pollution prevention fundamentals and practice

POLLUTION PREVENTION: International FUNDAMENTALS AND PRACTICE Editions 2000 Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hili Book Co - Singapore, for manufacture and export This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hili Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hili Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 10 20 UPE ANL Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Bishop, Paul L Pollution prevention: p I fundamentals Data and practice I Paul L Bishop cm Includes index ISBN 0-07-366147-3 I Factory and trade waste - Management prevention I Title TD897.B49 2000 628.5'I-dc21 www.mhhe.com When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-116058-2 Printed in Singapore Pollution 99-16020 CIP I dedicate this book to my wife, Pam,for her patience, understanding, and encouragement, and for putting up with all of the time I spent on the preparation of this book McGraw-Hili Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering CONSULTING EDITOR George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis Bailey and Ollis: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals Bishop: Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals Bouwer: and Practice Groundwater Hydrology Canter: Environmental Impact Assessment Chanlett: Environmental Protection Chapra: Surface Water-Quality Modeling Chow, Maidment, and Mays: Applied Hydrology Crites and Tchobanoglous: Davis and Cornwell: Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems Introduction to Environmental Engineering deNevers: Air Pollution Control Engineering Eckenfelder: Industrial Water Pollution Control Eweis, Ergas, Chang, and Schroeder: LaGrega, Buckingham, Bioremediation Linsley, Franzini, Freyberg, and Tchobanoglous: McGhee: Principles and Evans: Hazardous Waste Management Water Resources and Engineering Water Supply and Sewage Mays and Tung: Hydrosystems Engineering and Management Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.: Wastewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse Peavy, Rowe, and Tchobanoglous: Environmental Engineering Sawyer, McCarty, and Parkin: Chemistry for Environmental Engineering Tchobanoglous, Theisen, and Vigil: Integrated Solid Waste Management: Principles and Management Issues Wentz: Hazardous Waste Management Wentz: Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection Engineering ABOUT THE AUTHOR PAUL L BISHOP is the Herman Schneider Professor of Environmental Engineering at the University of Cincinnati Dr Bishop received a B.S in civil engineering from Northeastern University and an M.S and Ph.D in environmental engineering from Purdue University He spent 16 years in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of New Hampshire as professor and department chair, and for the past 12 years he has been in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, serving for years as William Thoms Professor and head of the department He spent one year as visiting professor at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, and another in the same capacity at the Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Dr Bishop's specialties are pollution prevention, biological waste treatment, and hazardous waste management He is the author or co-author of two books and more than 200 technical papers He is a diplomate in the American Academy of Environmental Engineers, for which he served a term as a member of the Board of Trustees, was a member of the Board of Directors of ABET, recently completed a term as president of the Association of Environmental Engineering Professors (AEEP), is a member of the International Association on Water Quality U.S.A National Committee (USANC), and chaired the IAWQ Environmental Engineering Education Specialty Group Dr Bishop has had a long history of involvement in pollution prevention activities This includes assistance with development of the U.S EPA American Institute for Pollution Prevention, significant research on pollution prevention opportunities, presentations on pollution prevention at national and international conferences, consulting with industry on pollution prevention topics, and serving for the past nine years on the Science Advisory Board of the U.S EPA National Center for Clean Industrial and Treatment Technologies PREFACE It is estimated that our materials-dominated society consumes about 10 metric tons of raw materials per person per year in the production of consumer goods Within six months of extraction or production of these materials, 94 percent of them become residual material that is disposed of as waste More efficient practices for using materials in manufacturing are needed to lessen the demands for raw materials and to reduce the amounts and toxicity of waste materials It is estimated that 70 percent of this waste material could be eliminated through better design decisions and re~se of materials As currently structured, engineering education has evolved into fairly segregated disciplines; each focuses on a narrowly defined design and manufacturing function without consideration of its environmental consequences This is no longer the case in industry, however, where pollution prevention and waste minimization have become very important This rapidly changing industrial emphasis was initially in response to regulatory pressure, but now it is driven primarily by economics Industries are striving to minimize waste generation at the source, to reuse more of the waste materials that are generated, and to design products for easier disassembly and reuse after their useful life is completed The overall objective is to minimize "end-of-pipe" treatment, although some waste treatment will always be needed This new environmental ethic in manufacturing is labeled "pollution prevention," "green engineering," or "environmentally conscious engineering." It is a collection of attitudes, values, and principles that result in an attempt by the engineering profession to reduce the rate at which we adversely impact the environment Industry has accepted the concept of pollution prevention, because management has seen the economic benefits resulting from it However, most of our engineering graduates are not prepared to step into a role where green engineering principles are espoused It is essential that we quickly incorporate the green engineering principles into the engineering curriculum in all disciplines to ensure that all engineering graduates are aware of environmental issues and understand the environmental and economic consequences of engineering decisions The goal of this educational change should be to reduce the necessity for end-of-pipe treatment by incorporating, at all stages of engineering, measures that minimize wastes and permit recycling and reuse A knowledge of pollution prevention principles should allow the engineer to include environmental consequences in decision processes in the same way that economic and safety factors are considered Eventually, we must extend this way of thinking to others in the decision-making process, including management, but this probably will not be successful until engineers embrace it The objective of this book is to introduce the principles of pollution prevention, environmentally benign products, processes and manufacturing systems Students will learn the impacts of wastes from manufacturing and post-use product disposal, environmental cycles of materials, sustainability, and principles of environmental economics Materials selection, process and product design, and packaging are addressed PREFACE vii ORGANIZATION This book is intended for use by novices to the field of pollution prevention as well as by students majoring in environmental engineering or chemical engineering Sufficient background information is provided to those new to the field to understand the concepts discussed in later chapters The book is divided into 14 chapters The first chapter introduces the concept of pollution prevention, gives a historical perspective, provides definitions that will be used throughout the book, and discusses the important, but often overlooked subject of environmental ethics and its role in pollution prevention Chapters and are background chapters, providing information on properties and fates of environmental contaminants and the impacts of industry on the environment Knowledge of environmental regulations is essential to proper implementation of pollution prevention programs; regulations are covered in Chapter Chapter 5, "Improved Manufacturing Operations," is intended to describe general design and manufacturing processes that are used in industry and to show how changes in the manufacturing process can minimize pollution generation The next three chapters deal with how we can assess the effectiveness of a proposed process change and how effective pollution prevention programs are constructed Chapter describes the life-cycle assessment process, while Chapter is an overview of pollution prevention economics Chapter focuses on pollution prevention planning Chapters and 10 then investigate in more detail technologies that can be used to minimize pollution Chapter focuses on such topics as green chemistry, design for disassembly/demanufacturing, and improved packaging Chapter 10 describes new procedures for minimizing the use of water, energy, and reagents in a' manufacturing process through the application of a procedure called "pinch analysis." No matter how effective an industrial pollution prevention program is, there will always be some waste that can't be eliminated and must be disposed of Chapter 11 discusses options for disposal of these residuals Chapter 12 addresses another form of industrial pollution-fugitive emissions-that result from unintentional equipment leaks or releases Chapter 13 discusses what can be done at the municipal level to regulate industrial pollution emissions The book culminates in Chapter 14, which is a philosophical discussion of the subject of sustainability and the role of pollution prevention in maintaining a more sustainable society USE OF THIS BOOK Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice contains enough material to allow flexibility in its use This book is intended for engineering students from any engineering discipline, but it should also be useful to practicing engineers needing a comprehensive book on pollution prevention This includes both environmental engineers who are entering the pollution prevention consulting arena and engineers in industry viii POLLUTION PREVENTION: FUNDAMENTALS AND PRAcrJCE who need to bring their knowledge of available pollution prevention options up to date With selective reading, it will also be of use to nonengineers in industrial management who must make intelligent choices on implementation of pollution prevention alternatives or learn how to sell these alternatives to upper management The book is specifically designed for senior- or graduate-level engineering students from all engineering disciplines, but it may be used by junior-level students as well It assumes no prior knowledge of pollution prevention or related concepts, instead providing all necessary background for the reader By careful selection of the topics covered, the book can be used in a general course on pollution prevention intended for all engineering students, or in a pollution prevention course designed specifically for environmental engineering students The material in this textbook can be used in a variety of ways, depending on the discipline and educational background of the students and the intent of the course Suggested outlines are presented below for courses intended (1) as a general introduction to pollution prevention for students with little environmental engineering background, (2) as a more "rigorous course for environmental engineering students, and (3) as a course for nonengineering students, such as business or management majors In addition, portions of this book may be used in a basic freshman-level engineering course to introduce the need for the environmentally conscious engineering ethic to newly developing engineers This might include Chapter 1, parts of Chapter 3, and Chapter A suggested outline for a cross-disciplinary course on pollution prevention for nonenvironmental engineering students is presented in outline A This introduces the concepts of pollution prevention, describes the consequences of pollution emissions, and presents methods for setting up a pollution prevention program and assessing its effectiveness Students from any engineering discipline should have the necessary background knowledge for this course Outline A Topic Chapter Introduction Properties and fates of environmental All All Industrial activity and the environment All Environmental All 5.1, 5.2.2, 5.4.2 through 5.4.4 regulations Improved manufacturing operations contaminants Sections Life-cycle assessment All Pollution prevention economics Depends on students' backgrounds Waste audits All Design for disassemble/demanufacturing 9.1,9.3, and 9.4 Fugitive emissions 12 12.1 and 12.2 Sustainability 14 All PREFACE ix A course on pollution prevention specifically designed for environmental engineering students would differ from outline A Depending on their educational level, these students may already be familiar with the materials in Chapters 2, 3,4, and II These chapters could be assigned as background reading The course could focus on the organizational and technical aspects of pollution prevention Outline B suggests a plan for such a course Outline B Topic Chapter Introduction Sections All All Life-cycle assessment All Pollution prevention economics Depends on students' backgrounds Waste audits All Design for disassemb1e/demanufacturing 9.1,9.3, Improved manufacturing operations Water, energy, and reagent conservation 10 All Fugitive emissions 12 All Toward a sustainable society 14 All and 9.4 Ultimately, the decision on whether to implement a pollution prevention program is made by the industry management It is essential that managers become familiar with the problems created by pollution and what the opportunities associated with pollution prevention are It is unlikely that business schools can fit in a full course on pollution prevention, but the essential material could be covered in a short minicourse, as suggested in outline C Outline C Topic Chapter Introduction Sections All Industrial activity and the environment All Environmental All Life-cycle assessment All Pollution prevention planning All Municipal pollution prevention programs 13 All Toward a sustainable society 14 All regulations A teacher's manual that accompanies this textbook is available for qualified instructors The manual contains solutions to all problems in the text, as well as a full set of overhead teaching slides that can be used in presenting the course material Please inquire with your McGraw-Hill representative I would appreciate any comments, suggestions, corrections, and contributions of problems for future revisions X POLLUTION PREVENTION: FUNDAMENTALS AND PRACTICE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book could not have been written without the valuable assistance of a number of people This textbook grew out of a grant I received from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to develop a cross-disciplinary pollution prevention program for engineering students The agency's support is gratefully acknowledged Amit Gupta, a former graduate student, provided invaluable assistance in developing the course, creating many of the overhead teaching slides presented in the accompanying teacher's manual, and reviewing the entire manuscript I would especially like to thank him for contributing much of the writing for Chapter 14, "Toward a Sustainable Society." His insights and perspectives on this subject were very perceptive I also extend my gratitude to Anthony Dunams, another former graduate student, for writing much of Chapter 13, "Municipal Pollution Prevention Programs," and for serving as a sounding board for much of the other material Tatsuji Ebihara and Hassan Arafat, two current doctoral students, contributed several of the design examples I have taught several courses using drafts of this textbook to students from a multitude of academic backgrounds Their helpful comments and corrections of the text have vastly improved it, and their asssistance is gratefully acknowledged I would especially like to thank the outside reviewers of this text for their very valuable contributions These include Dr C P L Grady (Clemson University), Dr Steven Safferman (University of Dayton), and Dr Angela Lindner (University of Florida) I would also like to thank the entire team at McGraw-Hill for their great support and assistance with this project Special thanks go to the sponsoring editor, Eric Munson; the copy editor, Carole Schwager; and the senior project manager, Jean Lou Hess Paul L Bishop hazardousreleasenotification,171 localemergencyplans, 17l pollutionpreventionand, 536 PPAand, 535-536 purposeof, 170 SARAas, 168,538 storageand, 236 subtitlesof, 17~171 voluntaryplanning,330 Emissionfees inadequaciesof, 308-309 pollutionfee calculating,308 theoryof, 308 Emissionreductionincentives PPAand, 310 state incentiveprograms, 31~311 Emissionsinventory directdischarges,346 purposeof, 345 waste auditsand, 345 EmpowermentZone and Enterprise Community,170 Energyconservation,processinefficiencies,136-136 EnergyConsumption capitaenergyconsumptions,123 developingnations, 123 sourcesof, 123 U.S usage, 125-127 Energyreserves extractionfor, 127 fossilfuels, 127 Energyusage conservation,136-138 consumption,123 127 electricity,136 fossilfuels, 127-132 historicalperspective,121-122 humanconsumption,122 industrialrevolutionfocus, 122 nuclearenergy,132-134 oil fuels, 122 renewablesources,134-136 reserves,127 societyneeds, 121-122 Engineeringeconomies discountrate, 311 investmentalternativecomparing, 314-317 optimumoperatingpoint, 311 presentworth,312-314 EnvironmentManagementStandard See also ISO, 14000 environmentalprotectionand, 178 ISO 14000and, 177-178 purposeof, 178 Environmentalaccounting "greenGNP" calculating,616 sustainabilityprinciplesand, 616 Environmentalaudits characteristics,344 data neededin, 345 defined,343 as emissionsinventory,343, 345-346 EPApolicyand, 343 managementinformationfrom, 344 methodsof, 344 objectiveof, 343 types of, 343 344 Environmentaldesign disassemblydesign,386-410 examples,353 354 greenchemistry,357-386 greendesigning,354-356 introduction,353-357 packaging,41~16 Environmentaleffects life-cycleimpactanalysis,268 originof, 268 uses of, 268 Environmentalethics CMAResponsibilityCare Program,17-18 companyclassifications,18-19 concernsof, 15 conservationismphilosophies,15 corporateethics, 16-17 deep ecologyphilosophies,16 defined,15 greenorganizationinvolving,17 preservationismphilosophies, 15-16 regulatorypressure, 15 socialecology,16 stakeholdermanagement,17 versussustainability,16 unlimitedeconomicwealthconcept, 16 Environmentalimpactstatements NEPArequirement,159 usesof, 586-587 Environmentalliabilityaudit,purpose of, 343 Environmentalmanagementsystems companyrequirements,341 componentsof, 341-342 defined,341 documentssupporting,3~341 expectationsof, 342 implementing,342 ISO 14000standards,340 purposeof, 340 standardtypes,342 Environmentalperformancebonds advantagesof, 612 bond expenditures,612 uses of, 611 Environmentalprioritystrategies life-cycleimpactanalysis,268 originof, 268 uses of, 268 Environmentalproblems povertyand, 575 sustainabilityand, 575 EnvironmentalProtectionAct (EPA), effluencelimitations,157 EnvironmentalProtectionAgency (EPA) administrativejurisdictionof, 150 assumptionsof, 518 Brownfieldpilot program,170 conflictingrole of, 307-308 correlationsfor, 518 designsoftwareby, 220 environmentalauditspolicy,343 environmentalimpactstatements, 586-587 fugitiveemissionsestimating methods,513 514 green chemistrypromoting,362 hazardouswaste categories,163 major stationarysourcedefined, 511 NationalPrimaryDrinkingWater Regulations,159-160 petroleumindustryand, 518 pollutionpreventiondefinition,II pollutionpreventionoffice, 176 premanufacturenotificationof toxic substances,160 projectXL and, 596 purposeof, 518 Enviroiunentalregulations clean air laws, 15~151 clean waterlaws, 157-160 environmentalregulations, 15~ 178 hazardousmaterialslaws, 1~174 introduction,147-148 pollutionlaws, 175-178 productlaws, 174-175 quantityof, 150 rate of, 147 regulatoryprocess, 149-150 usesof, 150 Equipmentcleaning continuous-flowreactorsand, 229 frequencyof, 229 Equipmentmodifications compressors,522 goal of, 519 leakingvalves,519-522 pipe connectors,522 pumps,522 Esters examples,30 namingbasis, 29 reactionsforming,29-30 uses of, 29-30 EuropeanUnion,eco-Iabeling, 285-286 Evaporation multiple-effectevaporators,197 purposeof, 197 types of, 197 workingof, 197 ExecutiveOrders See also PresidentBill Clinton examplesof, 176-177 federalagencybinding, 176 Extendedaerationprocess,activated sludgesystem.490 External&.ling roof stange taDb cbaraclerislics,524 emissionCOIIbOI meIbods, 529-530 Externalities,defined,300 Externalitycontrols emissionfees, 308-309 marketablepermits,309-310 regulations,307-308 typesof, 307 Extraction efficiencycalculations,211 liquid-liquidextractors,210 naturalproductextraction,213 organicsolvents,211 phasesof, 210 purposeof, 210 solidswashing,210 solventextractioneffectiveness, 210-211 supercriticalextractions, 212-213 ExxonValdez,158 Farming,sustainabilityframework, 604 FederalInsecticide,Fungicide,and RodenticideAct (FIFRA) objectiveof, 174 originof, 174 usesof, 174 FederalRegister,149 FederalTradeCommission,284 Feedstockalternatives benefitsof, 363 benzenealternatives,364 biomassand, 365-367 d-g1ucose,367-368 petroleumalternatives,363 phosgenealternatives,364-365 processesmodification,368 FiberBoxAssociation,401 Fick's Law formula,48 moleculardiffusionand, 48 Filtration gradedquartzsandfiltertypes, 480 granularmediafilters,479 processesas, 479 uses of, 479 Fixed-roofstoragetanks characteristicsof, 524 emissioncontrolmethods,529 emissionloss calculations, 526-527 fugitiveemissionsfrom,524 Floc.See also Coagulation defined,465 Flocculent(type2) settling,characteristicsof, 463-464 Flotation air flotation,464 emulsifiedoils, 464 versussedimentation,464 uses of, 464 waterflotation,464 Fluidizedhed reactors,characteristics of, 494-495 Ford, Henry,8 Ford MotorCompany,156,308 Fossilfuels.See Coal;Naturalgas; Oil Freundlichisothermequations, 5~ formulafor, 57 as sorptionmodels,57 FrictionlessBearings,Incorporated, 296 Fugitiveemissioncontrolling equipmentmodifications, 519-522 fixed-rooftanks,529 floatingroof tanks,529-530 leak detection,523-524 organicliquidevaporation,529 techniquesfor, 519 Fugitiveemissionestimations examples,527-529 fixed-rooftank calculations, 526-527 proceduresfor, 526 softwareprogramsfor, 526 Fugitiveemissionfactoraverage approach defined,514-515 examplesof, 515-516 factorsfor, 514 organiccarbonmass emission calculating,515 purposeof, 515 Fugitiveemissionmeasuring averageemissionfactorapproach, 514-516 CAAArequirementfor, 512 data qualitymaintaining,513 EPAcorrelations,518 estimatingmethodalternatives, 513-514 gas and vapordefinitions,513 goal of, 513 massemissionsand, 512-513 screeningrangesapproach, 516-517 techniquesfor, 512 unit-specificcorrelations, 518-519 Fugitiveemissionsources cumulativeimpactof, 511-513 equipmentleaks,511 hazardouscompounds,511 primarysources,511 Fugitiveemissions amountsof, 511-512 CAAAand, 510 componentleaking,209 computerizedprogramsfor, 211 controlling,519-524 defined,47 disposalof, 530-531 environmentalcompliance, 509-510 HONrequirements,510 introductions,509-511 leak monitoringregulations,510 measuring,512-519 sourcesof, 511-512 stationarysources,510-511 storagetanks, 524-530 wastetreatments,530-531 Fulton,Robert,8 Gas defined,513 Gas removal adsorptionsystems,503-504 controlmethods,503 incineration,504 purposeof, 503 wet scrubbers,503 GeneralDynamics,3 GeneralElectric,323 Generalprinciple chemicaltoxicityrequirements, 378 molecularstructuresmodifying, 378 Georgia-PacificCorporation,596 Geothermalpower locationsfor, 135 as nonpollutingenergy,134 GermanRecyclingandWaste ManagementAct, 390 Germany BlueAngelProgram,285 eco-Iabelingin, 285 Globalclimateprotection CFCrecycling,156 market-basedapproachto, 156 MontrealProtocol,156 phaseoutschedule,156-157 Globalwarming carbondioxideand, 85, 93 climatefactorinteractions,91 defined,79 effectsof, 91 greenhouseeffect,93-94 greenhousegases, 95 heat trappinggases,93 industrialrevolutionimpacts, 92-93 technologicaloptions,95-98 GoodhealthPharmaceutical Company,336 GreatLakesWaterQualityInitiative goal of, 539 purposeof, 538 standardbenchmarksin, 538-539 stateseffecting,538 Greenaccounting defined,615 environmentalaccounting,616 GDP and, 615 recycling,616 Greenchemistry awarenessof, 358 chemicalselection,357 conceptsof, 357 defined,357 industrygoals, 357 reactionconditionalternatives, 374-377 researchneeds,384-386 safechemicaldesign,377,377-384 syntheticpathwaysalternatives, 363-374 SUBJECf INDEX wastesources,358 362 Greenchemistryresearch areasfor, 385 aromaticaminedyes molecular designs,385 computerassistancein, 386 Greencompanies as classificationsystem, 18 environmentalperformanceof, 19 Greendesigning goals, 355 phase origin,355 pollutionreductionfrom, 355 GreenSeal categorystandards,286 eco-labeling,286 life-cycleassessmentsuse, 284 standarddevelopment,286-287 testingfor, 286-287 Greenhouseeffect carbondioxideconcentrations,93 effectsof, 93, 93-94 nameorigin,93 Greenhousegases chlorofluorocarbons,95 methaneemissions,95 nitrousoxide,95 Greenhousetechnologicaloptions atmospherestabilizing,97 carbondioxidecontrol,95-96 globalwarming,96 industriesprocessesand, 96-97 reforestation,98 vegetationincreases,97-98 Gross domesticproduct(GDP).See also Grossnationalproduct depreciationand, 614 environmentalconsiderationsand, 614 environmentaleffectscalculating, 615 green accountingand, 615 measurementmethods,613-614 net domesticproductand, 615 sustainableincomemeasuring, 615 Grossnationalproduct(GNP).See also Grossdomesticproduct lossesregisteredto, 614 positiveadjustmentsto, 614 purposeof, 614 qualityand, 614 uses of, 614 Groundwaterprotection industryimpactof, 160 SDWAand, 160 state responsibility,160 Ibm, RobertK., 12 Hargraves,James,7 HazanIousair pollutants(HAPs) chromiumelectroplatingrules, 154-155 defined,84-85, 153 emissioncontrolprograms,85 healthproblemsfrom, 153 MACf standards,154 sourcesof, 153 HazardousMaterialTransportation Act (HMTA) enforcementof, 172 materialclasses, 172-173 purposeof, 172 shipperresponsibilityin, 172 steps in, 172-173 HazardousMaterialsTransportation UniformSafetyAct, 172 Hazardousmaterialsand wastelaws ComprehensiveEnvironmental Response,Compensation and LiabilityAct, 168 EmergencyPlanningand CommunityRight-to-Know Act, 170-172 FederalInsecticide,Fungicide and, RodenticideAct, 174 HazardousMaterialTreatment Act, 172-173 ResourceConservationand RecoveryAct, 162-168 ToxicSubstancesControlAct (TSCA),160-162 HazardousOrganicNational EmissionStandards(HON) emissionstandardsdefining,510 requirementsof, 510 Hazardousand SolidWaste Amendments(HSWA) hazardouswasteminimization, 534,537 preventivefocus,535 purposeof, 535 RCRAreauthorizationas, 534 sourcegenerationelimination,535 Hazardouswastepermits cradle-to-gravemanagement,166 responsibleparty for, 166 shippingmanifestsystem, 166 Hazardouswastetreatment EPAand, 165 ownershipof, 165 regulationareas, 165 smallbusinessand, 165 Hazardouswastes characteristicsof, 114 163 defined,114, 162-163 derived-fromrule, 165 industrialproducingof, 114-115 liquidwasteand, 164 mixturerule, 165 quantityof, 114 resourceconservation,117-118 solidwastedefined,162 solid wasteexemptedfrom, 163 solid wastesand, 114 statesproducing,115 Superfund,sites, 115-117 waste"delisting,"165 Heat exchangernetwork(HEN) analysispurpose,431 designrules,436-437 energyinputs,431-432 exchangernetworksystemexampies, 432-433 687 heat transferrates,432 thermalpinch analysis,431 Heatexchangers coefficientsof, 194 designof, 193 examples,196-197 heat transfercalculating,194 heat transferoccurring,194 logarithmicmeantemperature differencescalculations,195 purposeof, 192 temperatureprofiles,195 tube exchangersand, 192 wastegenerationcontributions, 195-196 wastereductionmethods,196 workingsof, 192-199 Heathcare, sustainabilityframework,604 Heavyliquid,defined,513 Heavymetals See Metals,heavy Henry's Law defined,64 formulafor, 64 partitioning,64 Hewlett-Packard,398 399,401, 414 High-rateactivatedsludgesystem, 490 HockerChemicalCompany,115 Housekeeping awarenesslackingin, 237 benefitsof, 237 commonsense and, 238 employeeeducation,237 overlookedpractices,237-238 preventivemaintenance,238 wastewaterpollutions,237 Howe,Elias, Hydrocarbons effectsof, 83 qualityof, 83 sourcesof, 83 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, safe chemicalreplacements,381 Hydrogenperoxideoxidizing catalystwith, 470 cyanideoxidizingwith,470 Hydrolysis chemicalreactions,68 ph dependence,68 processof, 68 IBM, 280 Ignitablewastes,as hazardous waste, 163 Impactanalysis characterization,265-267 classification,263-265 phasesof, 263 quantitativeexamination,263 role of, 263 valuation,267-269 Improvementanalysis analysisdifficulty,269 objectiveof, 269 outcomesof, 269 688 POLLUTION PREVENTION: FUNDAMENTALS AND PRACTICE Incineration advantagesof, 110 cost of, 110 countriesusing,109 disadvantagesof, 109 gas removal,504 usesof, 109,504 wastesconsumption,109 workingof, 504 Industrialcontaminants environmentalfate,47 loadingprocessesfor,46-47 Industrialecology defined,609 ecoindustrialparks, ~ 10 ecologyand,608 ecosystemdiversity,609 elementsof, 609 evolvingof, 608 goalsof, 608-609 materialscycling,609 principlesof, 610-613 Industrialecologyprinciples conservationstrategies,612 e-factor,613 environmentalperformance bonds,611~12 industrialmetabolism,612 intergenerationalequityprinciple, 611 intragenerationalequityprinciple, 611 polluter-paysprinciple,611 precautionaryprinciple,610-611 softmaterialpaths,612 subsidiarityprinciple,611 3Rs,613 user-paysprinciple,611 Industrialmetabolism industrialprocessingand,612 originof, 612 IndustrialRevolution electricityproductions,8 patentactivity,9 power-drivenmachinery,7 steamengines,8 textileindustrymechanizations, 7~ Industrialwastes air poUution,79-101 effectsof, 78-79 energyusage, 121-138 hazardouswastes,114 118 introduction,78-79 resourcedepletion,138-142 solidwastes,102-1\4 sourcesof, 107 wastequantity,78 wastewatersludges,107 waterpoUution,118-121 Industrialwastewatertreatment POfWs and, 121 preventionversustreatments,121 timingof, 121 Industria1ization impacts benefits,9 environmentalcosts,9 socialstructure,9 Industry circularstructure,605 clean manufacturingbenefits, 605 cleanproductiongoals,605 linearstructureof, 605 sustainabilityrole, 604-605 Instituteof PackagingProfessionals, 40I Intelligen,Incorporation,220 Intergenerationalequityprinciple, usesof, 611 Internalfloatingroof storagetank characteristics,524 fugitiveemissions,524 Internalrate of return,usesof, 316 InternationalChamberof Commerce,18 InternationalOrganizationfor Standardization(ISO).See also ISO, 14000 environmentalethics, 17 missionof, 177 objectiveof, 177 InternationalUnionof Natureand NaturalResources(IUeN) OttawaConferenceon Environmentand Development,579 WorldConservationStrategy,579 InternationalUnionof Pureand AppliedChemists(IUPAC), nomenclaturesystem,23-24 Intragenerationalequityprinciple, usesof, 611 Inventoryanalysis assessmentfrom,262 basicstepsin, 259 data accuracy,262 data consistency,262 data gathering,261 data sources,261-262 decisionareas,259-260 focusof, 259 inventorychecklist,26(} 261 purposeof, 259 reportpresentation,263 systematicapproachto, 259 Investmentalternativescomparing benefit-costratios,316 internalrate of return,316 investmentdilemmas,314 methodsfor, 315 net presentvalue,316-317 payback,316 poUutionpreventionoptions, 314 315 Ion exchange cationexchangeequations,476 cationexchangeselectivity,477 examples,478-479 fixed-bedcolumnsfor,477 hydrogenion replacements,476 hydrogen-basedresins,477 purposeof, 475 removalmechanisms,477-478 resultsof, 476 worldngsof, 47~76 Ionicliquids defined,376 usesof, 376 ISO 1043-1PlasticsIndentification System,398 ISO 14000.See also Environmental managementsystems adoptionof, 340 eco-Iabelingand, 286 guidancedocumentfor, 177-178 internationallaw, 150 life-cycleassessmentsand,255 manufacturingstandards,177 objectiveof, 340 pollutionplanningmandate, 330 purposeof, 177 subjectscoveredby, 340 Isomers,defined,25 Isostericreplacements carcinogenicmoleculechanges, 382 defined,382 organosilanes,383 purposeof, 382 Isothermequations defined,57 typesof, 58 usesof, 58 JeweUElectricInstruments,430 Keponeincident banningof, 120 characteristicsof, 120 cleanupfindings,12(} 121 originof, 120 processwastespoUutionimpact, 120 Ketones.See also Aldehydes examples,31 namingbasis,30 usesof, 30 KyotoProtocol basisfor,98 developingcountryexemptions, 98 greenhousegas reductionrequirements,98 industrialversusdeveloping nations,98 U.S ratificationand,98 KyotoSummit,marketablepermits, 310 Landapplications biologicalwastetreatment,496 comparativecharacteristics,498 systemtypesof, 496-498 usesof, 498 Landdisposal hazardousconstituentsmigration, 166 hazardouswasteand, 166 uncontainedliquidwaste, 166 LandDisposalProgramFlexibility Act, 166 Langmuirisothenn equations,5~ fonnula,57 as sorptionmodels,57 Lawof demand,defined,300 Lawof supply,defined,300 Laws.See Environmentalregulations Lead air qualities,84 characteristics,42 environmentalproblems,42 healthproblemsfrom,42 recyclinginfrastructurefor,42 sourcesof, 84 Leakdetection componentsamplingfrequency, 523-524 cost-effectivecontrol,523 equipmenttypesfor, 523 LDARprogramand, 523 monitoringprocedures,523 Life ScienceProductsCompany, 120 Life-cycleassessmentapplications benefitsof, 277 corporatestrategicplanning, 277-278 decision-makingprocess,278 ecolabeling,284 examples,278 marketingclaims,283 pollutionpreventionoperating strategy,278 processmodifications,280 283 processselection,280 283 productdevelopment,278-279 responsiblecare program,277 Life-cycleassessmentcomputer models categoriesof, 287-288 databasesystemlinking,288 examplesof, 288 limitationsof, 288 purposeof, 287 reviewof, 288 spreadsheetsfonnat, 288 Life-cycleassessmentgoal definition complexityand, 258 energyrequirements,258 forethoughtbenefits,258 processstreamlining,259 purposeof, 257-258,258 scopeof, 258 Life-cycleassessmenthistory European"greenmovement,"254 indirectimpacts,254 net energyanalysisand, 253 productpackagingfocus,254 recyclingdisadvantages,254 Life-cycleassessmentmethodologies "codeof practice"for, 257 componentsof, 257 data access,255-256 goal definition,257-259 impactanalysis,263 improvementanalysis,269 interdependentstages,257 inventoryanalysis,259-263 scopingstage,257-259 systemsapproachto, 255 Life-eycleassessmentstreamlining approachesto, 270 criticalenvironmentalimpactand, 269 infonnationomitting,270 meaningof, 269 methodsfor, 270 minimumstandards,270 phasesfor, 270 271 reasonsfor, 269 selectioncriteria,270 Life-cycleassessments applicationsof, 277-287 computermodeluse, 287-288 defined,252 Europeanuse of, 254 evaluationscope,252 executiveorderfor, 254-255 historyof, 253-254 ISO 14000and, 255 legislativedebates,255 methodology,255-269 motivationsfor, 253 overviewof, 251-253 pollutionimpactunderstanding, 251 pollutionpreventionfactors, 271-277 productimpactexamining,252 purposesof, 253 regulationsand, 254 regulatoryprocessand, 254-255 statesof, 252 streamlining,269-271 systematicapproachto, 252 uses of, 252 wastemanagementoperations, 288-292 Life cycle cost assessmentcase study annualrate of returncalculating, 324 evaluationareas,323 optionrankings,324 P2 optionsevaluation,323 324 Life cycle cost assessmentprocess case study,323-325 data availability,323 standardizedfonn for, 323 Life cyclecosting electricutility industryuse, 322 modelsfor, 322-323 Life-style,sustainabilityframework and, 603, 603 604 Lightliquid,defined,513 Linearisothennequations,58-64 Linnhoff,Bodo,430 Liquid,defmed,513 Liquid,heavy,defined,513 Little,ArthurD., 253 Livingstandards,sustainabilityand, 575-576 Loadingprocesses defined,46 industrialcontaminants,46-47 pollutionsources,47 processof, 46 wasteload responsibilities,47 Localdischargestandards authorityfor, 541-542 POTWdischarges,541 purposeof, 541 Localgovernmentsustainabilityrole leadershipareasfor, 600-601 motivationfor, 601 progressof, 601 Long-tenncleanupestimating capitalcosts and, 317 examples,318-320 liabilitycost estimating,318-320 wastetreatmentcosts,317-318 LoveCanal chemicalwastedumping,116 contaminantcontainment approach,116 healthhazardsfrom, 116 historyof, 115-116 laws from, 168 legislationfrom, 116 RCRAregulationsand, 149 solid wastedisposaland, 504 Maleicanhydrideproduction, 242-247 Management commitmentof, 237 housekeeping,237-238 recordkeeping,239 training,238-239 Managementaudits,purposeof, 343 Mandatoryprogramcomponents fineslevied,566 preventionrequirementimposed, 566 purposeof, 566 reductionareasidentifying,566 requiredpreventionimplementation, 566 Mandatoryprogramproblems govemment'srole, 553 554 incentivesfocus,554 mass-basedlimits,554 Mantle, 139 Manufacturingoperations businessdilemmas,180 environmentalregulationcosts, 180 goinggreen, 180 181 industrialprocesses,181 introduction,180 182 manufacturingprocesses, 183 215 pollutionminimizing,181-182 pollutionpreventionelements, 182 pollutionpreventionexamples, 239-247 690 POLLUTION PREVENTION: FUNDAMENTALS AND PRACTICE Manufacturingoperations(conI.) processchanges,220-239 processdesign,215-220 processdevelopment,215-220 wasteminimizing,181 wastewatertreatmentcosts, 181 Manufacturingprocesses absorption,209 210 adsorption,213 214 ancillaryequipment,215 chemicalreactors,186-192 concurrentengineering,185-186 crystallization,198 199 distillation,199 209 drying,197-198 enterprisestructures,183 evaporating,197-198 examples,186 extraction,210-213 heat exchangers,192-197 industria1processcriteria,186 manufacturingprocesses,186 otheroperations,214 215 processchangebenefits,186 productdesignsteps, 183 184 sequentialengineering,184 Marginalcost cost of production,303 fixescosts,303 manufacturingpurpose,303 marginalcost curve,303 productiondecisionbenefits, 303 305 variablecosts,303 Marketcost,defined,303 Marketequilibriumpoint,defined, 301 Marketexternalities commongoodand, 305 competitiveeconomyandpollution, 306-307 cost-benefitanalysis,306 defined,305 governmentpolicyand,305 marketsystemeffects,305 taxes,305 treatmentleveldetermining,306 Marketmechanisms externalitiesand, 300 governmentinvolvementin, 299, 299-300 imperfectcompetition,299 marketpurpose,299 productdevelopment,299 productionmethods,299 taxesand, 300 Marketablepermits greenhouseuse, 310 objectiveof, 309 310 regnlationcombinations,310 studiesof, 310 workingof, 309 Marketablewastewaterpermits financialadvantageof, 556 purposeof, 555 Market-basedprograms incentivetypes,555 incentivesfor,554-555 marketablewastewaterpermits, 555-556 pollutionpreventiongrants,555 smallbusinessand,555 Marketingclaims life-cycleassessmentssupporting, 283 singlecriteriaadvertising,283 Mass-basedlimits Cityof PaloAlto program, 551-552 pollutantactualloads,551 pollutionpreventionand,551 POTWsand,551 MaterialSafetyData Sheets (MSDS),171 Materialsidentification confusionover,397 identificationstandards,397 plasticsrecyclingas, 397-399 Materialsselection criteriafor,402 environmentalimpacts,402 life-cycledesignstage,402 objectivesof, 402 Maximumallowablecontrultechnology(MAcr) emissionreductionforecast,154 standardimplementation,154 standardsfor, 154 Membraneprocesses examples,484 485 industryusesof, 484 purposeof, 480 rangesof, 480 reverseosmosis,481 484 separationprocessesin, 481 usesof, 481 workingsof, 480-481 Mercaptans,disagreeableodor,27 Mercury characteristics,43 chlorineproductions,43 44 commonion in, 43 drinkingwaterstandards,44 fishconcentrations,43 mercurysalts,43 Minimatadisease,119-120 uses of, 43 Metals anthropogenicmetals,39-40 arsenic,40-41 bioaccumulationof, 40 cadmium,41 chromium,42 cyanides,44 defined,39 heavymetals,39-40 lead,42 mercury,43 44 nutrientsas, 40 Metals,heavy defined,39 environmentalconcerns,39 Microeconomics controlmeasures,307-311 defined,298 engineeringeconomies,311-317 free-marketsystemand, 298 marginalbenefits,303 305 marginalcosts, 303 305 marketexternalities,305-307 marketmechanisms,299 300 supplyand demand,300 303 MidwestResearchInstitutes,253 Mineralresources consumingrate of, 141 metalore types, 141 reservesof, 142 Minera1ization complexorganiccompound conversions,71 defined,71 Minimatadisease containment,119 industrialeffluentpredicting,120 as mercurypoisoning,119 originsof, 119 Miningwastes,reclaimingmining areas, 107 Mobileair pollutants.See Automobiles MonsantoChemicalCompany,3, 445 MontrealProtocol,globalclimate protection,156 Motorola,278 MunicipalP2 programqualities POTWsand, 558 561 programoptions,558 Municipalpollutionprevention programs introduction,533 534 P2 initiativeimplementing,533 POWTprograms,533 534 pretreatmentpermitprograms, 539-568 preventionacceptance,533 regnlatorybasis for,534 539 sourcecontrolin, 539-568 Municipalsolid wastes amountsof, 104-105 compositionof, 105, 105-106 contentsof, 104 potentialrecoveryfrom, III recoveryof, 113 recyclablematerialsuse, 106-107 recycling,106 Naess,Arne, 16 NationalAmbientAir Quality Standards(NAAQS) criticalpollutantsand, 152 versusemissionstandards,151 establishingof, 151 standardtypes in, 152 NationalCenterfor Manufacturing Sciences,219 Nationalcontingencyplan cleanupcost, 169 cleanuptimes, 169 goalof, 169 SUBJECI'INDEX hazardouswastesite ranking, 169 purposeof, 169 remediationplans, 169 NationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct (NEPA) provisionof, 159 recordof decisions,159 NationalInstitutefor Occupational Safetyand Health(NlOSH), purposeof, 174 NationalMaterialsExchange Network(NMEN),408 NationalPollutantDischarge EliminationSystem(NPDES) versusPOTWuse, 157-158 purposeof, 157 NationalPollutionDischarge EliminationSystem(NPDES) See also Best management practices CWAand, 536 permitfrom, 536 preventionpracticesof, 536 NationalPrimaryDrinkingWater Standards contaminantstandards,161 contaminantsregulations, 159-160 NationalPriorityList, 169 Superfundcleanupand, 117 Naturalgas flaringoff of, 130 flowof, 131 locationsof, 132 typesof, 130 use strategies,132 Naturalproductextraction,uses of, 213 NatureConservancy,partnershipof, 596 Net presentvalue disadvantagesof, 317 predictionsafety,317 purposeof, 316 317 Netherlands,eco-Iabelingin, 285 New HampshireDepartmentof EnvironmentalServices sewerordinancemodel,548 strategiesof, 548-549 Newcomen,Thomas,8 Nitrogenoxide characteristicsof, 84 emissions,90 sourcesof, 84 NonaqueousPhaseLiquids (NAPLs),defined,54 Noncompliantindustryprograms complianceschedules,553 correctiveactionplans, 553 enforcementsettlements,553 SEPprograms,553 violationfines,553 Nonmetals,defined,39 Nonpermittedindustrycontrolling City of PaloAlto and, 552 noncompliantindustries,552-553 permit class for, 552 preventionprogramsfor, 552 Normalcompounds namesof, 26 namingbasis,26 straight-chaina1kanesas, 26 NorthAmericanFreeTrade Agreement,150 Nuclearenergy accidentsfrom, 132 cost of, 132 pollutionimpact,134 predictionsof, 132 radioactivemanagement, 133-134 reactorresearch,133 Nuclearwastes disposalneeds, 134 reactordesignand, 133 spentfuel assemblies,134 OccidentalPetroleumCompany, 116 OccupationalSafetyand HealthAct (OSHA) originof, 174 reactionsto, 175 responsibilityof, 174 resultsfrom, 175 standardsdeveloping,174 workersafetyissues, 175 Officeof TechnologyAssessment, 355 Oil environmentalimpactof, 130 extractioncost, 129 locationsof, 129-130 multipleenergyfrom, 130 originsof, 129 total amountof, 129 Oil PollutionAct (OPA) originof, 158 programsfor, 158 purposeof, 158 spillpreventionincentives,158 trust fund for, 158-159 Oil SpillLiabilityTrustFund, 158 Organicacids commonnamesfor, 29 uses of, 28 29 Organicchemicals characteristicsof, 23 organiccompounds nomenclature,23-39 Organiccompoundsnomenclature aliphaticcompounds,25-32 aromaticcompounds,32-39 carbonatomsand, 24 IUPACsystemin, 24 typesof, 24 25 OttawaConferenceon Environment and Development,outcomes of, 579 Oxidationditch,activatedsludge system,490 Oxidation-reductionreactions biologicalreactions,69 characteristicsof, 69 691 examplesof, 69-70 organiccompoundtransformation, 69 processof, 69 Ozone chemicaldestructionphaseout schedule,157 creatingof, 85 defined,84 hydrocarbonseffects,83 photochemicaleffectsof, 84 smog and, 85-86 ultravioletenergyabsorbing,93 Ozonedepletion chemicalreactionas, 99 chlorinereductions,101 chlorofluorocarbonimpact, 100 101 freon-typereplacements,101 internationalconcerns,101 ozonehole, 100 101 ozonerole, 99-100 Ozonehole causesof, 100 location,100 reduction,101 size of, 100 Ozoneoxidation advancedprocesses,469 as biodegradable,469 characteristicsof, 468 examples,468-469 gas from,468 P2 factors,defined,272 Packaging degradable,415 416 life-cycleassessmentconcepts, 411 minimizingof, 412 415 purposeof, 411 quantityreductionsof, 411 solid wasteand, 410-411 types of, 411 Packaging,degradable degradationrequirements,415 plasticsand,415 416 Packaging,minimizing benefits,412 concentratesmarketing, 413 414 examples,414 415 manufacturerpackaging,414 objectivesof, 412 pollutionprevention,414 projectdesignchanges,412 413 snackbag components,413 soft drinkweightreductions,413 strategiesfor,412 waterreducing,414 weightreductionof, 412 Papin,Denis,8 Paraffins,defined,25 Particulatecontrol baghousefilter,500 cyclone,500 electrostaticprecipitator,502-503 692 POLLUTION PREVENTION: FUNDAMENTALS Particulatecontrol(conI.) scrubber,500-502 settlingchamber,499-500 Particulates defined,83 effectsof, 83-84 sourcesof, 83 Partitioningprocess absorptiveeffects,55-64 acidbasedionization,50-53 causesof, 45 criteriaeffecting,50 defined,45 dispersionrate factors,49 solubility,53-55 propertieseffecting,50 volatilization,64-{j7 Pasteur,Louis,371 Paybackperiod,316 usesof, 316 Permits CleanAirAct, 155 hazardouswaste, 166 marketable,309-310 marketablewastewater,555 556 storage,236 Pharmaceuticalcompanies,sustainabilityframework,604 Photochemicaloxidants sourcesof, 84 typesof, 84 Photochemicalreactions effectsof, 70 pollutionprevention,70 smogas, 70 typesof, 70 Photovoltaiccells conceptof, 135 cost of, 135 storagebatterydevelopment,135 Physicochemicalprocesses activatedcarbontreatments, 473-475 chemicaloxidation,468-471 chemicalreduction,471-473 coagulation,464-466 filtration,479-480 flotation,464 ion exchange,475 membraneprocesses,480-485 precipitation,466-468 reductionprocesses,468-471 sedimentation,461-464 supercriticaloxidation,471 wasteneutralization,458-461 Pinchanalysis characteristicsof, 431 defined,231 goalof, 431 processemissions,447-449 purposeof, 430 thermal,431-439 thermodynamicprinciplesin, 431 wateruse,439-447 Pinchanalysiscompositecurves examples,437-438 grandcompositecurve,437 AND PRACflCE graphingcurves,434 heatplotting,434 heat requirementmeeting,434 heat wasteuse,439 HENdesignrules,436-437 pinchtemperature,434 temperaturedifferences, 434-436 Pinchanalysisprocessemissions examples,448-449 proceduresfor,447-448 Pinchanalysiswateruse contaminantextractionprocess, 440-441 contaminantsremoving,440 examples,441-442 objectives,439 processoperationimprovements, 440 reuse withrecycling,442-445 reusewith regeneration,445 447 waterprofiles,441 waterreusing,440 wateruse reductions,440 Pinchot,Gifford,15 Pipeconnectors,fugitiveemission from,522 Plasticrecycling,identification systems,397 Plastics biodegradableplastic,416 defined,416 degradableprocessof, 415 quantityof, 415 recyclingof, 416 Plug flowreactors first-orderreactionscalculating, 190 operatingcost, 191 Pointsources,defined,47, 346 Polluter-paysprinciple,uses of, 611 Pollution,historicalperspectives ancientperiodsand,7 industrialrevolution,7J} industrializationimpacts,9 Renaissanceperiodand, Pollutioncontrol,cleanproduction anitudesand,607 Pollutionplanningprocess elementsin, 330 goalsof, 332 implementing,337-338 plandevelopment,334 preliminaryassessments, 332-334 programorganization,330-332 progressmeasuring,338-339 projectdeveloping,334-337 teamknowledgeof, 332 Pollutionpreliminaryassessment factorsin, 332 objectivesof, 332 P2 initiativeinvestigations,333 supplementaloperationsinvestigations,333 targetedprocessfamiliarity, 332-333 wastestreamsprioritizingconsiderations,333 Pollutionprevention corporategoalsfor, defined,II elementsin, 11 environmentalethics, 15 19 EPAand, 11 historicalperspectives,6-9 holisticapproachto, industrialwastemanagementphilosophy,9 industrypractices,5 namesfor, 10, 12 premiseunderlying,II prevention,3-6, 13 preventionhierarchy,13-14 publicknowledgeof, recyclingversus, 14-15 sourcereductionmethods,11 sustainability,12-13 3M experience,1-3 typesof, 12 wastedefinition,10 wasteproductionacceleration,4 PollutionPreventionAct (PPA) approachesin, 537 emissionreductionincentives, 310 as enablingact, 538 end-f-pipe focus, 175 EPCRAand, 535-536, 538 featuresof, 176 goalof, 176 industryvoluntarycompliance, 176 managedhierarchysystem, 175-176 multimediafocus,538 purposeof, 537 sourcereductions,537-538 statelaws supplementing,176 voluntaryplanning,330 wastepreventingversus,175 Pollutionpreventioneconomics categoriesof, 298 decisioncriteria,298 economicoverviews,296-298 engineering,311-317 engineeringeconomies,296-297 examples,296-297 life-cycleassessmentsand,297 long-termcleanupestimating, 317-320 microeconomics,298-311 total cost assessments,320-325 Pollutionpreventionexamples acrylonitrilemanufacturing, 239-242 maleicanhydrideproduction, 242-247 manufacturingoperations,239 Pollutionpreventionfactors defined,272 examplesof, 272-277 need for, 271-272 P2 calculatingmethodology,272 SUBJECf INDEX P2 evaluationcriteria,275 P2 factor scoringcriteria,273 P2 lithographprintingscores,276 purposeof, 272 uses of, 272 Pollutionpreventionhierarchy nationalpolicy and, 13-14 pollutionelimination,14 Pollutionpreventionlaws ExecutiveOrders, 176-177 ISO, 14000, 177-178 PollutionPreventionAct, 175-176 Pollutionpreventionmeasuring calculating,338 data obtaining,339 need for, 338 normalizingdata, 338-339 processand facilityfactors,339 quantitativebasis for, 338 toxicityreductions,339 versuswaste production,338 PollutionPreventionOffice,EPA and, 176 Pollutionpreventionplan implementing areaseffectedby, 337 challengesin, 337 as "livingdocument,"337-338 managementapproval,337 Pollutionpreventionplanning companyunderstandingfor, 329-330 environmentalaudits,343-350 environmentalsystemmanagement,340-342 introduction,329-330 mandatesfor, 330 P2 projectsin, 329 structureof, 330-339 voluntarynature of, 330 Pollutionpreventionplans componentsof, 334 goal of, 334, 549 implementationrequirements, 549 implementationschedules,334 outsidersuse in, 334 parws requirements,549 permit processin, 549-550 preventionassessmentopportunities, 549 preventionopportunities,550 Pollutionpreventionprograms implementation,562-567 mandatoryprogramtriggers,562 phase implementing,562 programrecommendations, 561-562 seweruse ordinances,561-562 voluntaryprograms,562 Pollutionpreventionprogramsregulations CWAand, 536-537 EPCRAand, 535-536 hazardouswaste minimizing, 534 impetusfor, 534 PPAand, 537-538 RCRA and, 535 regionalpreventioninitiatives, 538-539 statutoryfocus, 534 Pollutionpreventionprojects detailedassessments,335 option analysis,337 option rating weighted-sum method,335-337 option screening,335 prioritizing,335 Polychlorinateddibenzodioxins characteristics,38-39 as unwantedbyproducts,38 Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons configurationof, 36 namingof, 37 sourcesof, 36 PrecautionaryPrinciple decisioncriteria,610 defined,610 futurepredictingwith,611 governmentadoptionof, 610 origin of, 610 uses of, 610 Precipitation defined,466 heavymetalsand, 468 ph variablesolubility,467 uses of, 466-467 Premanufacturenotification,EPA submissionto, 160 Present worth annualcost calculations,313 examplesof, 313 futurerevenuecalculations, 312-313 importanceof, 313 need for, 312 presentworth tables, 314 Preservationism defined, 15 philosophy,15 PresidentialGreen Chemistry Challenge,362 President'sCouncilon Sustainable Development ExecutiveOrder for, 597 missionof, 598 recommendationsof, 599-600 size of, 597 task force duties,598-599 Pressurestoragetanks characteristics,526 fugitiveemissions,526 Pressurizedwater reactors containmentcosts, 133 wateruse in, 133 Preventionprogressmeasuring benefitof, 556 industryneeds and, 557 loss trackingsystems,557 POTWsresponsibilityfor, 557 proceduresfor, 556-557 reportingdata uses, 556 693 Priceelasticityof demand, calculating,302 Processselection designmanufacturingprocess analysis,280-283 examples,280 functionalanalysis,281 inventoryanalysisresults,282 life-cycleassessmentsand, 280 Processchanges advancedtechnologies,221-233 management,236 productchanges,233-234 storage,234-236 Processdesign computertools CPASsystem,219 Departmentof Energyand, 220 industrial-scaleprocess tools, 218 planningtools, 218 SWAMIsoftware,220 types of, 217 uses of, 217-219 Processdevelopment computertools, 217-220 constraintsin, 216 decisiondata, 216 emissiondecisions,216-217 environmentalobjectives identifying,215-216 objectivesin, 216 pollutionpreventionbenefits,216 pollutionpreventionprocesses, 215 purposeof, 215 Processreactors,designof, 192 Processtechnologies,advanced cleaningimprovements,225-229 degreasing,225-229 equipmentcleanings,229 pollutionminimizingstrategies, 222 powdercoating,221-222 reactionprocessinvestigating, 221 reactorcontrolimprovements, 223-224 reactordesignimprovements, 222-223 recoveredmaterials,231-233 recycling,229-231 separationprocessimprovements, 224-225 temperaturecontrolIing,222 Procterand Gamble, 110,413 Productchanges,effectivenessof, 233-234 Productdevelopment benefitsof, 279 environmentalperformance improvements,279 life-cycleassessments incorporating,278 waste avoidance,278 Productlaws, OccupationalSafety and HealthAct, 174-175 694 POLLUTION PREVENTION: FUNDAMENTALS AND PRAcnCE Programmefor Survival,outcomes of, 579 Publiclyownedtreatmentworks (POTW) as CWAelement,157 averagedailyflows,559 effectivenessof, 558-559 facilityexpansions,533 federalpretreatmentregulations, 540 industrialuser evaluationof, 559 industrialwastewatertreatment, 121 liabilityof, 547 limitbasisof, 550 localdischargestandards,541 local limitsfor, 550 mass-basedlimits,551 noncomplianceindustriesand, 452-453 non-permituser targeting,560 nonregulatedindustriesand, 540-541 NPDESversus, 157-158 P2 programs,534 permitprograms,560 pollutionpreventionprogramsat, 533-534 pretreatmentprograms,540 pretreatmentregulations,158 preventionprogramsevaluation, 561 preventionprogressmeasuring, 556-557 regulatorycompliance,559-560 surveyof, 56G 561 systemoverloading,533 user fees, 158 Publiclyownedtreatmentworks (POTW)implementationphase one mandatoryprogramcomponents, 565-566 voluntaryprogramcomponents, 565 Publiclyownedtreatmentworks (PCYI'W) implementationphase two complianceoptions,567 compliancetriggers,567 mandatorycomplianceoptions, 566 preventionlast line as, 567 Publiclyownedtreatmentworks (POTW)internalpol1utionprevention internalactivitiesfor, 568 operationsexaminations,567 pol1utanttransferring,567-568 programsfor, 568 Publiclyownedtreatmentworks (PCYI'W) preventionprograms focusof, 542 industrialusers,542 market-basedprograms,554-555 preventionmeasuring,555-557 regulatoryprograms,547-554 strategyfor, 542 voluntaryprograms,543-547 Publiclyownedtreatmentworl