Engine coolant testing

ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM Second International Symposium on Engine Coolants and Their Testing sponsored by ASTM Committee D-15 on Engine Coolants Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 9-10 April 1984 Related ASTM Publications Engine Coolant Testing: State of the Art, STP 705 (1980), 04-705000-12 Selection and Use of Engine Coolants and Cooling System Chemicals, STP 120B (1974),04-120200-12 A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort ASTM Committee on Publications Editorial Staff Kathleen A Peters Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Bill Benzing Contents Introduction Maintaining Scale and Sludge in Suspension in Automotive Cooling Systems-JEss STARKEYANDPHILIPR ENGELHARDT 10 Discussion The Development and Field Service History of Ford Automotive Aluminum Radiators-J M BARKLEY,R R WIGGLE,AND W L WINTERBOTTOM 11 26 Discussion A New Cladding Alloy for Coolant-Side Corrosion Protection of Vacuum-Brazed Aluminum Radiators-ARTHUR C SCOTT 27 A Demonstration of Aluminum Transport Deposition-LOREN BEARD,JR., JOHNJ CONVILLE,ANDJOEC WILSON 44 K Discussion 59 Propylene Glycol, A New Base Fluid for Automotive Coolants-F MARKANDW JETTEN Discussion H CONLEYAND Discussion Discussion 61 76 Additive Package for Used Antifreeze-JAMES ROBERTG JAMISON Inhibitors and Coolant CorrosivitY-MARK FRANCISJ SULLIVAN E 78 85 s VUKASOVICH AND 86 98 Evaluation of Engine Coolants by Electrochemical MethodsROBERTL CHANCE,MONTES WALKER,AND LEONARDC ROWE Solder Bloom Corrosion Analysis Based on Field Survey Data, Potential Causes, and Resolution-KW ANGH PARK 99 123 Discussion 142 Dynamic Testing of Soldered Joints in Engine Coolants-ROY BEAL E 144 Discussion 160 Testing of Engine Coolant Inhibitors by an Electrochemical Method in the Laboratory and in Vehicles-c FIAUD, P NETTER,M TADJAMOLI,AND M TZINMANN 162 European Test Methods for Automotive Coolants: Experience Gained in Recent Cavitation and Corrosion Tests-GERT LIEBOLDAND KLAUSW STARKE 176 A Test Methods for the Development of Supplemental Additives for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Coolants-R D HUDGENSAND R D HERCAMP 189 Discussion 214 A Review of Factors Influencing Coolant-Metal Engines-T M ,O'CALLAGHAN Observations on Aluminum OAKES U.S Army Antifreeze in 216 Water Pump Cavitation Tests-BILLY D 231 after 50 Years-cHARLES Corrosion Behavior Diagram of Aluminum Coolants-THOMAS W WEIR Discussion Interfaces B JORDAN 249 319 Alloy in Automotive 256 269 Summary 273 Indexes 279 Introduction Engine coolant is probably one of the most universely used fluids for domestic and industrial use The internal combustion engine is a prime source of heat rejection requirements, and is used, of course, worldwide, with coolant for efficient operation Industrial nations are both aware and most concerned about performance and service life of vehicles and cooling environments Other developing or agrarian nations will increasingly use engines and coolants to protect them Engine coolant technology necessarily has to change with improvements in the combustion engine system, and work is continuously addressing current and future needs The first symposium on Engine Coolants was held in April 1979, under the sponsorship of ASTM Committee D-15 on Engine Coolants The il1ternational conference was well supported and resulted in the publication of the papers presented in Engine Coolant Testing: State of the Art, ASTM STP 705 The various engine coolant related standards prepared by Committee D-15 were discussed, new inhibitor systems and test procedures were introduced, and overall performance in vehicle testing and operation was presented The educational aspects of the conference and the chance to discourse with colleagues in the same field were welcomed The success of the meeting prompted consideration and then determination that a second conference would be beneficial, especially in view of further new coolant requirements and developing test methods to meet the challenge The Second Symposium on Engine Coolants and Their Testing was held at ASTM headquarters in Philadelphia, 9-10 April 1984 A total of 16 papers were presented, from manufacturers, users, and suppliers of materials for components, with contributions from Europe and the United States The symposium was organized to cover advances that have been made since the first symposium, because of relatively rapid changes occurring in requirements and formulations One very important recent development is the hot surface test for aluminum engine materials and coolant that is scheduled to become a new standard The program covered a wide range of topics that are the substance of this second STP publication The book provides a good adjunct to the previous one in providing a library of technical papers on the subject of engine coolants and their testing The current ASTM standards developed by Committee D-15 are to be found ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Volume 15.05, and comprise 25 standards related to engine coolants Selection and Use of Engine Coolants and Cooling System Chemicals ASTM STP l20B (1974) covers cooling systems, coolants, installation, service, and cooling system chemicals The combined effort of ASTM Committee D-15 members is acknowledged and appreciated A symposium requires the dedication of all concerned for a successful outcome The meeting was a success, which is reflected in the quality of the technical papers Special thanks is due to the authors, who persevered in manuscript preparation, and chairmen of the sessions All participating organizations and contributors made the event a pleasant social and technical experience Members of the symposium planning committee were: Francis R Duffey R Douglas Hudgens Charles W MacKenzie Ronald R Wiggle American Motors Fleetguard, Inc Radiator Reporter Ford Motor Roy E Beal Amalgamated Technologies, chairman and editor Inc.; symposium Jess Starkey! and Philip R Engelhardt2 Maintaining Scale and Sludge in Suspension in Automotive Cooling Systems REFERENCE: Starkey, J and Engelhardt, P R., "Maintaining Scale and Sludge in Suspension in Automotive Cooling Systems," Engine Coolant Testing: Second Symposium, ASTM STP 887, Roy E Beal, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1986, pp 3-10 ABSTRACT: The automotive cooling system will have hardness present as a result of the water supplies used This hardness along with the inhibitors in the antifreeze can lead to scale deposits forming, especially in high heat transfer areas Corrosion products can also form and contribute to sludges in the coolant system These deposits and sludges can reduce heat transfer, block radiators causing higher operating temperatures, and plug heater cores Experimental tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of different commercial antifreezes as scale and sludge inhibitors in a laboratory test boiler The addition of an environmentally safe organic additive to a commercial antifreeze gives better scale inhibition on a high heat transfer surface than the same antifreeze without the additive The amount of scale was determined and was analyzed KEY WORDS: engine coolants, scale, sludge The majority of automotive coolant systems will have hardness present because of the water supplies being used This hardness along with the alkalinity in the water and inhibitors from the antifreeze can form scale which will adhere to hot \ surfaces Also corrosion products can form in the coolant system and adhere to hot surfaces This scale and sludge can reduce the heat transfer efficiency and affect the operating conditions of the automobile The scale and sludge can cause a partial blockage of the radiator thereby causing higher operating temperatures They can also cause a blockage in the heater cores Therefore, it is necessary to maintain these scale deposits and corrosion sludge products in suspension to prevent their deposition on hot surfaces as well as cold surfaces A laboratory study was undertaken to examine the efficiency of several commercial antifreezes in keeping scale and sludge from adhering to a hot surface At the same time, an effort was made to develop an antifreeze that reduced the ] President, Agrandi, Division of Old World Trading Co., Des Plaines, IL 60016 Formerly, research group leader, Dearborn Chemical Co., Subsidiary of W R Grace & Co., Lake Zurich, IL 60047; now, director of research, Wright Chemical Corp., 4328 N United Parkway, Schiller Park, IL 60176 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM amount of scale and sludge adhering to a hot surface Evaluations were conducted in a laboratory boiler operating at 241 kPa (35 psig) at a temperature of 126°C (258°F) [1,2] Each experiment ran 24 h using a 50: 50 mixture of antifreeze and tap water contaminated with aluminum and iron The amount of scale on the heater tube was determined and then analyzed Test Procedures Laboratory screening of the commercial antifreezes was accomplished using an experimental boiler Essentially the boiler consists of a vertical steel tube fitted with three external heating loops extending from near the bottom and discharging near the center of the central tube (Fig I) Water is circulated through each heating loop from bottom to top and steam is withdrawn from the top of the vertical tube The heating source in each loop consists of an electrical firerod unit transferring heat indirectly through the walls of a heating tube Scale forming on the surface of the heating tube during a screening test is physically removed from a unit area, weighed, and analyzed For the laboratory tests, one heater was used to maintain a low pressure system and the other two heaters were not heated Hence in the system there is a high heat transfer area (heated tube) and a low heat transfer area (unheated tubes) A blank test was conducted using ethylene glycol and Lake Zurich tap water (1: I by volume) containing 250-ppm total hardness as calcium carbonate (Table I) for the initial boiler capacity of L The boiler was then fired using straight Lake Zurich tap water contaminated with lO-ppm iron and 5-ppm aluminum as the feedwater The iron and aluminum were added to simulate soluble iron and aluminum being present as corrosion products in a coolant system The steam was continuously evaporated at the rate of 5.4 L/hour without boiler blowdown At the end of 24 h, the amount of scale on the tubes were determined by scraping the scale from the tube and weighing The tests were then repeated with the same operating conditions using different commercial antifreezes Results and Discussions Boiler Test Results The amount of scale deposited on the high heat transfer area varied with the antifreeze used as shown in Table Antifreezes A, B, C, E, and F are all commercial brand antifreezes and were tested as purchased Antifreeze D is identical to Antifreeze C with an environmentally safe organic material added to it The additive was also added to Antifreezes A, B, and E The effect of this additive can be seen on the reduced amount of scale deposited in both the high heat transfer area and the low heat transfer area Of the antifreezes tested, Antifreezes D and F show the best scale inhibition at the high heat transfer area However, Antifreeze F shows no scale prevention This equation for the pitting parameter has been applied in experiments designed to test the sensitivity of the pitting parameter to the terms of the equation with excellent results Experience has shown that the error in the pitting parameter is relative; the relative error being about 15% References [1] Morris, P E and Scarberry, R C., "Anodic Polarization Measurements of Active-Passive Nickel Alloys by Rapid-Scan Potentiostatic Techniques," Corrosion, Vol 26, No.7, 1970, pp 169179 [2] Morris, P E and Scarberry, R c., "Predicting Corrosion Rates with the Potentiostat," Corrosion, Vol 28, No 12, 1972, pp 444-452 [3] Wiggle, R R and Hospadaruck, V., "A Rapid Method of Predicting the Effectiveness of Inhibited Engine Coolants in Aluminum Heat Exchangers," SAE Technical Paper Series 800803, presented at the Passenger Car Meeting, 9-13 June 1980 [4] Hirozawa, S T., "Mechanism for Inhibition of Localized Corrosion of Aluminum in Antifreeze Coolants," NACE 82, Paper 263, NACE, Houston, TX, 1982 [5] Manning, P E., "Comparison of Several Accelerated Laboratory Tests for the Determination of Localized Corrosion Resistance of High Performance Alloys," NACE 82, Paper 176, Nace, Houston, TX, 1982 [6] Fitzgerald, B I and Greene, N D., "Crevice Corrosion of Active-Passive Metals and Alloys in Acid and Acid Chloride Environments," NACE 82, Paper 180, NACE, Houston, TX, 1982 [7] Wood, G C., Sutton, W H., Richardson, J A., Riley, T N K., and Malherbe, A G., "The Mechanism of Pitting of Aluminum and Its Alloys," International Corrosion Conference Series Vol NACE-3, NACE, Houston, TX, 1974, pp 526-546 DISCUSSION Question I-On what basis did you select the potential at which the scan was reversed? Author's response-The potential at which the scan was reversed, E = 1.5 V, was selected sufficiently high to induce pitting of the aluminum sample, but not so high as to overcorrode the sampJe Trial and error was used to arrive at the potentia] used Other potentials could be used if it was felt necessary, however, any comparisons should be made using the same set of potentials Question 2-Does the possibility exist that the CBD method does not pick up inhibitors which have proven to be effective in other (weight loss) methods? Author's response-The possibility that the CBD does not pick up inhibitors proven effective by other methods certainly exists Conversely, the CBD may pick up inhibitors that have little or no effect in other methods The CBD if 270 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM primarily a method to detect localized corrosion inhibitors The comparisons presented in this paper demonstrate the efficacy of the CBD over several other methods to detect localized corrosion inhibitors Often, other corrosion detection methods, such as weight loss, are not sensitive to the effects oflocalized corrosion on metal samples A combination of corrosion methods provides the best indication of corrosion inhibition Question -To what extent has this method been correlated with field failures? Author's response-For the main part, the correlation between the CBD method and field tests must remain proprietary, unless the current direction of Union Carbide's corrosion research become apparent However, for the fluids discussed in this paper, in particular the effect of nitrite, some comments can be made Laboratory testing in rigs designed to mimic automobile engines showed no aggressive behavior of nitrite towards aluminum, relying primarily on weight loss results Actual car testing was dramatic in its evidence of nitrite aggression, the car radiators pitting through in several thousand miles Question 4-What temperature was selected for the test procedure, and why? Author's response-A 33% glycol/water mixture was used at its boiling point (103°C) This temperature was chosen to approximate the coolant temperature in an automobile radiator, in recognition of temperature effects on corrosion Also, the boiling point allows a convenient method of temperature control 272 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM Summary Papers presented at the conference focused on areas of emphasis in coolant development work and methods of testing The aluminum radiator and other aluminum components in engine circuits have prompted significant recent efforts to develop both appropriate coolant formulations and test methods The more traditional cooling systems using radiators with soldered copper and brass and cast iron engines are still extensively used and efforts to improve coolant and service life in these areas continue The heavy-duty vehicles, especially diesel engined, required particular attention and test methods continue to evolve and will become standards where consensus needs are met These papers collectively assist in promoting our knowledge on the subject Starkey and Engelhardt investigated the addition of an environmentally safe organic additive to engine coolants The objective was to reduce the effects of water hardness that produce scale deposits and buildup in high heat transfer areas Experimental tests in a laboratory boiler proved that the additive improved heat transfer by maintaining water hardness constituents in suspension in cooling systems Effectiveness was measured by determining the amount of scale buildup in the test boiler Barkley and Wiggle covered experience with service life of aluminum radiators Satisfactory cooling systems are obviously related to components utilized For many years, the aluminum radiator has been under development and particular concern has been expressed about corrosion durability in service Tests performed varied from simple laboratory glassware tests to fleet trials on production radiators More than 750 heat exchangers were examined together with the engine coolant quality, and from these results corrosion and durability predictions were made Performance equivalent to or better than current copper and brass heat exchangers was obtained with the combination of aluminum radiators and new coolants Evaluation of solder bloom corrosion by a new technique that develops a corrosion index number was introduced by Park Occasional rashes of solder bloom require intensive investigation to find solutions and Park has rationalized the investigative approach Inspectors are provided data sheets and a series of color photographs depicting various levels of bloom attack Miles in service and months in service are important numbers Corrosion severity numbers are normalized using worst data at 96 560 km (60000 miles) and 60 months, respectively Park's solder bloom corrosion index clearly separated three different radiators in terms of their corrosion potential Scott introduced a new cladding alloy for vacuum brazing sheet in aluminum 273 274 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM alloys Sacrificial alloys to reduce or prevent tube perforation are well-known and commonly use zinc as the cladding material In the vacuum environment, the zinc is lost and thus cladding protection is eliminated The new clad alloy, with a nominal composition of aluminum and 0.15% tin, has a negligible vapor pressure at brazing temperatures and remains in place after this operation The protective nature of the cladding has been determined by various laboratory tests, including electrochemical, potential, and galvanostatic testing Aluminum automobile radiators made with this new clad material, demonstrated that the alloy has promising possibilities as a sacrificial coating for vacuum brazed aluminum radiators Aluminum transport corrosion wherein aluminum material is corroded from hot surfaces within the engine and deposited on heat rejecting surfaces has caused problems with losses in heat exchange efficiencies Beard et al examined the reasons for the problem and provided a solution to its existence Alkaline metal silicates were found to be an excellent inhibitor for this type of corrosion, but also tends to deplete during use in an engine system The importance of stabilizing the silicate is therefore very important Engine dynamometer tests were used for the program, including capsules with ASTM D 1384 coupons for general corrosion examinations Coolant samples were taken during the test and analyzed for key inhibitors, pH, and any aluminum contamination After test completion, deposits in the radiator and cylinder heads were analyzed, with deposits found to contain aluminum phosphorus and silicon A coolant formulation that is designed to maintain silicates in solution is essential to elimination of the aluminum transport corrosion problem Mark and Jetten discussed the possible use of propylene glycol for automotive coolants Equal protection against overheating and freezing can be achieved by the propylene glycol, and good cavitation is claimed The environmental acceptability of the fluid is discussed with reference to tests on fish and biodegradability The very bland characteristics of propylene glycol promote its' use as an automotive coolant base fluid Conley described an additive package for use with engine coolants that was initially brought about by the 1973 energy crisis The U.S Army at that time began a research project to develop a means of extending the useful life of military antifreeze MIL-A-46153 Eighteen separate formulations were tested, using ASTM Method for Corrosion Test for Engine Coolants in Glassware (D 1384) An additive package containing 29% by weight sodium metaborate, 3.0% by weight sodium mercaptobenzothiazole and 4.6% by weight potassium silicate, and 63.4% by weight water was selected This formulation is described as MIL-A-53009 The additive package was further screened in ASTM (D 2570) simulated service test Vehicle tests were conducted using a 3% by volume of the additive to each vehicle cooling system Good results were obtained, even after a one-year field test, demonstrating that additive packages are practical for used coolant materials Current vehicle manufacturing often uses aluminum cylinder heads, water pumps, and heat exchangers, and it has been found that older engine coolant SUMMARY 275 formulations that satisfactorily protected previous designs are no longer satisfactory because of excessive corrosion Suppliers, therefore, have been required to reformulate extensively their coolant products Vukasovich and Sullivan investigated separate and combined effects of inhibitors commonly employed in both the United States and foreign coolants Main effects observed were concentration effects, variations in inhibitor, and pH levels on performance Depletion effects in service were also examined, especially for stability in increasing hardness of waters used for domestic purposes The development of the modem coolant is illustrated by this paper Tests methods play an important part in coolant development, and Chance et al reported on the evaluation of coolants by electrochemical methods These authors pioneered the use of linear polarization, simulating temperature conditions at engine surfaces The corrosion rates obtained at the heat rejecting surface was measured This approach identified clearly the increased susceptibility of aluminum over cast iron to accelerated corrosion in the engine Currently, the procedure is used as a screening tool for the development of inhibitors Excellent correlations were found between electrochemical and gravimetric measurements, using a specially designed cell for the purpose Total damage effects were in-, vestigated using anodic polarization and constant potential tests Results indicated that cavitation-type damage may be evaluated by the electrochemical method, and that in aluminum at least, a major part of the total damage is corrosive in nature The pitting corrosion of brass in various inhibitors was investigated by electrochemical techniques which were found to assist in inhibitor selection Heal introduced a dynamic test for soldered joints in a coolant environment that allows for the effect of stress and cyclic operation on the corrosion characteristics of joints in service The test method should be used in conjunction with ASTM D-1384 glassware tests to evaluate different solder alloy materials On the basis of selection of a particular solder alloy, this same test can be used to evaluate the corrosion resistance obtained with different coolant formulations Solder bloom was found to increase in engine coolant at radiator operating temperatures in the presence of applied stresses under static or dynamic conditions Heavy-duty diesel cooling system requirements were comprehensively covered by Hudgens and Hercamp Diesel engine manufacturers and users of heavy-duty vehicles have particular requirements and problems that need to be addressed Supplemental coolant additives are utilized to maintain the protective features of coolants essential for wet liner operations High mileages, of up to 24 140 km (15 000 miles) per month, rapidly deplete some of the constituents of inhibitor packages Hudgens has demonstrated that the supplemental coolant additive approach can avoid problems arising from these depletions The paper is provocative in places and recommends the development of additional ASTM standards that will allow better evaluation of the complex blends of chemicals which may have up to ten components used as inhibitor packages in diesel engine cooling systems The shortcomings of current testing approaches are highlighted with some em- 276 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM phasis on compatibility problems which can be critical in the additive package system Several areas of future work are recommended in glassware tests: effects of stress, refinement of electrochemical testing, and in the coolant compatability testing requirements Anyone involved in heavy-duty diesel service will benefit from this study Liebold and Starke examined European test methods for automotive coolants covering their experiences with new cavitation and corrosion tests The Forschungsvereinigung flir Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FVV) test was published in 1977 and is discussed in the paper Coolant samples in water are tested in contact with materials removed from the engine system A second step requires an aged antifreeze or coolant to be tested and compared to the original results In practice, good correlation was not found with this approach, and a second test was developed by Motor-Turbinen Union (MTU) A special cavitation unit with a mechanical actuator was developed This test equipment is installed in the general circulation system of the FVV test More predictive results were obtained with this newer test procedure Billy Oakes presented a paper on observations he had made on aluminum water pump cavitation tests Many illustrations were used to demonstrate the clear effect of different engine coolant formulation on the performance of the aluminum water pumps Two tests were discussed, one of which is covered in ASTM Test Method for Cavitation Erosion-Corrosion Characteristics of Aluminum Pumps with Engine Coolants (D 2809), and the second test is a standard Ford laboratory test method BL-3-2 Test rig construction was found to affect results Some coolants allow cavitation damage at low concentrations of coolants specified in the test, but perform satisfactorily when tested at concentrations recommended by coolant suppliers Care in setting up strict direct comparisons was recommended to insure validity of results obtained Wiggle et aI, at Ford, have looked at their own cavitation-erosion test for aluminum water pumps that uses a 15% coolant 85% water mix, in view of the gradual development of a worldwide company standard for ethylene glycol-based engine coolant Domestic coolants that succeed in passing the severe test generally contain phosphates, an inhibitor not used in European coolant formulations There is no evidence of severe cavitation-erosion damage of aluminum water pumps in service in either Europe or the United States, prompting this review Damage obtained in a cavitation prone water pump was determined in order of coolant concentration, temperature, pump rpm, and inlet opening size Borates were generally included as a pH buffer Maximum damage effects were found at a concentration of 15% glycol Reducing coolant temperature increased the severity of damage, and the location of the damaged area changed as the temperature was varied Not surprisingly, decreases in pump revolutions resulted in reduced cavitation Effectiveness of inhibitors in reducing cavitation-erosion damage was found to be in the following order of merit: molybdate, phosphate, nitrate, and benzoate Some combinations of inhibitors were found to be antagonistic to aluminum water pumps Examining different styles of pumps, damage was found SUMMARY 277 to be completely different, and one design worked well with a nonphosphate commercial coolant where a convoluted style pump was used Jordan reviewed the utilization of antifreeze and coolant in the U.S Army over a period of 50 years His review covered the particular requirements that the Army has in the different parts of the world, and the development of a military specification MIL-A-46153 For many years, the military antifreeze system consisted of two separate packages, but with the advent of plastic containers there is now no need for this approach Reference is made to the Army coolant additive package which is useful for servicing vehicles especially in the field The main aim of the Army is to provide a single formulation for maximum efficiency and simplified logistics Weir of Union Carbide explained the use of polarization resistance and the corrosion behavior diagram as a means of determining the effectiveness of inhibitors for aluminum corrosion in automotive coolants The area of hysteresis in the corrosion behavior diagram is shown to be very sensitive to the degree of pitting obtained with various aluminum alloys Sample preparation, operation of the equipment, and specific requirements for the generation of the diagram are explained A number of coolant formulations with different inhibitors are examined to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method Recognition is given to the fact that the electrochemical method is a laboratory test which does not necessarily encompass all the variables to be found in the multi-metallic environment in an automobile However, the approach does appear to have merit as a screening method to indicate which inhibitor packages have potential for protection of the engine cooling circuit in ethylene glycol coolant Two additional papers, one by O'Callaghan on metal to coolant interface surfaces in an internal combustion engine, and a second by Fiaud et al on the testing of engine coolant inhibitors by electrochemical methods are included in this publication, although not presented at the conference It was felt that their inclusion was beneficial to the reader in providing the most comprehensive presentation of information currently available on the subject of engine coolants and their testing Roy E Beat Amalgamated Technologies, Inc Scottsdale, AZ; symposium chairman and editor Author Index B N Barkley, J M., 11 Beal, R E., 144 Beard, L K., Jr., 44 Netter, P., 162 Oakes, B D., 231 O'Callaghan, T M., 216 C Chance, R L., 99 Conley, J H., 78 Conville, J J., 44 p Park, K H., 123 E R Engelhardt, P R., Rowe, L F Fiaud, c., 99 S Scott, A c., 27 Starke, K w., 176 Starkey, J., Sullivan, F J., 86 c., 162 H Hercamp, R D., 189 Hudgens, R D., 189 T Tadjamoli, M., 162 Tzinmann, M., 162 J Jamison, R G., 78 Jetten, w., 61 Jordan, C B., 249 V Vukasovich, M S., 86 L W Liebold, G A., 176 Walker, M S., 99 Weir, T w., 256 Wiggle, R R., 11 Wilson, J c., 44 Winterbottom, W L., 11 M Mark, F E., 61 279 Subject Index A Additives See also Inhibitors in antifreezes, 3, 78, 189, 249 depletion factors, 194 in diesel engine coolants, 189 organic, Alloys A 03190 aluminum, 113,256 AA3000 series, ll, 27 AA695I , II AA70n, cladding, ll, 17,27 aluminum-tin, 27 aluminum-zinc, 27 K805, cladding, 27 solder, 144 Aluminum cavitation, 99, 179,231 corrosion, ll, 27, 44 by antifreezes, 79 by coolants, 86, 88-92, 99, 256 highheattransferinduced,99, 225 inhibitors of, 99, 162,231,256 phosphate of, 44 scale deposition, 3, 44 transport deposition, 44 use in construction of, automotive radiators, II, 27, 44 heat exchangers, ll, 27 heavy-duty diesel engines, 189 thermostat housing, 99 water pumps, 11, 99, 107, 208, 231 Antifreezes See also Coolants, engine acidity function, 162 additives for, 3, 78, 189, 249 commercial, environmentally safe, 3, 61 ethylene glycol-base, 216 for heavy-duty diesel engines, 189 inhibitors for, 162, 189, 216 life expectancy, 191 MIL-A-46153/53009, 78 propylene glycol-base, 61 reuse of, 78, 189,249 U.S Army, 78, 249 ASTM Committee D-15 on Engine Coolants, ASTM Standards D 1384:9, 44, 78, 86, 89, 148, 163, 179,201,208 D 1881: 203 D 2570: 9, 78, 100, 179,201,208 D 2758: 45 D 2809: 87, 208, 231 D 3306: 198, 213 ASTM STP 705: Engine Coolant Testing: State of the Art, Automotive cooling systems See also Radiators, automotive aluminum transport deposition, 44 corrosion inhibitor tests, 86,99, 189 dynamometer tests, 44 electrochemical test methods, 99 European test methods, 176 heavy-duty diesel, 189 scale and sludge deposition, 281 282 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM B Benzotriazole, 16, 163 Bloom corrosion, 123, 144 Boiling nucleate, 220 transition, 220 vapor, 220 Borax, 86, 224, 231, 251 Brass in automotive radiators, II, 45, 123 corrosion of, 48, 54, 79, 99 engine coolant inhibitor tests, 99, 163 solder alloy tests, 145 C Cathodic protection, 27 Cavitation aluminum, 86, 99, 231 ASTM Standard D 2809: 87, 208, 231 chamber for testing, 176 cylinder head/crank-case/motor block material, 176 electrochemical measurement of, 99 ethylene vs propylene glycol coolants, 61 European tests, FFV, 176 MTU, 176 Ford Laboratory Test BU-l, 231 effect of pump revolutions, 86 efkct of temperature, 86 Chlorides, II, 138 Cladding alloys, II, 27 Coolants, engine See also Antifreezes additive degradation, 189 AU, 218, 221 and aluminum deposition, 44 ASTM STP 705, I chloride content, II, 138 concentration effect, 86, 231 contamination of, 3, 189, 195 demineralized water, 218, 221 environmentally safe, 61 ethylene glycol-base, 61, 99, 162, 216 foaming of, 189 glycol, 27, 162 Glysantin, 180 inhibitors in, See Additives; Inhibitors and metal effects, 86, 162, 216 pH of, 86, 162,251 propylene glycol-base, 61,162 summary of worldwide need, use in, heavy-duty diesel engines, 189 military vehicles, 78, 249 Copper and brass radiators, II, 45, 123 cavitation, 231 corrosion of, 48, 54, 79, 88-92 effect on inhibitor action, 231 Corrosion aluminum cladding alloys, 11, 27 cylinder head, 44 metal specimens, 11, 27, 44, 88- 92, 256 radiators, 11, 27, 44, 86 water pumps, 87, 99, 107, 208, 231 brass, 48, 54, 79, 99 cast iron See Iron, cast, corrosion copper, 48, 54, 79, 88-92 in crevices, 227 diagram of, 256 dynamometer test of, 44 electrochemical measurement of, 99 162, 256 ethylene vs propylene glycol in coolants, 61 European tests, FFV, 176 MTU, 176 fatigue, 224 galvanic, 162, 223 INDEX glasswaretests, 17, 27 See also ASTM Standard D 1384 graphite iron, 224 heat exchanger, 11, 27 metals, in contact, 223 various, tables of, 48, 54, 88-92, 169 prediction of, 123 simulated service tests, 27, 86, 99, 144, 162, 176 ASTM Standard D 2570, 100 sludge products of, solder 11 123 144 Park's i~dex' 123 , steel, 48, 54, 79, 88-92 stress cracking, 224 transport deposit 44 vibration induced, 226 Coupon specimens, 27,44,99, Cylinder head, 44 283 Field tests/trials aluminum radiators, 11 antifreeze, military vehicle, 78 ethylene glycol coolants, 99 FFV cavitation-corrosion test, 176 Foaming ASTM Standard D 1881: 203 Ford Laboratory tests, 44,87,231 G Glassware tests, 17, 27 See also ASTM Standard D 1384 Glycols, 162 ethylene glycol, 61, 162,216,231, ~9 ASTM Standard D 3306,198,231 propylene, 61, 162 Gravimetric vs electrochemical tests, 176 D Diesel engines, 144 Dynamometer tests ASTM Standard D 2758: 45 Ford Laboratory BL2-2, 44 various metals, tables, 48, 54 E Elastomer c~mpatibility, 189 Electrochemical tests, 99, 162, 256 EMPA test, 179 Ethylene glycol See Glycols, ethylene European tests, 176 F Failure corroded metals, 224 soldered joints, 144 Field repair, cooling systems, 141 Field survey solderbloom corrosion,radiators, 123 172 H Heat exchangers, 11, 27 Heat-rejection surfaces, 44, 99, 113 Heat transfer, 11, 44, 61, 99, 189, 216 Hysteresis loop, 256 I Index, Park's Solder Bloom Corrosion, 123 Inhibitors,86, 162,224-225,231,249, 256 See also Additives borax, 224, 231, 251 phosphates,44, 86, 88-92, 113, 163, 169,225,235,251,264 screening of, 99 silicates, 44, 78, 86, 231 sodium benzoate, 86, 88-92, 171, 231 sodium carbonate, 224 sodium chromate, 224 sodium mercaptobenzothiazole, 78 sodium metaborate, 78 284 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM sodium molybdate, 89 sodium nitrate, 86, 88 sodium nitrite, 88-92, 204, 263 sodium sebacate, 163 sodium tolytriazole, 88-92 Iron cast, cavitation, 182 corrosion, 48, 54, 79, 88-92, 104, 117, 162, 189 scale deposit, graphite, corrosion fatigue, 224 J Joint, soldered, 11, 123, 144 L M Mercaptobenzothiazole, 78, 163 Metals See Alloys; Aluminum; Brass; Copper; Corrosion, metals; Iron; Lead; Steel; Tin Military vehicles, 78, 259 MIL-A-46153/53009 antifreeze, 78, 249 MTU test, 176 p Park's Solder Bloom Corrosion Index, 123 pH, coolant, 86, 251 Phosphate aluminum, 44 coolant inhibitors, 44, 88-92, 113, 163, 169,225,231,233,251 Pitting, aluminum, 162, 256 brass, 99 cladded alloy K805, 27 crevice, 228 Plastic tanks, 11, 249 Polarization anodic, 99 linear, 99 resistance, 99, 256 Propylene glycol See Glycols, propylene Laboratory tests See also ASTM Stan dards; Dynamometer tests Electrochemical tests; EMPA test; European tests; FFV test Ford Laboratory tests; MTU tes1 aluminum, radiators, 11, 27 specimens, 88-92, 257 water pumps, 231 antifreezes, commercial, MIL-A-46153, 78 brass, 88-92 cladding alloy, K805, 27 R copper, 88-92 Radiators, automotive See also Autoinhibitors, 162 motive cooling systems iron, 88-92 aluminum, 11,27,44,86 joints, solder, 144 brass, 11, 45 metals, cooling system, 88-92, 99 cast iron, 86 solder, 88-92 copper and brass, 11, 45, 123 steel, 88-92 force-ranking of, 123 Lead, 144 Ford Motor Company, 11 Loads, joint, 11, 144 mechanical vs brazed assembly, II INDEX miles-in-service, 123 military vehicle, 249 months-in-service, 123 tube and fin design, 11 vacuum-brazed, 11, 27 Reinhibitor, 78 Rubber, antifreeze effect on, 61 S Scale deposition, 3, 195, 225 Service simulation tests ASTM Standard D 2570: 100 automotive radiators, 176 cladding alloy, 27 engine blocks, 176 glycols, 162 inhibitors, 86, 162 metals, coolant system, 99 soldered joints, 144 Silicates, 44, 78, 86, 88, 92, 231 Silicon, 44 Sludge, coolant system, Sodium benzoate, 88-92, 90,171,231 Sodium carbonate 224 Sodium chromate' 224 Sodium mercapto~nzothiazole, 78, 163 Sodium metaborate 78 Sodium molybdate: 88-92 Sodium nitrate 86 88 Sodium nitrite: 88~92, 204, 263 Sodium sebacate, 163 Sodium tolytriazole, 88-92 Solder, corrosion of, 11, 48, 54, 79, 88-92 123 144 Supplemental coolant additives (SCA) See Additives, in diesel engine coolants T Tension-peel specimens, 144 Tests See ASTM Standards; Dynamometer tests; Electrochemical tests; EMPA test; European tests; Field tests; FFV test; Ford Laboratory tests; Glassware tests; Laboratory tests; MTU test; Service simulation tests Thermostat housing, 99 Tin, 27, 144 Transport deposition, aluminum, 44 V Vacuum brazing radiators 11 27 Vibration 14 226 " Volatility' zi~c 27 ' , W Water analysis of, table, corr~sive, 162 demmeralIzed, 216, 218 ~uropean vs North American, 178 m glycol coolants, 162 hardness of, 3, 176 and heat transfer surfaces, 216 Water pu~ps cavitatIon ASTM Standard D 2809: 87, 208, Soldered join;s See' Joints, soldered Steel corrosion of 48 54 79 88-92 Stres~ ' , , , 231 Ford Laboratory Test BL 3-1, 87, 231 cracking due to, 224 cyclic, 224 rupture, 144 tensile, 224 285 corrosion, 87, 99, 107, 231 Z Zinc, 27 ... Resolution-KW ANGH PARK 99 123 Discussion 142 Dynamic Testing of Soldered Joints in Engine Coolants-ROY BEAL E 144 Discussion 160 Testing of Engine Coolant Inhibitors by an Electrochemical Method in... technical papers on the subject of engine coolants and their testing The current ASTM standards developed by Committee D-15 are to be found ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: SECOND SYMPOSIUM in the Annual... agrarian nations will increasingly use engines and coolants to protect them Engine coolant technology necessarily has to change with improvements in the combustion engine system, and work is continuously