Stability and safety of ship

ELSEVIER OCEAN ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES VOLUME STABILITY AND SAFETY OF SHIPS Volume I - Regulation and Operation Elsevier Internet Homepage: http://www.elsevier.com Consult the Elsevier homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and services Ocean Engineering Series Published WATSON Practical Ship Design ISBN: 008-042999-8 YOUNG Wind Generated Ocean Waves ISBN: 008-043317-0 PILLAY & WANG Technology and Safety of Marine Systems ISBN: 008-044148-3 BOSE & BROOKE Wave Energy Conversion ISBN: 008-044212-9 BAI OCHI Hurricane-Generated Seas ISBN: 008-044312-5 Pipelines and Risers ISBN: 008-043712-5 Forthcoming JENSEN Local and Global Response of Ships ISBN: 008-043953-5 McCORMICK & KRAEMER Ocean Wave Energy Utilization ISBN: 008-043932-2 TUCKER & PITT Waves in Ocean Engineering 1SBN: 008-043566-1 MUNCHMEYER Boat and Ship Geometry ISBN: 008-043998-5 titles Related Journals Free specimen copy gladly sent on request Elsevier Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford 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This book is dedicated to the seafarers that lost their lives at sea Vll SERIES PREFACE In this day and age, humankind has come to the realization that the Earth's resources are limited In the 19th and 20th Centuries, these resources have been exploited to such an extent that their availability to future generations is now in question In an attempt to reverse this march towards self-destruction, we have turned our attention to the oceans, realizing that these bodies of water are both sources for potable water, food and minerals and are relied upon for World commerce In order to help engineers more knowledgeably and constructively exploit the oceans, the Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series has been created The Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series gives experts in various areas of ocean technology the opportunity to relate to others their knowledge and expertise In a continual process, we are assembling worldclass technologists who have both the desire and the ability to write books These individuals select the subjects for their books based on their educational backgrounds and professional experiences The series differs from other ocean engineering book series in that the books are directed more towards technology than science, with a few exceptions Those exceptions we judge to have immediate applications to many of the ocean technology fields Our goal is to cover the broad areas of naval architecture, coastal engineering, ocean engineering acoustics, marine systems ~ngineering, applied oceanography, ocean energy conversion, design of offshore structures, reliability of ocean structures and systems and many others The books are written so that readers entering the topic fields can acquire a working level of expertise from their readings We hope that the books in the series are well-received by the ocean engineering community Rameswar Bhattacharyya Michael E McCormick Series Editors ix FOREWORD Naval architecture for a long time concentrated on problems that have a direct impact on the ship's economics, i.e resistance and powering The importance of stability was recognised and shipbuilders from the earliest times knew well that ships have to survive the perils of the sea Nevertheless, because of a lack of understanding of stability principles, the losses of ships due to capsizing or foundering were enormous but seafarers who considered the losses unavoidable accepted this situation Gradually the understanding of stability developed, but it was not before the second half of the twentieth century that the tools for "investigating dynamic behaviour of the ship in a seaway became available Until then, stability was investigated in a quasi-static way and the main problem was development of the methods of calculation of the righting moments curve Nowadays, safety of shipping is the focus of attention In order to promote safety at sea the International Maritime Organisation - IMO was created, (until 1982 called the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organisation - IMCO) This United Nations Agency from the very beginning of its work recognised the necessity to set up international stability safety standards This fact increased worldwide interest in stability problems In many countries research programmes were initiated, and scientists throughout the world, directly or indirectly, participated in the work of IMO on the development of stability standards A number of scientific reports were prepared on stability problems and published in scientific or technical magazines, or presented to IMO Several international conferences, symposia and workshops, particularly devoted to stability and safety of ships, were organised with hundreds of papers presented The amount of knowledge on stability, accumulated over the years, is now enormous There is, however, a lack of publications containing the review of.the knowledge in this particular field The intention of this book is to fill this gap and to present, as far possible, the state of the art focused on the regulatory, operational and theoretical aspects of intact stability The book is addressed to readers who are interested in promoting safety against capsizing, who are involved in research on, and practical application of stability regulations on an international or national level, to ship operators and designers and members of the maritime administrations The initiative to write this book belonged to the late N B Sevastianov, professor at the Kaliningrad Institute of Technology (Russia) The book is divided in two volumes, I and (These correspond to Volumes and 10 of the Elsevier Ocean Engineering Series) The first volume (authored by L Kobylinski and S Kastner with subtitle "Regulation and Operation") describes the state of the art in the field of intact ship stability It is focused on how intact safety is promoted; it considers stability regulations; its current state is given an historical perspective The methods used to develop these regulations are carefully examined Besides regulations, the first volume addresses the operational aspect of stability: ocean environment and ship behaviour are described as they are seen from the bridge A large amount of graphical material allows x using the presented information for practical guidance Special attention is paid to onboard stability measurements and their accuracy • The second volume (authored by V L Belenky and N B Sevastianov with the subtitle "Risk of Capsizing") is a gathering of today's knowledge for tomorrow's development It is focused on how risk and reliability can be applied for evaluation and regulation of the intact stability First, the framework of future risk-based stability regulations is considered Then the book examines physical phenomena associated with stability loss including broaching, greenwater influence and breaking waves action in order to evaluate the risk of capsizing in different situations Much attention is paid to the mechanics of capsizing: as it seems to be necessary for interpretation and validation of numerical simulation results The latter is meant to facilitate confident applicability of these methods for new ship designs Volume 9: L Kobylinski and S Kastner Stability and Safety of Ships Volume 1: Regulation and Operation ISBN - 0-08-043001-5 Volume 10: V L Belenky and N B Sevastianov Stability and Safety of Ships Volume 2: Risk of Capsizing ISBN - 0-08-044354-0 xi PREFACE This book focuses on the state-of-the-art in the field of promotion of stability safety It includes regulatory and operational aspects of intact stability of ships Ships must be safe against capsizing at sea Although capsizing accidents not happen often nowadays, a stability accident is one of the worst things that can happen to a ship In most cases it involves loss of life, often all hands aboard and total loss of the ship and her cargo Catastrophic heel leads to losing cargo, structural damage and serious danger to human life Safety against capsizing or loss of stability accident may be secured by regulatory and operational means Stability regulations or requirements allow designing stable ships But it is obvious that no ship can be built that cannot be capsized by mismanagement or bad operation Therefore, operational measures are equally important for the safety as design requirements This book reviews knowledge, experience and information gathered in both areas for the last 50 years and presents it in a systematic manner The authors anticipate that the potential readers of this book are familiar with the basic stability theory and practical methods of calculation Therefore, only very brief references to the general stability concepts are included in Part and Part of this book It is the view of the authors that damage stability problems should be dealt with separately, therefore they are not included here Part (written by Professor Lech K Kobylinski, Technical University of Gdansk) on regulatory aspects of intact stability presents the progress on setting stability standards from work at IMO, based on numerous contributions from a large number of shipping nations It discusses various methods used for the purpose of developing stability standards and provides a critical review of standards currently in use As it is obviously impossible to assure safety only by design measures, the importance of operational requirements and of the human factor is stressed Prospects of developing improved standards of safety against capsizing in various situations and the newest trends to achieve enhanced safety at sea that take into account the above mentioned factors are discussed This part is addressed mainly to ship designers, officers of national maritime administrations, surveyors and plan reviewing engineers of classification societies allowing them a better understanding of the background of stability requirements they should respect It is addressed also to scientists and administrative personnel who work on the development of new, or the improvement of, existing safety rules involving stability Students studying ship stability problems may find useful material for further study These professionals are assumed to be interested in current national and international stability regulations as well as the scientific background of the regulations that are in force today Xll Part (written by Professor Sigismund Kastner, University of Applied Sciences Bremen) is addressed to shipmasters, nautical ship officers, students of maritime and naval academies, port authority officials, surveyors and engineers at shipyards, operators and nautical personnel, in particular to lecturers and students of nautical schools It can be also recommended to ship designers and administrators The structure of Part is based on his guest lectures at the Wodd Maritime University (WMU) in Malmo (Sweden) The WMU was established on behalf of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) in 1983 This lecture entitled "Ship Dynamics and Stability" was given for students in Maritime Education and Training (MET) for almost decades The safe ship needs the responsible master to make decisions coping with the severe sea environment Seafarers have a different background and experience than ship designers, although they both contribute to safe and economic shipping The shipmaster operates the vessel the shipyard has delivered, hence the specific terms operational stability and safety were designated The master has to cope with a number of problems with respect to ship stability The correct loading to fulfil the requirements must be assured Stability estimates can diverge from the real ship status due to inherent inaccuracies Environmental forces are not specifically known whilst at sea Stability risk cannot be judged solely by experience Operational stability and safety needs special measures, such as awareness of the human factor and enhanced maritime education and training with specific guidance for the ship operator Tools are the development of safety scenarios in severe situations, ship motion characteristics made available on the bridge, sensor support on the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic status of the ship, and safety management and decision systems with computer support It has been a demanding but fascinating task to co-operate among the authors and the editor from four different countries, with the publisher located in another country The authors appreciate the support of organisations, such as DAAD (Bonn) in funding University co-operation and meetings The authors want to express their warmest thanks to all persons, colleagues and friends "Yho supported them with their comments, discussion, advice, and active involvement at the different stages of writing this book We appreciate language aid and preliminary proof-reading carried out by Szymon Kobylinski (Part 1) and Gregor Berns (Part 2) We are especially grateful to Robert M Conachey, who performed the language editing Qfthe whole manuscript We also wish to express sincere thanks to our wives Maryna Kobylinski and Marlene Kastner, for their understanding and patience We are confident that the span of material covered in this new book safety of ships can be widely used for reference, study and training community, from ship designers to ship operators, from administrators Opinions expressed are those of the respective authors and not organisations and institutions they have ever been affiliated with on stability and in the shipping to researchers necessarily of L Kobylinski, S Kastner, April, 2003 The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely and strictly those of the authors and not necessarily reflect those of Technical University of Gdansk, Foundation for Safety of Navigation and Environment Protection or University of Applied Sciences, Bremen References 397 Mc Taggart, K., Carnie, P., Witzke D., Maze, R (2002) "Capsize probability plots for ship operator guidance", Proceeding of 6th International Ship Stability 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system to execute the operational guidance in following and quartering seas", Workshop D, STAB '2000: 7th International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles Conference, Launceston, Tasmania Tamiya, S (1975) "Capsize experiments of box shaped vessels" Proc of STAB '75: I st International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Glasgow The Naval Architect (1999) "Analysis of responses to questionnaire at RINA", Seminar 1998 Thode, H (1964) "Die Rollzeitmessung auf See", Hansa, Vol 101, No 14, Hamburg Thode, H (1965) "Rollzeitmessung und Stabilitiit", Hansa, Vol 102, No 18, Hamburg Thompson, G and Tope, J E (1970) "International considerations of intact stability standards", Transactions RINA, Vol 112, pp 43-67 Tsuchiya, T., Kawashima, R., Takaishi, Y and Yamakoshi, Y (1977) "Capsizing experiments of fishing vessels in heavy seas", Proc of PRADS'77: International Conference on Practical Design and Mobile Units, Tokyo Turnbull, S R and Dawson, D (1983) "Investigations into the securing of cargo with special reference to roll on roll off ships", Dept of Engineering, University of Lancaster, (also IMO BC 3/4/3, London 19~5) Umeda, N (1994) "Operational stability in following and quartering seas - a proposed guidance and its validation", Proc of STAB '94: 5th International Coriference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Vol 2, Melbourne, Florida Umeda, N (1999) "Nonlinear Dynamics on Ship Capsize due to Broaching in Following and Quartering Seas", Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol 4, pp 16-26 References 403 Umeda, N., Matsuda, A., Hamamoto, M and Suzuki, S (1999) "Stability assessment for intact ships in the light of model experiments", Journal of Marine Science and Technology, VolA, pp 45-57 Vassalos, D (1999) "Shaping ship safety: the face of the future", Marine Technology, Vol 36, No 2, pp 61-76 Vogt, K (1988) "Stabilitatsvorschrift fUr Schiffe/Boote der Bundeswehr", Handbuch der Werften, Schiffahrtsverlag Hansa, Vol 19, Hamburg Voitkunsky, Y J (editor) (1985) "Handbook on Ship Hydrodynamics", Sudostroenie publishing, Leningrad, (in Russian) (Vols 1-3) Wagner, D (1979) "Stabilitats- und Kenterunfalle der letzten Jahre", Hansa, No.4, Hamburg Wehausen, J V and Laitone E V (1960) "Surface waves", Handbuch der Physik, Vo1.9, Springer, Berlin, p 446-778 Weinblum, G (1952) "Die kunftige Schiffstheorie", Hansa, vol 89, Hamburg Entwicklung des Schiffes im Lichte der Weinstein, K (1996) "Education and training for maritime management: The role of the World Maritime University", Symposium by Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft, Bremen WeiB, G (1953) "Erfahrungen mit der Stabilitatspriifung durch Rollversuche", Hansa, Vol 90, Hamburg Wendel, K (1950) "Wann kentert ein Schiff?", Hansa, Vol 87, Hamburg Wendel, K (1958) "Sicherheit Dusseldorf gegen Kentem", VDI Journal, Vol 100, No 32, Wendel, K and Platzoeder, W (1958) "Der Untergang des Segelschulschiffes "Pamir"", Hansa, vol 95, Hamburg Wendel, K (1959) "Safety from capsizing", Fishing Boats of the World: Sea Behaviour, Second Fishing Boats Congress, FAO, Rome Wendel, K (1965) "Bemessung und Uberwachung der Stabilitat", Transactions STG, Hamburg Wendel, K., Abicht, W and Kastner, S (1972) "Gutachten Heraklion", If'S report, Schrift No 2193, Universitat Hamburg Westram, A and Hachmann D (1986) "Seegangswamgerat als instrumentelle Entscheidungshilfe fur die SchiffsfUhrung im Seegang", Messtechnische Briefe, Vol 22, Hottinger, Darmstadt Wiegel, R L (1964) "Oceanographical engineering", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Wieghardt, K (1972) "Zum Windprofile ueber See", SchifJstechnik, V01.19, No 96 Wragge, F (1999) "Automation, manning and safe ship operation", 100 years STG, Berlin 404 WU, (1982) "Wind stress coefficient over sea surface from breeze to hurricane", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.87 Yamakoshi, Y., Takaishi, Y., Kan, M., Yashino, T and Tsuchiya, T (1982) "Model experiments on capsize of fishing boats in waves", Proc of STAB '82: 2nd International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Tokyo Zharen, W.M and Duncan W (1994) "Environmental risk assessment and management in the maritime industry The Interaction with ISO 9000, ISM, and ISM management systems", Transactions SNAME, Vol 102, pp 137-164 References on International Documents Documents IMO IMO, (1962) "Establishment of working groups", Resolution: document STAB 114 IMO, (1963) "Intact stability casualty record", Document IS II/12 IMO, (1964) "Report on the national requirements Submitted by Soviet Union, Document IS 1II/3 for intact stability of ships", IMO, (1965) "Analysis of intact stability casualty records", Submitted by Poland, Documents IS IV/11 and IS IV/14 IMO, (1965a) Kastner, S and Roden, S "A new method at model scale for the study of the behaviour of ships, particularly their capsizing in natural model seaway" Document STAB/INF.25 IMO, (1966) "Analysis of intact stability casualty records of cargo and passenger vessels", Joint report submitted by Federal Republic of Germany and Poland, Document IS V1I3 IMO, (1966a) "Analysis of intact stability record of fishing vessels", Joint report Submitted by the Federal Republic of Germany and Poland, Document PFV IV/2 IMO, (1966b) "Analysis of intact stability casualty records of fishing vessels", Submitted by Federal Republic of Germany, Document PFV IV/2/Add I IMO, (1966c) Rakhmanin, N N "On the dynamic stability of a ship with water on deck", Submitted by Soviet Union, Document STAB/INF.27 IMO (1966d) "Analysis of the application of various stability criteria to fishing vessels, Pt I" Submitted by Poland, Document PFV IV/14 IMO, (1967) "Analysis of the application of various stability criteria of fishing vessels Part II", Submitted by Poland, Document PFV V1I24 Rtiferences on International Documents 405 IMO, (1968) "Analysis of simplified formulae for judgement of stability of fishing vessels" Submitted by Poland, Document PFV VI/8 lMO, (1968a) "Simplified stability criteria for decked fishing vessels under 30 m in length", Submitted by Poland, Documents PFV VIII/12 and PFV IX/4/l IMO, (1969) Dudziak, J and Kobylinski, L "Model tests of ship stability and seakeeping qualities in open water", Submitted by Poland, Document STAB/INF/51 IMO, (1969a) "Results of experimental investigation of ship motions and the possibility of capsizing of an undamaged low built vessel in regular waves", Submitted by Soviet Union, Document PFV IX/3/2 IMO, (1970) "Evaluation of possible trapping of water on deck due to rolling motion in an irregular seaway", Submitted by Soviet Union, Document PFV X/6/l IMO, (1970a) "Joint ad hoc group for the study of external forces affecting ships", Report of the 3rd session, Document EF III/13 IMO, (1970b) "Model tests on the behaviour of a fishing vessel in beam waves in the natural environment", Submitted by Poland, Documents PFV/x/8 and PFV/X/8/Add.1 IMO, (1970c) "Systematic model tests", Submitted by the United Kingdom, Document STAB XI/5/l IMO, (1973) "Improved stability criteria - effect of water trapping on deck on pseudostatic angles of heel", Submitted by Poland Document PFV XIII/6/l IMO, (1973a) "Improved stability criteria", Submitted by Denmark Doc STAB XV/9/1 IMO, (1973b) Rakhmanin, N N and Sevastianov, N B "On modem concepts of freeboard standardisation", Submitted by Soviet Union, Document PFV XIV/4/2 IMO, (1975-1990) Reports of the Working Group on Intact Stability., Doc.: STAB XVII/WP.4; STAB XVIII/WP.6; STAB XIX/WP.6; STAB XX/WP.3; STAB XXII/WP.8; STAB XXIII/WP.3; WP.5; STAB XXIV/WP.7; STAB XXV/WP.3; STAB XXVI/WP.8; STAB 27/WP.3; SLF 28/WP.4, WP 4/Add I, WP 4/Add 2; SLF 29/WP.7; SLF 30/WP.7, WP 7/Add I; SLF 31/WP.; SLF 32/WP IMO, (1977) "Revised Netherlands weather criterion", Submitted by the Netherlands, Document STAB XX/4 IMO, (1977a) "Intact stability criteria", Submitted by Denmark, Document STAB XX (unofficial) IMO, (1978) "Intact stability General philosophy for ships of all types", Submitted by Poland, Document STAB XXII/6 IMO, (1979) "Intact stability General philosophy for ships of all types", Submitted by Soviet Union, Document STAB XXIII/4 IMO, (1979a) "Stability of ships in ballast condition Weather criteria", Submitted by Japan, Document STAB XXIV/4 IMO, (1984) "Intact stability Other matters Stability in breaking waves", Submitted by Norway, Document SLF 29/4 406 IMO, (1984a) "Intact stability Report of the ad hoc working group", Document SLF 29/WP.7 IMO, (1984b) "Report on stability and safety against capsizing of modern ship design", Submitted by Federal Republic of Germany, Document SLF/34 IMO, (1985) "Analysis of intact stability casualty records", Submitted by Poland, Documents SLF 30/4/4 and SLF/38 IMO, (1988) Krempa, J "Heeling a trawler when its fishing gear fastens on an underwater obstacle", Submitted by Poland, Document SLF 33/INF.17 IMO, (1990) "Intact stability Ship capsizing in quartering seas", Submitted by Canada, Document SLF 34/INF.1O IMO, (1997) "Revision of the HSC Code: Formal safety assessment trial application to high-speed passenger catamaran vessel", Final Report, Submitted by the United Kingdom, Document DE 41/INF.7 IMO, (1999) Amendments to the code on intact stability for all types of ships covered by IMO instruments, IMO Res MSC.75(69), London IMO, (2002) "Report to the Maritime Safety Committee", Document SLF 45/14 IMO, (2002a) "Remarks concerning the weather criterion", Submitted by Germany, Document SLF 45/6/3 IMO, (2002b) "Weather criterion for large passenger ships", Submitted by Italy, Document SLF 45/6/5 Documents of other International Organisations Food and Agricultural Organisation of United Nations, (1963) Fishing Vessels Stability Meeting, Gdansk International Towing Tank Conference ITTC, (2002) The Specialist Committee on Prediction of Extreme Motions and Capsizing, Final Report and Recommendations to the 23rd ITTC Stability Requirements of Various Countries Canada, (1969) "Stability requirements for small ships", IMO Document IS II/WP.2 France, (1963) "Prescription relatives a la stabilite des navires", IMO Doc IS II / WP.3 Greece, (1963) "Stability requirements for ships", IMO Document IS II/WP.16 Italy, (1963) "Stability requirements for ships IMO Document IS II/WP.17 Japan, (1959) Yamagata, M "Standard of stability adopted in Japan", Transactions INA Japan, (1963) "Stability requirements for ships", IMO, Documents IS II/WP References on International Documents 407 Poland, (1957) "Standards of stability of sea-going ships ", Polski Rejestr Statkow, Gdansk Poland, (1982) "Rules for construction and classification of sea-going ships" Polski Rejestr Statkow, Gdansk USA, (1926) "Stability and Loading of Ships", Dept of Commerce, US Bureau of Standards USA, (1959-63) Rules and Regulations for Passenger Vessels (1962) for Small Passenger Vessels (1961), for Cargo and Miscellaneous Vessels (1959), for Tank Vessels (1962)" United States Coast Guard, Treasury Department Also IMO (1963), Document IS II/WP.10, 11, 12 and 13 USSR, (1948) "Interim standards of stability for merchant sea-going vessels and coasters", Register of Shipping of the USSR, Morskoi Transport, Moscow USSR, (1961) "Standards of stability of sea-going vessels and floating cranes", Register of Shipping of the USSR, also IMO (1988) Document SLF 33/INFA 409 Subject Index i\ccuracy,226, 353, 355, 357 Artificial intelligence (AI), 338, 339 Automatic ship inclining, 330 Bandwidth, 256, 258 Beam seas, 228, 231, 232 Beaufort, 191, 192 Breadth parameter, 205, 209 Breaking waves model tests, 159 Bretschneider spectrum, 204 Broaching, 149 Buoyancy force, 11, 12, 20 Capsize index, 364 Capsizing, 186 angle, 17, 18 modes, 265, 280 probability, 52,101,110,115,117, 128,152,167,290,301 rate, 291, 294, 304 Casualty, 184 records, 8,31,94,95,101,110,117, 124 statistics, 320 Centre of buoyancy, 75, 136 Centre of gravity, 19,28,57,59,70, 112 Container ship, 180 Coupled equation, 219 Coupling, 266, 288 Criterion (criteria) space, 339 Cross-curves of stability, 13,22 Crowding of passengers, 28, 41, 50, 62 Damage stability, 5, 6, 36 Dangerous situation, 39, 75, 122, 123, 124,159,174,359,366,371 Decision system, 323, 335 Deck-in-water effect, 163 heeling moment, 163,288 Degrees of freedom, 217, 220 Disaster, 187 Discrimination analysis, 95,101 Displacement, 11, 14 Double-pendulum, 344 Downtime, 363, 364, 367 Dynamic heel angle, 18, 89 response, 343, 347, 348,349,356 stability, 7,12,18,41,92 stability arm (lever), 13, 17 Education and training, 188 Emergency response, 339 Emergency situations, 178 Encounter frequency, 243, 248,252 period, 239 spectrum, 247,251, 254, 270, 282 Error transmission, 343, 350, 351, 357, 358 type I, 299 type II, 299, 302 Excitation, 218, 228 external, 218, 228 parametric, 228, 235,265 Expert system, 324, 339 Ferry, 186 Fishing vessel, 288, 290 Folding frequency, 254 410 spectrum, 202, 204, 206, 257 swell,212,215 ISM code, 360, 378, 379 Free surface effect, 43, 49, 59 Freeboard,4, 13,67, 133, 164 Free-trim method, 14 Friction force, 320 Froude number, 237, 249, 256, 285 Knowledge base, 338, 339 Generalised metacentric height, 12, 13 Gravity force, 11,59,307 Gravity waves, 191, 197 Greenwater, 66 Guide-lines, 177 Heading angle, 239 Heeling moment, 15, 17,20,28,57, 150,180,181,182,183,187 anchor cable, 75 crowding of passengers, 62 deck-in-water, 163 fishing gear, 75 free surface, 59 greenwater, 66, 67 icing, 61 shifting of cargo, 65 suspended loads, 70 towing, 73, 74 turning, 70, 71 wind, 77,83,84,139 Human error, 379 Human factor, 379 Hydrostatics, 178 76, Ice accretion, 43, 45, 61, 62 Inclination test, 271 Inertia force, 312 Inertia mass moment, 221 Information technology, 178, 188 Initial metacentric height, 11,43,49, 136,137 Initial stability, 10, 11 Intact stability, 39, 43 Intelligence system, 337, 339 Irregular waves, 201, 206 encounter spectrum, 247, 251, 254, 270,282 group, 237,258,270,282 significant height, 212 Large roll, 219, 226, 228, 257 Lashing of cargo, 187 Load lines, 4, Longitudinal stability, Loose goods, 64, 65 Loss of stability, 113, 114, 131 ° Management system, 359 Marine environment, 191 Maritime education and training (MET), 379 Mathieu equation, 265, 272 Measurement, 323, 328, 329, 342, 353, 354,356 Measuring error, 342, 349, 350, 351,355 Metacentre, 10, 11, 12 Metacentric height, 7, 10, 11, 13,22,27, 28,31,32,43,59,152,265,273 Metacentric radius, 10, 11, 22, 60 Model tests (experiments), 9, 51, 52, 83, 117,133,134,138,139,161,174 breaking waves, 159 following seas, 164 methodology, 133 open waters, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147 Quartering seas, 156 seakeeping/towing tanks, 149, 150, 153,155,157 Moment balance, 187 Motion stability, 113 criterion, 113 Lyapunov theory, 113 Natural roll period, 223 Navigation, 359, 362, 365, 371 Neural network, 339, 340 Nonlinearity, 272 Non-linearity, 261, 264, 271 411 Subject Index Operational error, 321 restrictions, 364 ship inclining (OS1), 329, 343, 355, 357 stability, 178, 183, 186 Oscillatory ship motion, 217 Partial wave, 243, 248, 258 Pendulum, 329, 344, 347, 348, 354, 356 Phase angle, 230, 250 Potential energy, 179, 182, 183 Probabilistic approach, 9, 52, 111, 168 Probability distribution binomial, 293 Poisson, 293, 294 Rayleigh, 207 Pseudostatic angle, 68 Pure loss of stability, 147, 149, 156, 164 Quartering seas, 228, 257 Radius of gyration, 221, 225 Random sea, 201 Random trials, 290, 296 Range of judgement, 361 RAO, 345, 347, 349 Rare event, 178, 278, 293, 294, 302 Reaction, 218 Reading range, 348 Regression analysis, 104 Reliability analysis, 170 Resonance, 183, 186, 187 low cycle, 280, 282 parametric, 228 Response, 261, 287 Reynolds number, 135, 136 Righting arm (lever), 11, 12,26,48,59,93, 153,154,221,235 arm of form, 12 arm of weight, 12 arms curve, 13, 14, 153 moment, 12, 15, 17, 18,20,46,57, 180,221 moments curve, 58 Risk, 9, 34, 85,128,131,146,170 assessment, 188, 359, 367 function, 125, 174 Roll acceleration, 306, 312 amplitude, 42, 86, 88 coefficient, 225, 227, 312 damping, 223, 230,231 decay, 223, 224 equation, 220 excitation, 228 experiment, 271 inertia, 220 linear, 220, 228, 230 motion, 177 parametric, 371 restoring, 221 small, 230 synchronous, 371 velocity, 306 Ro-Ro ship, 186 Routeing/Routing, 324, 334, 335, 336, 341 Safety assessment, 168, 170 envelope, 324, 336 management, 322, 362, 379, 381 margin, 47, 268 measures, 178 region, 362 Scenarios, 183,360,374,382 Seaway spectrum, 202, 204, 206, 254, 256,257 Securing, 306,309, 316, 320 Securing of cargo, 309 Shifting of cargo, 63, 65, 181, 183, 186, 319,320 Ship losses, 184 Ship operation, 177, 178, 183 Ship-fixed direction, 309 Shipyard inclining (SY1), 355 Short-term statistic, 202 Simulation, 247 SOLAS Convention, 5, 6, 49 412 Spring constant, 265 Stability, 5, 7,10,12,96,101,114,124, 167, 173 accident, 29, 114, 130, 131 classical definition, 10 criteria, 27, 37, 43, 46,52, 125, 167, 168,174,177,183,186 dynamic, 7, 12, 18,41,92 initial, 10 longitudinal, 10 longitudinal seas, 14,234,238 manual, 369 operational, 178, 183, 186 pure loss, 147, 149, 156, 164 requirements, 178 standards, 6, 8, 9, 29, 32, 36, 52, 57, 77,86,93, 104, 112, 133, 149 static, 11, 12, 13, 98 test system, 329 transverse, 10 Stable and unstable equilibria, 179 Static stability, 34, 147 Static stability arm (lever), 13,27,98, 147 Statistics, 184, 185 Stowage, 321 Strouha1 number, 135, 138 Subdivision, 5, 6, 36, 112 Survivability, 362, 367 Suspended loads, 70 Tank level gauging, 327 Time series, 257 Torremolinos Convention, 38, 43 Transfer function, 230 Transverse stability, 10 Trochoid, 194, 195 Tuning factor, 230, 233 Upsetting moment, 15, 16, 17, 18 Water absorption, 62 Water-on-deck,66 Wave celerity, 197, 199 climate, 214 crest, 229, 234, 257 dispersion, 199 energy, 202 group, 237, 247, 258, 270, 282 height, 197,203,207,211 length, 195, 197, 198 number, 198 orbital motion, 193, 197, 200 ordinate, 201 period, 197, 198,204 phase velocity, 197, 198, 199 significant height, 212 slope, 229, 230 slope amplitude, 229 spectrum, 202, 203, 204,206 steepness, 195, 197,235 swell, 200 trough, 234 Weather criterion, 32,40,42, 58, 77,89 Weber number, 135 Weiss formula, 225, 227 Wind, 191, 192 gust, 42, 50, 192 heeling moment, 27, 28, 45, 46, 77, 83,84, 139, 163 pressure, 28, 42, 43,50, 78, 81, 90 profile, 192 spectrum, 192, 193 velocity, 28, 43, 78, 89, 151 ... Kastner Stability and Safety of Ships Volume 1: Regulation and Operation ISBN - 0-08-043001-5 Volume 10: V L Belenky and N B Sevastianov Stability and Safety of Ships Volume 2: Risk of Capsizing ISBN... This book focuses on the state -of- the-art in the field of promotion of stability safety It includes regulatory and operational aspects of intact stability of ships Ships must be safe against capsizing... happen often nowadays, a stability accident is one of the worst things that can happen to a ship In most cases it involves loss of life, often all hands aboard and total loss of the ship and her