giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016)

giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016) giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016) giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016) giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016) giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016) giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016) giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016) giáo trình Harrison manual of medicine 19ed (2016)

GLOSSARY A2 aortic second sound ABGs arterial blood gases ACE  angiotensin converting  enzyme AF atrial fibrillation AIDS  acquired immunodeficiency  syndrome ALS  amyotrophic lateral  sclerosis ANA antinuclear antibody ARDS  acute respiratory distress  syndrome bid two times daily biw twice a week bp blood pressure BUN blood urea nitrogen CAPD  continuous ambulatory   peritoneal dialysis CBC complete blood count CF complement fixation CHF congestive heart failure CLL  chronic lymphocytic  leukemia CML chronic myeloid leukemia CMV cytomegalovirus CNS central nervous system CPK creatine phosphokinase CSF cerebrospinal fluid CT computed tomography CVP central venous pressure CXR chest x-ray DIC  disseminated intravascular  coagulation DVT deep venous thrombosis Kasper_HMOM19-IFC.indd EBV Epstein-Barr virus ECG electrocardiogram EEG electroencephalogram ELISA  enzyme-linked   immunosorbent assay EMG electromyogram ENT ear, nose, and throat EOM extraocular movement ESR  erythrocyte sedimentation  rate FDA  US Food and Drug  Administration FEV1 forced expiratory volume    in first second GFR glomerular filtration rate GI gastrointestinal G6PD  glucose-6-phosphate  dehydrogenase Hb hemoglobin Hct hematocrit HDL high-density lipoprotein HIV  human immunodeficiency  virus hs at bedtime HSV herpes simplex virus ICU intensive care unit IFN interferon Ig immunoglobulin IL interleukin IM intramuscular IP  intraperitoneal IV intravenous IVC inferior vena cava IVP intravenous pyelogram 4/4/16 1:51 PM Kasper_HMOM19-FM.indd 4/6/16 9:26 AM EDITORS Dennis L Kasper, MD, MA(HON) William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine, Professor of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Anthony S Fauci, MD, ScD(HON) Chief, Laboratory of Immunoregulation; Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Stephen L Hauser, MD Robert A Fishman Distinguished Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California Dan L Longo, MD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Deputy Editor, New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts J Larry Jameson, MD, PhD Robert G Dunlop Professor of Medicine; Dean, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Executive Vice President, University of Pennsylvania for the Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chairman, Department of Medicine, and Physician-in-Chief, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Kasper_HMOM19-FM.indd 4/6/16 9:26 AM EDITORS Dennis L Kasper, MD Anthony S Fauci, MD Stephen L Hauser, MD Dan L Longo, MD J Larry Jameson, MD, PhD Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid  Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto Kasper_HMOM19-FM.indd 4/6/16 9:26 AM Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Previous editions copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1995, 1991, 1988 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-182854-3 MHID: 0-07-182854-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-182852-9, MHID: 0-07-182852-4 eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark 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WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise CONTENTS Contributors Preface Acknowledgments xv xvii xix   SECTION 1   CARE OF THE HOSPITALIZED PATIENT Electrolytes/Acid-Base Balance Diagnostic Imaging in Internal Medicine 23 Procedures Commonly Performed by Internists 26 Principles of Critical Care Medicine 31 Pain and Its Management 35 Assessment of Nutritional Status .40 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition .43 Transfusion and Pheresis Therapy 46 Palliative and End-of-Life Care 48   SECTION 2   MEDICAL EMERGENCIES 10 Cardiovascular Collapse and Sudden Death 57 11 Shock 61 12 Sepsis and Septic Shock 65 13 Acute Pulmonary Edema 69 14 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome .71 15 Respiratory Failure 73 16 Confusion, Stupor, and Coma 76 17 Stroke 82 18 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 91 19 Increased Intracranial Pressure and Head Trauma 93 20 Spinal Cord Compression 98 21 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy 100 22 Status Epilepticus 101 23 Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Coma 104 24 Hypoglycemia 107 25 Oncologic Emergencies 109 26 Anaphylaxis .114 27 Bites, Venoms, Stings, and Marine Poisonings .115 v Kasper_HMOM19-FM.indd 4/6/16 9:26 AM vi CONTENTS   SECTION 3    COMMON PATIENT PRESENTATIONS 28 Fever, Hyperthermia, and Rash 127 29 Generalized Fatigue 131 30 Weight Loss 135 31 Chest Pain 137 32 Palpitations 141 33 Dyspnea 142 34 Cyanosis 145 35 Cough and Hemoptysis 146 36 Edema .150 37 Abdominal Pain .154 38 Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion .158 39 Dysphagia 162 40 Diarrhea, Malabsorption, and Constipation 167 41 Gastrointestinal Bleeding .174 42 Jaundice and Evaluation of Liver Function 178 43 Ascites 187 44 Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly 189 45 Anemia and Polycythemia 194 46 Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities 197 47 Pain and Swelling of Joints .203 48 Back and Neck Pain 207 49 Headache 215 50 Syncope 222 51 Dizziness and Vertigo .226 52 Acute Visual Loss and Double Vision 229 53 Weakness and Paralysis 233 54 Tremor and Movement Disorders 236 55 Aphasia .239 56 Sleep Disorders 241 57 Dysuria and Bladder Pain .245   SECTION 4    OTOLARYNGOLOGY 58 Sore Throat, Earache, and Upper Respiratory Symptoms 247 Kasper_HMOM19-FM.indd 4/6/16 9:26 AM CONTENTS vii   SECTION 5    DERMATOLOGY 59 General Examination of the Skin 255 60 Common Skin Conditions .258   SECTION 6    HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY 61 Examination of Blood Smears and Bone Marrow 265 62 Red Blood Cell Disorders 267 63 Leukocytosis and Leukopenia 274 64 Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders .277 65 Myeloid Leukemias, Myelodysplasia, and Myeloproliferative Syndromes 283 66 Lymphoid Malignancies 293 67 Skin Cancer 305 68 Head and Neck Cancer 308 69 Lung Cancer .310 70 Breast Cancer 316 71 Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract 321 72 Genitourinary Tract Cancer 333 73 Gynecologic Cancer 338 74 Prostate Hyperplasia and Carcinoma 342 75 Cancer of Unknown Primary Site 345 76 Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes 348 77 Neurologic Paraneoplastic Syndromes 352   SECTION 7    INFECTIOUS DISEASES 78 Infections Acquired in Health Care Facilities 357 79 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host .362 80 Infective Endocarditis .372 81 Intraabdominal Infections 382 82 Infectious Diarrheas 386 83 Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections 399 84 Infections of the Skin, Soft Tissues, Joints, and Bones 415 85 Pneumococcal Infections 422 86 Staphylococcal Infections .425 Kasper_HMOM19-FM.indd 4/6/16 9:26 AM viii CONTENTS 87 Streptococcal/Enterococcal Infections, Diphtheria, and Infections Caused by Other Corynebacteria and Related Species 434 88 Meningococcal and Listerial Infections 443 89 Infections Caused by Haemophilus, Bordetella, Moraxella, and HACEK Group Organisms .448 90 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Enteric Bacteria and Pseudomonas .453 91 Infections Caused by Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli .462 92 Anaerobic Infections .469 93 Nocardiosis, Actinomycosis, and Whipple’s Disease 477 94 Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Infections .482 95 Lyme Disease and Other Nonsyphilitic Spirochetal Infections .494 96 Rickettsial Diseases 500 97 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella Species, and Chlamydia pneumoniae 510 98 Chlamydia trachomatis and C psittaci 514 99 Herpesvirus Infections 516 100 Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Infections 525 101 Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases 530 102 Rubeola, Rubella, Mumps, and Parvovirus Infections 538 103 Enteroviral Infections 543 104 Insect- and Animal-Borne Viral Infections 546 105 HIV Infection and AIDS 554 106 Fungal Infections .568 107 Pneumocystis Infections 583 108 Protozoal Infections 586 109 Helminthic Infections and Ectoparasite Infestations 599   SECTION 8    CARDIOLOGY 110 Physical Examination of the Heart 613 111 Electrocardiography .618 112 Noninvasive Examination of the Heart 622 113 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult 627 Kasper_HMOM19-FM.indd 4/6/16 9:26 AM 1208 INDEX viral infections (Cont.): chronic meningitis in, 1037t in HSCT patients, 367–368 lymphadenopathy and, 190t respiratory See respiratory tract infections viridans streptococci, 439 virilization, 920 visceral abscess, 385 visceral larva migrans, 600 visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), 593–594 visceral pain, 36, 36t visceral spasm, 155t vismodegib, for basal cell carcinoma, 307 visual acuity, 229 visual field mapping, 229, 230f visual loss acute, approach to, 229 transient or sudden, 230–231 vitamin A deficiency, 45t vitamin A supplementation for head and neck cancer prevention, 1101 for measles, 539 vitamin B12 deficiency anemia in, 269 in dementia, 971 leukopenia in, 276 in myelopathy, 1006 in polyneuropathy, 1044 in tapeworm infection, 610 treatment of, 273 vitamin C deficiency, 45t vitamin C supplementation, for nephrolithiasis, 782t vitamin D deficiency, 45t, 928, 935, 1105 vitamin D supplementation for hypocalcemia, 929 in multiple sclerosis, 1018 for osteomalacia, 935 for osteoporosis, 934 for primary biliary cirrhosis, 829 for primary sclerosing cholangitis, 803 for psoriasis, 259 vitamin E deficiency, 45t, 983 vitamin E supplementation, for menopausal symptoms, 922 vitamin K deficiency pathophysiology of, 279 treatment of, 45t, 281 vitamin K supplementation Kasper_HMOM19-Index_p1109-p1212.indd 1208 for vitamin K deficiency, 281 for warfarin reversal, 282 vitamins See also specific vitamins for alcohol withdrawal, 1083 for alcoholic liver disease, 828 for ataxia, 984 vitiligo, 256f vitreous detachment, 231 vitreous hemorrhage, 231 voglibose, for diabetes mellitus, 908t Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 1038t volume regulation, 1t volume status, assessment of, 3f vomiting See nausea and vomiting von Hippel-Lindau disease, 335 von Willebrand disease, 279, 281 voriconazole, 569 for aspergillosis, 574t for candidiasis, 571 for fusariosis, 582 for scedosporiosis, 582 for sepsis/septic shock, 68t vortioxetine, 1073t VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci), 440 VSD (ventricular septal defect), 616t, 628–629 VT See ventricular tachycardia VZV infections See varicella-zoster virus infections W Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 768t warfarin for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 850 for atrial fibrillation, 686 for mitral stenosis, 632 for pulmonary hypertension, 702 for STEMI, 662 for venous thromboembolism, 733 warts cutaneous, 262 genital, 413–414 wasp sting, 124–125 water requirements, 41 watery diarrhea, 386t weakness, 131, 233–235 approach to, 233, 235f causes of, 233t diagnostic evaluation of, 1055f, 1056f site of responsible lesion, 233, 233t 4/5/16 2:51 PM INDEX weaning, from mechanical ventilation, 33–34 Wegener’s granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis), 768t, 851, 1039t weight, ideal, 42t weight loss, 135–137 clinical manifestations of, 135–137 drug-induced, 136t etiology of, 135, 136t for hypertension, 651 laboratory testing in, 137t in malnutrition, 41 for metabolic syndrome, 658 for obesity, 902–903 for sleep apnea, 746 treatment for, 137 Weil’s syndrome, 498 Wenckebach AV block, 677, 679f Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome, 1083 Wernicke’s aphasia, 239t, 240–241 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 1082–1083 West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, 550, 1027, 1029 WFNS (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies) Scale, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 92t wheal, 257t whiplash injury, 212 Whipple’s disease, 481–482, 867, 1034t Whipple’s triad, 107, 108f, 332 whitlow, herpetic, 518, 522t WHO classification of AML, 284t of lymphoid malignancy, 294 whole blood transfusion, 46 whooping cough See pertussis widow spider bite, 123–124 Wilson’s disease, 945–946 winking owl sign, 110 Winterbottom’s sign, 596 Winter’s formula, 15 withdrawal of care, 35 withdrawal syndrome, 1074 WNV (West Nile virus) encephalitis, 550, 1027, 1029 Wolbachia, 604 Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, 621t, 679, 686 Kasper_HMOM19-Index_p1109-p1212.indd 1209 1209 women’s health, 1104–1106 Alzheimer’s disease, 1104 autoimmune disease, 1105 coronary heart disease, 1104–1105 diabetes mellitus, 1105 HIV infections, 1105 hypertension, 1105 nicotine addiction, 1106 obesity, 1105 osteoporosis, 1105 pharmacology, 1105–1106 psychiatric disease, 1106 sleep disorders, 1106 substance abuse, 1106 violence, 1106 Wood’s light examination, 258 World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Scale, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 92t wound infections botulism, 472 clostridial, 473 surgical-site, 358, 359t wrist, muscles and innervation of, 949t Wuchereria bancrofti infections See filariasis X xanthelasma, 256f, 936 xanthoma, 936, 940 XDR (extensively drug-resistant) tuberculosis, 482 xerostomia, 849 D-xylose absorption test, 170 Y yaws, 497 yellow fever, 552 yellow jacket sting, 124–125 Yersinia pestis, 465–466 yersiniosis, 396 Z zafirlukast, for urticaria/angioedema, 837 zaleplon, for insomnia, 242 zanamivir, for influenza, 532, 532t zidovudine (AZT, azidothymidine) for adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, 301 for HIV infection, 560t Zieve’s syndrome, 826 zinc deficiency, 45t 4/5/16 2:51 PM 1210 INDEX zinc supplementation for hepatic encephalopathy, 833 for Wilson’s disease, 946 ziprasidone dosage and side effects of, 1077t for schizophrenia, 1067 zoledronate for hypercalcemia, 112, 351, 927t for osteoporosis, 934 Kasper_HMOM19-Index_p1109-p1212.indd 1210 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome clinical manifestations of, 332, 332t, 789 diagnosis of, 789 differential diagnosis of, 789, 789t treatment of, 789–790 zolmitriptan, for migraine, 217t, 219t zolpidem, for insomnia, 242 zonisamide, for seizures, 966t, 967t zoster ophthalmicus, 523 4/5/16 2:51 PM This page intentionally left blank Kasper_HMOM19-Index_p1109-p1212.indd 1211 4/5/16 2:51 PM   TABLE 206-1    CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS I. MULTISYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS Anaphylaxis  Cephalosporins  Dextran  Insulin   Iodinated drugs or contrast media  Lidocaine  Penicillins  Procaine Angioedema   ACE inhibitors Drug-induced lupus erythematosus  Cephalosporins  Hydralazine  Iodides  Isoniazid  Methyldopa  Phenytoin II.  ENDOCRINE MANIFESTATIONS Addisonian-like syndrome  Busulfan  Ketoconazole Galactorrhea (may also cause amenorrhea)  Methyldopa  Phenothiazines   Tricyclic antidepressants Gynecomastia   Calcium channel antagonists  Digitalis  Estrogens  Griseofulvin  Isoniazid  Methyldopa  Phenytoin  Spironolactone  Testosterone Sexual dysfunction   Beta blockers  Clonidine  Diuretics III.  METABOLIC MANIFESTATIONS Hyperbilirubinemia  Rifampin Hypercalcemia   Antacids with absorbable alkali  Thiazides   Vitamin D  Procainamide  Quinidine  Sulfonamides  Thiouracil Fever   Aminosalicylic acid   Amphotericin B  Antihistamines  Penicillins Hyperpyrexia  Antipsychotics Serum sickness  Aspirin  Penicillins  Propylthiouracil  Sulfonamides  Guanethidine  Lithium   Major tranquilizers  Methyldopa   Oral contraceptives  Sedatives Thyroid function tests, disorders of  Acetazolamide  Amiodarone  Chlorpropamide  Clofibrate   Colestipol and nicotinic acid   Gold salts  Iodides  Lithium   Oral contraceptives  Phenothiazines  Phenylbutazone  Phenytoin  Sulfonamides  Tolbutamide Hyperglycemia  Chlorthalidone  Diazoxide  Encainide   Ethacrynic acid  Furosemide (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1107 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED)  Glucocorticoids   Growth hormone   Oral contraceptives  Thiazides Hypoglycemia  Insulin   Oral hypoglycemics  Quinine Hyperkalemia   ACE inhibitors  Amiloride  Cytotoxics   Digitalis overdose  Heparin  Lithium  Potassium preparations including salt substitute   Potassium salts of drugs  Spironolactone  Succinylcholine  Triamterene Hypokalemia   Alkali-induced alkalosis   Amphotericin B  Diuretics  Gentamicin  Insulin   Laxative abuse  Mineralocorticoids, some glucocorticoids IV. DERMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS Acne   Anabolic and androgenic steroids  Bromides  Glucocorticoids  Iodides  Isoniazid   Oral contraceptives Alopecia  Cytotoxics  Ethionamide  Heparin   Oral contraceptives (withdrawal) Eczema  Captopril   Cream and lotion perservatives   Osmotic diuretics  Sympathomimetics  Tetracycline  Theophylline   Vitamin B12 Hyperuricemia  Aspirin  Cytotoxics   Ethacrynic acid  Furosemide  Hyperalimentation  Thiazides Hyponatremia 1. Dilutional   Carbamazepine   Chlorpropamide   Cyclophosphamide   Diuretics   Vincristine 2.  Salt wasting   Diuretics   Enemas   Mannitol Metabolic acidosis  Acetazolamide  Paraldehyde  Salicylates  Spironolactone  Lanolin   Topical antihistamines   Topical antimicrobials   Topical local anesthetics Erythema multiforme or Steven Johnson syndrome  Barbiturates  Chlorpropamide  Codeine  Penicillins  Phenylbutazone  Phenytoin  Salicylates  Sulfonamides  Sulfones (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1108 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED)  Tetracyclines  Thiazides Erythema nodosum   Oral contraceptives  Penicillins  Sulfonamides Exfoliative dermatitis  Barbiturates   Gold salts  Penicillins  Phenylbutazone  Phenytoin  Quinidine  Sulfonamides Fixed drug eruptions  Barbiturates  Captopril  Phenylbutazone  Quinine  Salicylates  Sulfonamides Hyperpigmentation  Bleomycin  Busulfan  Chloroquine and other antimalarials  Corticotropin  Cyclophosphamide   Gold salts   Hypervitaminosis A   Oral contraceptives  Phenothiazines Lichenoid eruptions   Aminosalicylic acid  Antimalarials  Chlorpropamide   Gold salts  Methyldopa  Phenothiazines Photodermatitis  Captopril  Chlordiazepoxide V.  HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS Agranulocytosis (see also Pancytopenia)  Captopril  Carbimazole  Chloramphenicol  Furosemide  Griseofulvin   Nalidixic acid   Oral contraceptives  Phenothiazines  Sulfonamides  Sulfonylureas  Tetracyclines, particularly demeclocycline  Thiazides Purpura (see also thrombocytopenia)  Allopurinol  Ampicillin  Aspirin  Glucocorticoids Rashes (nonspecific)  Allopurinol  Ampicillin  Barbiturates  Indapamide  Methyldopa  Phenytoin Skin necrosis  Warfarin Toxic epidermal necrolysis (bullous)  Allopurinol  Barbiturates  Bromides  Iodides   Nalidixic acid  Penicillins  Phenylbutazone  Phenytoin  Sulfonamides Urticaria  Aspirin  Barbiturates  Captopril  Enalapril  Penicillins  Sulfonamides  Cytotoxics   Gold salts  Indomethacin  Methimazole  Oxyphenbutazone (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1109 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED)  Phenothiazines  Phenylbutazone  Propylthiouracil  Sulfonamides  Tolbutamide   Tricyclic antidepressants Clotting abnormalities/ hypothrombinemia  Cefamandole  Cefoperazone  Moxalactam Eosinophilia   Aminosalicylic acid  Chlorpropamide   Erythromycin estolate  Imipramine  L-Tryptophan  Methotrexate  Nitrofurantoin  Procarbazine  Sulfonamides Hemolytic anemia   Aminosalicylic acid  Cephalosporins  Chlorpromazine  Dapsone  Insulin  Isoniazid  Levodopa   Mefenamic acid  Melphalan  Methyldopa  Penicillins  Phenacetin  Procainamide  Quinidine  Rifampin  Sulfonamides Hemolytic anemias in G6PD deficiency   See Table 62-4 Leukocytosis  Glucocorticoids  Lithium Lymphadenopathy  Phenytoin  Primidone Megaloblastic anemia   Folate antagonists   Nitrous oxide   Oral contraceptives  Phenobarbital  Phenytoin  Primidone  Triamterene  Trimethroprim Pancytopenia (aplastic anemia)  Carbamazepine  Chloramphenicol  Cytotoxics   Gold salts  Mephenytoin  Phenylbutazone  Phenytoin  Quinacrine  Sulfonamides  Trimethadione   Zidovudine (AZT) Pure red cell aplasia  Azathioprine  Chlorpropamide  Isoniazid  Phenytoin Thrombocytopenia (see also Pancytopenia)  Acetazolamine  Aspirin  Carbamazepine  Carbenicillin  Chlorpropamide  Chlorthalidone  Furosemide   Gold salts  Heparin  Indomethacin  Isoniazid  Methyldopa  Moxalactam  Phenylbutazone   Phenytoin and other hydantoins  Quinidine  Quinine  Thiazides  Ticarcillin (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1110 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED) VI.  CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS Angina exacerbation   Calcium antagonists   Alpha blockers  Estrogens   Beta blocker withdrawal  Indomethacin  Ergotamine  Mannitol   Excessive thyroxine  Minoxidil  Hydralazine  Phenylbutazone  Methysergide  Steroids  Minoxidil Hypertension  Nifedipine   Clonidine withdrawal  Oxytocin  Corticotropin  Vasopressin  Cyclosporine Arrhythmias  Glucocorticoids  Adriamycin  Monoamine oxidase inhibitors with sympathomimetics   Antiarrhythmic drugs  NSAIDs  Atropine   Oral contraceptives  Anticholinesterases  Sympathomimetics   Beta blockers  Tricyclic antidepressants with  Digitalis sympathomimetics  Emetine Hypotension  Lithium   Calcium antagonists  Phenothiazines   Citrated blood  Sympathomimetics  Diuretics   Thyroid hormone  Levodopa   Tricyclic antidepressants  Morphine  Verapamil  Nitroglycerin AV block  Phenothiazines  Clonidine  Protamine  Methyldopa  Quinidine  Verapamil Pericarditis Cardiomyopathy  Emetine  Adriamycin  Hydralazine  Daunorubicin  Methysergide  Emetine  Procainamide  Lithium Thromboembolism  Phenothiazines   Oral contraceptives  Sulfonamides  Sympathomimetics Fluid retention or congestive heart failure   Beta blockers VII. RESPIRATORY MANIFESTATIONS Airway obstruction  Streptomycin   Beta blockers   Tartrazine (drugs with yellow dye)  Cephalosporins Cough   Cholinergic drugs   ACE inhibitors  NSAIDs Pulmonary edema  Penicillins   Contrast media  Pentazocine  Heroin (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1111 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED)  Methadone  Chlorambucil  Propoxyphene  Cyclophosphamide Pulmonary infiltrates  Melphalan  Acyclovir  Methotrexate  Amiodarone  Methysergide  Azathioprine   Mitomycin C  Bleomycin  Nitrofurantoin  Busulfan  Procarbazine   Carmustine (BCNU)  Sulfonamides GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS VIII.  Cholestatic jaundice  Methimazole   Anabolic steroids  Methotrexate  Androgens  Methoxyflurane  Chlorpropamide  Methyldopa   Erythromycin estolate   Monoamine oxidase inhibitors   Gold salts  Niacin  Methimazole  Nifedipine  Nitrofurantoin  Nitrofurantoin   Oral contraceptives  Phenytoin  Phenothiazines  Propoxyphene Constipation or ileus  Propylthiouracil   Aluminum hydroxide  Pyridium   Barium sulfate  Rifampin   Calcium carbonate  Salicylates   Ferrous sulfate   Sodium valproate   Ion exchange resins  Sulfonamides  Opiates  Tetracyclines  Phenothiazines  Verapamil   Tricyclic antidepressants   Zidovudine (AZT)  Verapamil Intestinal ulceration Diarrhea or colitis   Solid KCl preparations   Antibiotics (broad-spectrum) Malabsorption  Colchicine   Aminosalicylic acid  Digitalis   Antibiotics (broad-spectrum)   Magnesium in antacids  Cholestyramine  Methyldopa  Colchicine Diffuse hepatocellular damage  Colestipol   Acetaminophen (paracetamol)  Cytotoxics  Allopurinol  Neomycin   Aminosalicylic acid  Phenobarbital  Dapsone  Phenytoin   Erythromycin estolate Nausea or vomiting  Ethionamide  Digitalis  Glyburide  Estrogens  Halothane   Ferrous sulfate  Isoniazid  Levodopa  Ketoconazole  Opiates (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1112 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED)   Potassium chloride 4. Ulceration  Tetracyclines   Aspirin  Theophylline   Cytotoxics Oral conditions    Gentian violet 1.  Gingival hyperplasia    Isoproterenol (sublingual)    Calcium antagonists   Pancreatin   Cyclosporine Pancreatitis   Phenytoin  Azathioprine 2.  Salivary gland swelling   Ethacrynic acid   Bretylium  Furosemide   Clonidine  Glucocorticoids   Guanethidine  Opiates   Iodides   Oral contraceptives   Phenylbutazone  Sulfonamides 3.  Taste Disturbances  Thiazides   Biguanides Peptic ulceration or hemorrhage   Captopril  Aspirin   Griseofulvin   Ethacrynic acid   Lithium  Glucocorticoids   Metronidazole  NSAIDs   Penicillamine   Rifampin RENAL/URINARY MANIFESTATIONS IX.  Bladder dysfunction Nephropathies  Anticholinergics   Due to analgesics (e.g., phenacetin)  Disopyramide Nephrotic syndrome   Monoamine oxidase inhibitors  Captopril   Tricyclic antidepressants   Gold salts Calculi  Penicillamine  Acetazolamide  Phenindione   Vitamin D  Probenecid Concentrating defect with polyuria Obstructive uropathy (or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)   Extrarenal: methysergide  Demeclocycline   Intrarenal: cytotoxics  Lithium Renal dysfunction  Methoxyflurane  Cyclosporine   Vitamin D  NSAIDS Hemorrhagic cystitis  Triamterene  Cyclophosphamide Renal tubular acidosis Interstitial nephritis  Acetazolamide  Allopurinol   Amphotericin B  Furosemide   Degraded tetracycline   Penicillins, esp methicillin Tubular necrosis  Phenindione  Aminoglycosides  Sulfonamides   Amphotericin B  Thiazides  Colistin (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1113 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED)  Cyclosporine  Methoxyflurane  Polymyxins X. NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS Exacerbation of myasthenia  Aminoglycosides  Polymyxins Extrapyramidal effects   Butyrophenones, e.g., haloperidol  Levodopa  Methyldopa  Metoclopramide   Oral contraceptives  Phenothiazines   Tricyclic antidepressants Headache   Ergotamine (withdrawal)   Glyceryl trinitrate  Hydralazine  Indomethacin Peripheral neuropathy  Amiodarone  Chloramphenicol  Chloroquine  Chlorpropamide  Clofibrate  Demeclocycline  Disopyramide  Ethambutol  Ethionamide  Glutethimide  Hydralazine  Isoniazid  Methysergide  Metronidazole XI.  OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS Cataracts  Busulfan  Chlorambucil  Glucocorticoids  Phenothiazines Color vision alteration  Barbiturates  Digitalis  Methaqualone  Streptomycin  Thiazides   Radioiodinated contrast medium  Sulfonamides  Tetracyclines   Nalidixic acid  Nitrofurantoin  Phenytoin   Polymyxin, colistin  Procarbazine  Streptomycin  Tolbutamide   Tricyclic antidepressants  Vincristine Pseudotumor cerebri (or intracranial hypertension)  Amiodarone   Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids   Hypervitaminosis A   Oral contraceptives  Tetracyclines Seizures  Amphetamines  Analeptics  Isoniazid  Lidocaine  Lithium   Nalidixic acid  Penicillins  Phenothiazines  Physostigmine  Theophylline   Tricyclic antidepressants  Vincristine Stroke   Oral contraceptives Corneal edema   Oral contraceptives Corneal opacities  Chloroquine  Indomethacin   Vitamin D Glaucoma  Mydriatics  Sympathomimetics Optic neuritis   Aminosalicylic acid (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1114 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED)  Chloramphenicol  Ethambutol  Isoniazid  Penicillamine  Phenothiazines  Phenylbutazone XII.  EAR MANIFESTATIONS Deafness  Aminoglycosides  Aspirin  Bleomycin  Chloroquine  Erythromycin   Ethacrynic acid XIII. Musculoskeletal manifestations Bone disorders 1. Osteoporosis   Glucocorticoids   Heparin 2. Osteomalacia    Aluminum hydroxide   Anticonvulsants   Glutethimide XIV. PSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS Delirious or confusional states  Amantadine  Aminophylline  Anticholinergics  Antidepressants  Cimetidine  Digitalis  Glucocorticoids  Isoniazid  Levodopa  Methyldopa  Penicillins  Phenothiazines   Sedatives and hypnotics Depression   Amphetamine withdrawal   Beta blockers  Centrally acting antihypertensives (reserpine, methyldopa, clonidine)  Glucocorticoids  Levodopa  Quinine  Streptomycin Retinopathy  Chloroquine  Phenothiazines  Furosemide  Nortriptyline  Quinine Vestibular disorders  Aminoglycosides  Quinine Myopathy or myalgia   Amphotericin B  Chloroquine  Clofibrate  Glucocorticoids   Oral contraceptives Myositis  Gemfibrozil  Lovastatin Drowsiness  Antihistamines   Anxiolytic drugs  Clonidine   Major tranquilizers  Methyldopa   Tricyclic antidepressants Hallucinatory states  Amantadine   Beta blockers  Levodopa  Meperidine  Narcotics  Pentazocine   Tricyclic antidepressants Hypomania, mania, or excited reactions  Glucocorticoids  Levodopa   Monoamine oxidase inhibitors  Sympathomimetics   Tricyclic antidepressants (Continued) Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1115 4/5/16 2:57 PM   TABLE 206-1    C LINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS (CONTINUED) Schizophrenic-like MUSCULOSKELETAL or paranoid MANIFESTATIONS   Monoamine oxidase inhibitors reactions   Tricyclic antidepressants  Amphetamines Sleep disturbances  Bromides  Anorexiants  Glucocorticoids  Levodopa  Levodopa   Monoamine oxidase inhibitors   Lysergic acid  Sympathomimetics Source: Adapted from AJJ Wood: HPIM-15, pp 432-436 For a more detailed discussion, see Roden DM: Principles of Clinical Pharmacology, Chap 5, p 33, HPIM-18; Wood AJJ: Adverse Reactions to Drugs, Chap 71, p 430, in HPIM-15 Kasper_HMOM19-Online Table.indd 1116 4/5/16 2:57 PM GLOSSARY JVP jugular venous pressure LA left atrium LAD left axis deviation LBBB left bundle branch block LDH lactate dehydrogenase LDL low-density lipoprotein LFT liver function test LLQ left lower quadrant LP lumbar puncture LUQ left upper quadrant LV left ventricle MI myocardial infarction MRI  magnetic resonance  imaging NPO nothing by mouth NSAIDs  nonsteroidal anti-­   inflammatory drugs P2 pulmonic second sound Pao2  partial pressure of O2 in   arterial blood Pao2  partial pressure of O2 in   alveolar blood PCR polymerase chain reaction PFTs pulmonary function tests PMNs  polymorphonuclear cells   or leukocytes PO by mouth PPD  purified protein derivative,   skin test for tuberculosis prn as needed pt/pts patient/patients PT prothrombin time PTT  partial thromboplastin  time qam every morning Kasper_HMOM19-IBC.indd qd every day qh every hour qhs every bedtime qid four times daily qod every other day R respiratory rate RA rheumatoid arthritis RBBB right bundle branch block RBC red blood (cell) count RLQ right lower quadrant RUQ right upper quadrant RV right ventricle S1 S4 heart sounds, 1st to 4th SARS  severe acute respiratory  syndrome SC subcutaneous SL sublingual SLE  systemic lupus  erythematosus SVC superior vena cava TIA transient ischemic attack tid three times daily tiw thrice a week TLC total lung capacity TNF tumor necrosis factor UA urinalysis URI upper respiratory infection UTI urinary tract infection UV ultraviolet VDRL test for syphilis VPC  ventricular premature  contractions VZV varicella-zoster virus WBC white blood (cell) count 4/4/16 12:49 PM ... New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts J Larry Jameson, MD, PhD Robert G Dunlop Professor of Medicine; Dean, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Executive... William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine, Professor of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School; Division of Infectious Diseases,... Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts EDWIN K SILVERMAN, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine; Chief, Channing Division of