging 125 uninterruptible power supply system 222 unmonitored control system 233, 234, 235 UPS see uninterruptible power supply UVEPROM see ultra-violet erasable programmable read only memory V vacuum creation 340 vacuum loss, ballast pumping systems 350 vacuum, suction lines of bilge pumping system 344 valve 147-148,168,241,253,259,274279,280,310,322,324,334,341, 342,349,353,357,377,386-389 actuator 253, 386, 388 bilge pumping systems 341-342 covers, opening up 392 indicator 388 lid 386, 387 springs 147 vane pump 328-330 VAP see very advanced propulsion system vapour compression system 259-262 variable injection timing 122 variable stroke piston, variable displacement rotary pump 339 VDU see visual display unit very advanced propulsion system 14, 15 vibration 35,90,103,113,156 158,190, 225,229,317 visual display unit 244,249 VIT see variable injection timing vitreous enamel 27 Voitl!.Schneider propulsion 443 volatile memory types 242 voltage dip 182,188,200 volumetric efficiency 125, 153 W Ward-Leonard system, speed control 196, 197 warming through, engine 121 watchdog circuit 248 watchkeeping 232,418 water cooled jacket 267 cooling 366 hammer 372, 373 hardness 55 sources 350,379 systems 378-379 treatment chemicals 339 boiler plant 54-59,339 tube boiler 1,2-3 velocity, condenser tubes 92 washing 52, 128 wax element control valve 389 welding 22,25,114,189,437 wick boiling 59 windmilling 322, 324 ... by the, then, Llandaff College of Technology He graduated through the Open University in the early 1980s and at the time of writing was Head of the Marine Engineering section of the School of. .. tight all of these fittings was to prove the downfall of the straight tube boiler and encouraged the acceptance of a greater degree of welding in boiler pressure parts and the adoption of chemical... to form the furnace roof and are connected to the steam drum The furnace rear wall is water cooled and the lower headers of this and the side wall are fed with water from the lower drum The two