I3284E-copertina-final.pdf 03/06/2013 16:41:59 FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER M Y CM MY CY CMY K ISBN 978-92-5-107649-1 9 I3284E/1/04.13 Good Agricultural Practices for greenhouse vegetable crops Principles for Mediterranean climate areas Ministry of Agriculture FAO Good Agricultural Practices for Greenhouse Vegetable Crops - Principles for Mediterranean Climate Areas C This publication capitalizes on the experience of scientists from the North Africa and Near East countries, in collaboration with experts from around the world, specialized in the different aspects of greenhouse crop production It provides a comprehensive description and assessment of the greenhouse production practices in use in Mediterranean climate areas that have helped diversify vegetable production and increase productivity Guidance is provided on potential areas for improvement of greenhouse cultivation More specifically the document aims at strengthening technical capacity in the use of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) as a means to improve product quality and safety, and achieve sustainable production intensification of greenhouse vegetables in countries in Mediterranean climate areas The publication is also meant to be used as a reference and tool for trainers and growers as well as other actors in the greenhouse vegetables value chain in this region 217 NCARE I3284E-copertina-final.pdf 03/06/2013 16:41:59 217 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org Produced with a contribution of the Belgian Development Cooperation to FAO´s Horticulture Facility FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER 217 Good Agricultural Practices for greenhouse vegetable crops Principles for Mediterranean climate areas Editorial board: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Plant Production and Protection Division Wilfried Baudoin, Remi Nono-Womdim, NeBambi Lutaladio, Alison Hodder International Society for Horticultural Science Commission Protected Cultivation Nicolás Castilla, Cherubino Leonardi, Stefania De Pascale National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension, Jordan Horticulture Department Muien Qaryouti Editorial support and layout: Ruth Duffy, English Language Editor FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2013 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO ISBN 978-92-5-107649-1 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-107650-7 (PDF) © FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licencerequest or addressed to copyright@fao.org iii Contents Acknowledgements Preface v vii List of acronyms and abbreviations x Regional Working Group on Greenhouse Crop Production in the Mediterranean Region: history and development A Papasolomontos, W Baudoin & N Lutaladio Greenhouse site selection 21 N Castilla & E Baeza Greenhouse design and covering materials 35 J.I Montero, M Teitel, E Baeza, J.C Lopez & M Kacira Greenhouse climate control and energy use 63 C Kittas, N Katsoulas, T Bartzanas & S Bakker Choice of species and cultivars for protected cultivation 97 C Leonardi & A Maggio Water requirements and irrigation management in Mediterranean greenhouses: the case of the southeast coast of Spain 109 M Gallardo, R.B Thompson & M.D.Fernández Protected cultivation for improving water-use efficiency of vegetable crops in the NENA region 137 A.F Abou Hadid Microirrigation 149 G Barbieri & A Maggio Irrigation water quality for greenhouse horticulture 169 S De Pascale, F Orsini & A Pardossi 10 Soil fertility and plant nutrition 205 G Gianquinto, P Muñoz, A Pardossi, S Ramazzotti & D Savvas 11 Growing media 271 N Gruda, M.M Qaryouti & C Leonardi 12 Soilless culture D Savvas, G Gianquinto, Y Tuzel & N Gruda 303 iv 13 Quality of planting materials 355 C Kubota, A Balliu & S Nicola 14 Cultural practices 379 Y Tuzel 15 Integrated pest management and plant hygiene under protected cultivation 399 M Abdel Wali 16 Integrated pest management 427 A Hanafi 17 Integrated pest management and farmer education: FAO experiences from the Near East and the Maghreb 511 A.S AlHawamdeh, M Fredrix & A Impiglia 18 Harvest and post-harvest management 529 E.W Hewett 19 Integrated preventive environmental strategy in greenhouse production 565 A Antón & P Moz 20 Product safety 581 M Allara, M Fredrix, C Bessy & F Praasterink 21 Labelling and certification: integrated farm assurance with fruit and vegetable production K Patsalos 603 v Acknowledgements This document is the result of a cooperative effort of a team of scientists who have provided their voluntary contributions under the aegis of the FAO Regional Working Group on Greenhouse Crop Production in the Mediterranean Region The genuine cooperation, professional commitment and dedication of the authors, co-authors, reviewers and collaborating scientists, as illustrated in chapter one, are gratefully acknowledged and most appreciated Special recognition is given to the peer reviewer, Prof Laurent Urban, University of Avignon, France His diligence and detailed analysis of the text are highly valued vii Preface A very significant event in the world history of Agriculture is the domestication of plants by mankind Instead of depending on wild growth, it was realized that the planting of seeds or cuttings allowed the propagation of the type of plants desired Another important breakthrough resulted from the need to protect the domesticated plants from abiotic and biotic stress factors Protected cultivation emerged as a way to protect crops from adverse weather conditions allowing year-round production and the application of an integrated crop production and protection management approach for better control over pests and diseases Greenhouse crop production is now a growing reality throughout the world with an estimated 405 000 of greenhouses spread over all the continents The degree of sophistication and technology depends on local climatic conditions and the socio-economic environment The experience of greenhouse production, which emerged in northern Europe, stimulated development in other areas, including the Mediterranean, North America, Oceania, Asia and Africa, with various rates and degrees of success It has been shown that a mere transposition of north European solutions to other parts of the world is not a valid process Each environment requires further research, development, extension, training and new norms of application to meet local requirements During the last 20 years countries in the Mediterranean climate area have become increasingly competitive producers of greenhouse vegetables During this time there has been a revolution in greenhouse production technology in terms of greenhouse design, type and quality of the plastic covering material, fertigation, mulch, use of high-yielding hybrids and cultivars, plant training and pruning techniques, integrated pest management, the use of pollinator insects, climate control, soil solarization etc Only a few years ago, a yield of 100 tonnes per hectare of tomato in a greenhouse was considered a good performance Today, for growers in Mediterranean climate areas, a harvest of 300 tonnes per hectare is not unusual Besides supplying the local markets, the production of greenhouse vegetables is greatly valued for its export potential and plays an important role in the foreign trade balance of several national economies in the Mediterranean region However, the intensification of greenhouse crop production has created favourable conditions for many devastating pests and diseases This has significantly increased the need for pesticide applications At the same time, legislative measures and standards requirements regarding the quality and safety of vegetables have become viii increasingly demanding Consumer awareness has risen and the demand for pesticide-free products is a reality which cannot be ignored Since 1993, the Regional Working Group on Greenhouse Crops in the Mediterranean Region facilitated by the FAO’s Plant Production and Protection Division has supported training and research and development initiatives to strengthen national capacities in upgrading the greenhouse crop sector in Mediterranean climate areas This publication builds on experience gained through partnerships forged by the working group and represents the interpartner effort of two decades It aims to summarize the knowledge and practical experiences of scientists from the Near East and North Africa region, specifically from Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia and Turkey and in collaboration with the Commission of Protected Cultivation of the International Society for Horticulture Science (ISHS) and a worldwide panel of subject matter specialists This technical document intends to illustrate the benefits that can be drawn from an “integrated production and protection” (IPP) approach linking production technologies and plant protection practices to minimize the use of pesticides and adopting “sustainable intensification” of greenhouse crop production as the guiding principle It is in line with the new FAO “Save and Grow” paradigm that helps to limit agriculture’s impact on climate change and strengthens resilience of open-field and greenhouse farming systems to socio-economic and climate risks It is believed that greenhouse crop production is destined to play an increasingly important role in the Mediterranean climate environment as a means for sustainable crop intensification leading to optimization of water-use efficiency in an environment of water scarcity in addition to better control of product quality and safety, in line with the market demand, standards and regulations By sharing their knowledge and experience, the authors of this publication wish to sustain the competitiveness of the vegetable greenhouse sector in the Mediterranean climate areas and contribute to its further development to the benefit of growers, consumers and the environment This publication discusses the principles of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) as they may be applied to greenhouse farming in the Mediterranean climate areas It illustrates different aspects of greenhouse crop production and protection with special emphasis on greenhouse technologies, design and climate control, cropping systems, in particular those practices which help reduce pests and diseases incidence in crops, integrated pest management, the use of adapted cultivars, and the need for traceability and product labelling 610 GAPs for greenhouse vegetable crops: Principles for Mediterranean climate areas ASSESSMENT PROCESS In order to achieve certification, a registered party must perform either a selfassessment (Option 1 and Option 1 multisite without QMS) or internal inspections (Option 1 multisite with QMS and Option 2) and receive external inspections by the chosen certification body Option – single sites and multisites without QMS This section is applicable to applicants that are single legal entities (individual producer or company) with single production sites (farm) or multiple production sites that are not separate legal entities and are all centrally managed by the applicant Table presents a summary of the assessments to be undertaken before a certificate is issued (initial evaluation) and annually thereafter (surveillance evaluations) Self-assessments The self-assessment shall: • cover all sites, products and processes under the certification scope and comply with the requirements set in the applicable control points; • be the responsibility of the producer; • be carried out at least annually before the initial or surveillance inspections against the complete checklist (Major and Minor Musts and Recommendations) of all relevant scope(s) and sub-scope(s) and registered areas; the completed checklist must be available on site for review at all times; • record comments and positive findings during the self-assessment as described by the checklist External inspections The inspection (announced and unannounced) shall be carried out by a CB inspector or auditor The CB shall inspect the complete checklist (Major and Minor Musts and Recommendations) of the applicable scope(s) and sub-scope(s) Announced inspections Each applicant shall undergo one announced external inspection at the initial assessment and thereafter once a year TABLE Assessments (Option – single sites and multisites without QMS) Initial evaluations (first year) Subsequent evaluations Self-assessments by producer Entire scope (all registered sites) Entire scope (all registered sites) Externally by the CB Announced inspection of entire scope (all registered sites) Announced inspection of entire scope (all registered sites) Unannounced inspection of (minimum 10% of certificate holders) 21 Labelling and certification: integrated farm assurance The inspection shall cover: • all accepted products; • all registered production locations; • all registered product handling sites (in IFA) External unannounced surveillance inspections The CB shall carry out unannounced surveillance inspections on a minimum of 10 percent of all producers certified under Option Unless the GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat has approved a shortened checklist, the CB shall inspect the Major and Minor Musts of the applicable scope(s) and sub-scope(s) Any non-compliance will be handled in the same way as for noncompliances found during an announced inspection The CB will inform the producer in advance of the intended visit; notification will not normally exceed 48 hours (2 working days) If impossible for the producer to accept the proposed date (for medical or other justifiable reasons), the producer will have one more opportunity to be informed of an unannounced surveillance inspection The producer shall receive a written warning if the first proposed date is not accepted; the producer will then receive another 48-hour notification of a visit; if this visit cannot take place for non-justifiable reasons, a suspension of all products will be issued Option and Option multisite with QMS This section is applicable to groups and individuals with multiple sites who have implemented a QMS and who comply with the requirements laid down in Part II of the General Regulations The applicant is responsible for ensuring that all producers and PMUs under the certification scope comply with the certification requirements at all times The CB does not inspect all producers or PMUs, but just a sample Thus it is not the responsibility of the CB to determine the compliance of each producer or PMU (this responsibility rests with the applicant) The CB must assess whether the applicant’s internal controls are appropriate Table presents a summary of the assessments to be undertaken before a certificate is issued (Initial Evaluation) and annually thereafter (Surveillance Evaluation) Internal assessments The applicant shall undertake internal assessments of all producers and PMUs to ensure compliance with the certification requirements Internal assessments shall comply with requirements laid down in Part II and include: • a minimum of one internal audit of the QMS carried out by the internal auditor before the first CB audit and thereafter once a year; 611 GAPs for greenhouse vegetable crops: Principles for Mediterranean climate areas 612 TABLE Assessments (Option and Option multisite with QMS) Initial evaluations (first year) Subsequent evaluations Internally by the producer Internal QMS audit Internal QMS audit group and Option multisite Internal inspection of each Internal inspection of each producer and/or operation with QMS producer and/or PMU and PHU PMU and PHU Externally by the CB Announced QMS audit Announced QMS audit Unannounced inspection to (minimum) square root of producer members and/or PMUs and PHUs Unannounced QMS audit to 10% of certificate holders Unannounced inspection to (minimum) 50% square root of producers and/or PMUs and PHUs Announced inspection to (minimum) square root of actual number of producers and/or PMUs and PHUs minus the number inspected unannounced during previous cycle Unannounced inspection to (minimum) 50% square root of actual number of producers and/or PMUs • a minimum of one internal inspection of each registered producer/PMU and PHU (produce handling unit) carried out by the internal inspector before the first CB inspection and thereafter once a year; • self-assessments by each member of the group (but only if an internal requirement – it is not a GLOBALG.A.P requirement) External quality management system (QMS) audit The audit (announced and unannounced) shall be carried out by a CB auditor (see CB auditor requirements in Part III of General Regulations) The audit (announced and unannounced) shall be based on the QMS checklist available on the GLOBALG.A.P Web site QMS announced audits The CB shall carry out one announced external audit of the QMS at the initial assessment and thereafter once a year QMS unannounced surveillance audits The CB shall carry out additional QMS unannounced external audits on a minimum of 10 percent of the certified producer groups and multisites annually Non-compliance detected will be handled as for an announced audit; nonconformances will lead to a sanction applied to the whole group or multisite The CB will inform the certificate holder This notification will normally not exceed 48 hours (2 working days) in advance of the intended visit If it is impossible for the certificate holder to accept the proposed date (for medical or other justifiable reasons), the certificate holder will receive one more chance to be informed of an unannounced surveillance inspection The certificate holder shall receive a written warning if the first date is not accepted The certificate holder will receive another 48-hour notification of a visit If the visit cannot take place for non-justifiable reasons, a complete suspension will be issued 21 Labelling and certification: integrated farm assurance External producer or site inspections A CB inspector or auditor shall carry out the inspections The CB shall inspect the complete checklist (Major and Minor Musts and Recommendations) of the applicable scope(s) and sub-scope(s) during ALL inspections • Initial inspection As a minimum, the square root (or next whole number rounded upwards if there are any decimals) of the total number of producers and production sites in the certification scope must be inspected before a new certificate can be issued (initial certification or inspection by a new CB) • Surveillance producer inspections The CB shall carry out announced external inspections of each producer group and multisite annually The minimum number of producers to be inspected per certificate holder depends on the outcome of the previous unannounced inspections and QMS audit The minimum number of producers/sites to be inspected during a certification cycle shall be equivalent to the square root of the current number of producers/ sites (grouped by type of activity) The inspections shall be divided in two: 50% unannounced during the validity period of a certificate (12 months); the other 50% during the announced surveillance inspection Only if the producers inspected externally have no other sanctions raised in that surveillance inspection, the following regular announced inspection by the CB will be reduced to the square root of the current number of producers/PMUs minus the number of producers/PMUs inspected unannounced (providing the findings from the QMS audit carried out at the following regular announced inspection are also favourable to this reduction) Before a certification decision can be made, the square root of the total number of current producer members and PMUs must have been inspected in the previous 12 months CERTIFICATION PROCESS Explanation of terms • Non-compliance (of a control point): A GLOBALG.A.P Control Point in the checklist is not fulfilled according to the Compliance Criteria (e.g the producer does not comply with the Minor Must AF) • Non-conformance (of the GLOBALG.A.P Certification Rules): A GLOBALG.A.P Rule necessary for obtaining the certificate is breached • Contractual non-conformances: An agreement signed in the contract between the CB and the producer related to GLOBALG.A.P issues is breached 613 614 GAPs for greenhouse vegetable crops: Principles for Mediterranean climate areas CCPCC Requirements to achieve and maintain GLOBALG.A.P Certification Control Points and Compliance Criteria consist of three types of control points: Major Musts, Minor Musts and Recommendations In order to obtain GLOBALG.A.P certification, the requirements are as follows: • Major Musts: 100% compliance of all applicable Major Must and QMS control points is compulsory • Minor Musts: 95% compliance of all applicable Minor Must control points is compulsory • Recommendations: No minimum percentage of compliance Comments shall be supplied for all non-compliant and not applicable Major and Minor Must control points In addition, comments shall also be supplied for all Major Musts, unless otherwise indicated on the checklist This is obligatory for internal as well as external assessments For example, a producer seeking certification for fruit and vegetables needs to comply with 100% of applicable Major Musts and 95% of the applicable Minor Musts of the All Farm (AF), Crops Base (CB) and Fruit and Vegetables (FV) modules combined Certification decision The CB shall make the certification decision within a maximum of 28 calendar days after closure of any outstanding non-conformances Any complaints or appeals against CBs will follow the CB’s own complaints and appeals procedure, which each CB must have and communicate to its clients Should the CB not respond adequately, the complaint can be addressed to the GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat using the GLOBALG.A.P complaints extranet, available on the GLOBALG.A.P Web site (www.globalgap.org) Sanctions Sanctions shall be forced as described below: • When a non-conformance is detected, the CB shall apply a sanction (Warning, Suspension of a product or Cancellation) • Producers are not permitted to change CB until the non-conformance which led to the respective sanction is satisfactorily closed out • Only the CB or the producer group which issued the sanction is entitled to lift it; it may only so if there is sufficient and timely evidence of corrective action 21 Labelling and certification: integrated farm assurance GLOBALG.A.P certificate and certification cycle A certificate is not transferable from one legal entity to another if a production unit changes legal entity: an initial inspection is required The certification cycle is 12 months in accordance with any sanctions or extensions (under certain conditions it is possible to extend the certificate validity to 4 months) Maintenance of GLOBALG.A.P certification The registration of the producer and the proposed products for the relevant scopes must be reconfirmed with the CB annually before the expiry date Otherwise the product status will change from “Certified” to “Certificate not renewed or re-registered” OBLIGATION TO APPLY PRODUCT TRACEABILITY AND SEGREGATION A product meeting the requirements of the GLOBALG.A.P Standard and marketed as such shall be traceable and handled to avoid contact with nonGLOBALG.A.P.-approved products There shall be a documented procedure for the identification of registered products and to enable traceability of all products both conforming and nonconforming to the applicable production sites A mass balance exercise must be carried out to demonstrate compliance within the legal entity Effective systems and procedures shall be in place to avoid risk of mislabelling or mixing of GLOBALG.A.P.-certified and non-GLOBALG.A.P.-certified products If a member of the group registers for parallel production, the Traceability and Segregation control points (AF.12) shall be applicable For fruit and vegetables certification, the produce handling site shall operate procedures enabling a registered product to be identifiable and traceable from receipt, through handling, storage and dispatch 615 616 GAPs for greenhouse vegetable crops: Principles for Mediterranean climate areas RULES FOR USE OF GLOBALG.A.P AND EUREPGAP TRADEMARK AND LOGO GLOBALG.A.P is the owner of the trademarks “EUREPGAP” and “GLOBALG.A.P.” and the logo, collectively the “GLOBALG.A.P Trademark” The “EUREPGAP” trademark shall be replaced by the trademark “GLOBALG.A.P.” with further notice The “EUREPGAP” trademark shall be used until further notice alone or in conjunction with “GLOBALG.A.P.” GLOBALG.A.P trademark Certain rules govern the use of the GLOBALG.A.P trademark: • The GLOBALG.A.P trademark shall never appear on the product, on consumer packaging, or at the point of sale in direct connection to single products • Producers may only use the GLOBALG.A.P trademark on pallets containing only certified GLOBALG.A.P products and which will not appear at the point of sale • GLOBALG.A.P.-certified producers may use the GLOBALG.A.P trademark in business-to-business communication, and for traceability, segregation or identification purposes on site at the production location • GLOBALG.A.P retailer, associate and supplier members can use the trademark in promotional printouts, flyers, hardware and electronic displays (not directly linked to certified product) and in business-to-business communication • GLOBALG.A.P.-approved certification bodies can use the trademark in promotional material directly linked to GLOBALG.A.P certification activities in business-to-business communication, and on GLOBALG.A.P certificates they issue • The GLOBALG.A.P trademark shall never be used on promotional items, apparel or accessories of any kind, bags or personal care items, or in connection with retail store services Specifications The EUREPGAP logo and the GLOBALG.A.P logo must always be obtained from the GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat This will ensure that it contains the exact corporate colour and format, as in the box FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPERS 4 Rev.1 6/2 6/3 10 10 Rev 10 Sup 11 12 13 14 15 15 Sup 16 17 18 19 20 20 Sup Horticulture: a select bibliography, 1976 (E) Cotton specialists and research institutions in selected countries, 1976 (E) Food legumes: distribution, adaptability and biology of yield, 1977 (E F S) Soybean production in the tropics, 1977 (C E F S) Soybean production in the tropics (first revision), 1982 (E) Les systèmes pastoraux sahéliens, 1977 (F) Pest resistance to pesticides 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management, 1984 (E F S) Pocket computers in agrometeorology, 1983 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1982 – Report, 1983 (E F S) The sago palm, 1983 (E F) Guidelines for integrated control of cotton pests, 1983 (Ar E F S) Pesticide residues in food 1982 – Evaluations, 1983 (E) International plant quarantine treatment manual, 1983 (C E) Handbook on jute, 1983 (E) The palmyrah palm: potential and perspectives, 1983 (E) Selected medicinal plants, 1983 (E) Manual of fumigation for insect control, 1984 (C E F S) Breeding for durable disease and pest resistance, 1984 (C E) Pesticide residues in food 1983 – Report, 1984 (E F S) Coconut, tree of life, 1984 (E S) Economic guidelines for crop pest control, 1984 (E F S) Micropropagation of selected rootcrops, palms, citrus and ornamental species, 1984 (E) Minimum requirements for receiving and maintaining tissue culture propagating material, 1985 (E F S) Pesticide residues in food 1983 – Evaluations, 1985 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1984 – Report, 1985 (E F S) Manual of pest control for food security reserve grain stocks, 1985 (C E) Contribution l’écologie des aphides africains, 1985 (F) Amélioration de la culture irriguée du riz des petits fermiers, 1985 (F) Sesame and safflower: status and potentials, 1985 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1984 – Evaluations, 1985 (E) Pesticide residus in food 1985 – Report, 1986 (E F S) Breeding for horizontal resistance to wheat diseases, 1986 (E) Breeding for durable resistance in perennial crops, 1986 (E) Technical guideline on seed potato micropropagation and multiplication, 1986 (E) 72/1 72/2 73 74 75 76 77 78 78/2 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86/1 86/2 87 88 89 90 91 92 93/1 93/2 Pesticide residues in food 1985 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 1986 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1985 – Evaluations – Part II: Toxicology, 1986 (E) Early agrometeorological crop yield assessment, 1986 (E F S) Ecology and control of perennial weeds in Latin America, 1986 (E S) Technical guidelines for field 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Latin America 1960-1985, 1989 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1989 – Report, 1989 (E F S) Pesticide residues in food 1989 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 1990 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1989 – Evaluations – Part II: Toxicology, 1990 (E) Soilless culture for horticultural crop production, 1990 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1990 – Report, 1990 (E F S) Pesticide residues in food 1990 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 1990 (E) Major weeds of the Near East, 1991 (E) Fundamentos teórico-prácticos del cultivo de tejidos vegetales, 1990 (S) Technical guidelines for mushroom growing in the tropics, 1990 (E) Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq – a tropical leafy vegetable – its cultivation and utilization, 1991 (E) Carambola cultivation, 1993 (E S) Soil solarization, 1991 (E) Potato production and consumption in developing countries, 1991 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1991 – Report, 1991 (E) Cocoa pest and disease management in Southeast Asia and Australasia, 1992 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1991 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 1991 (E) Integrated pest management for protected vegetable cultivation in the Near East, 1992 (E) Olive pests and their control in the Near East, 1992 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1992 – Report, 1993 (E F S) Quality declared seed, 1993 (E F S) Pesticide residues in food 1992 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 1993 (E) Quarantine for seed, 1993 (E) Weed management for developing countries, 1993 (E S) 120/1 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131/1 131/2 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Weed management for developing countries, Addendum 1, 2004 (E F S) Rambutan cultivation, 1993 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1993 – Report, 1993 (E F S) Rodent pest management in eastern Africa, 1994 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1993 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 1994 (E) Plant quarantine: theory and practice, 1994 (Ar) Tropical root and tuber crops – Production, perspectives and future prospects, 1994 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1994 – Report, 1994 (E) Manual on the development and use of FAO specifications for plant protection products – Fourth edition, 1995 (E F S) Mangosteen cultivation, 1995 (E) Post-harvest deterioration of cassava – A biotechnology perspective, 1995 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1994 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, Volume 1, 1995 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1994 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, Volume 2, 1995 (E) Agro-ecology, cultivation and uses of cactus pear, 1995 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1995 – Report, 1996 (E) (Number not assigned) Citrus pest problems and their control in the Near East, 1996 (E) El pepino dulce y su cultivo, 1996 (S) Pesticide residues in food 1995 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 1996 (E) Sunn pests and their control in the Near East, 1996 (E) Weed management in rice, 1996 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1996 – Report, 1997 (E) Cotton pests and their control in the Near East, 1997 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1996 – Evaluations – Part I Residues, 1997 (E) Management of the whitefly-virus complex, 1997 (E) Plant nematode problems and their control in the Near East region, 1997 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1997 – Report, 1998 (E) Pesticide residues in food 1997 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 1998 (E) 147 Soil solarization and integrated management of soilborne pests, 1998 (E) 148 Pesticide residues in food 1998 – Report, 1999 (E) 149 Manual on the development and use of FAO specifications for plant protection products – Fifth edition, including the new procedure, 1999 (E) 150 Restoring farmers’ seed systems in disaster situations, 1999 (E) 151 Seed policy and programmes for subSaharan Africa, 1999 (E F) 152/1 Pesticide residues in food 1998 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, Volume 1, 1999 (E) 152/2 Pesticide residues in food 1998 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, Volume 2, 1999 (E) 153 Pesticide residues in food 1999 – Report, 1999 (E) 154 Greenhouses and shelter structures for tropical regions, 1999 (E) 155 Vegetable seedling production manual, 1999 (E) 156 Date palm cultivation, 1999 (E) 156 Rev.1 Date palm cultivation, 2002 (E) 157 Pesticide residues in food 1999 – Evaluations – Part I: Residues, 2000 (E) 158 Ornamental plant propagation in the tropics, 2000 (E) 159 Seed policy and programmes in the Near East and North Africa, 2000 160 Seed policy and programmes for Asia and the Pacific, 2000 (E) 161 Silage making in the tropics with particular emphasis on smallholders, 2000 (E S) 162 Grassland resource assessment for pastoral systems, 2001, (E) 163 Pesticide residues in food 2000 – Report, 2001 (E) 164 Seed policy and programmes in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2001 (E S) 165 Pesticide residues in food 2000 – Evaluations – Part I, 2001 (E) 166 Global report on validated alternatives to the use of methyl bromide for soil fumigation, 2001 (E) 167 Pesticide residues in food 2001 – Report, 2001 (E) 168 Seed policy and programmes for the Central and Eastern European countries, Commonwealth of Independent States and other countries in transition, 2001 (E) 169 170 171 172 173 174 175/1 175/2 176 177 178 179 180 181 182/1 182/2 183 184/1 184/2 185 186 187 Cactus (Opuntia spp.) as forage, 2003 (E S) Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed, 2002 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2001 – Evaluations – Part I, 2002 (E) Pesticide residues in food, 2002 – Report, 2002 (E) Manual on development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides, 2002 (E S) Genotype x environment interaction – Challenges and opportunities for plant breeding and cultivar recommendations, 2002 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2002 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues – Volume (E) Pesticide residues in food 2002 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues – Volume (E) Pesticide residues in food 2003 – Report, 2004 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2003 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, 2004 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2004 – Report, 2004 (E) Triticale improvement and production, 2004 (E) Seed multiplication by resource-limited farmers - Proceedings of the Latin American workshop, 2004 (E) Towards effective and sustainable seedrelief activities, 2004 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2004 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, Volume (E) Pesticide residues in food 2004 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, Volume (E) Pesticide residues in food 2005 – Report, 2005 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2005 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, Volume (E) Pesticide residues in food 2005 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, Volume (E) Quality declared seed system, 2006 (E F S) Calendario de cultivos – América Latina y el Caribe, 2006 (S) Pesticide residues in food 2006 – Report, 2006 (E) 188 189/1 189/2 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 Weedy rices – origin, biology, ecology and control, 2006 (E S) Pesticide residues in food 2006 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, Volume (E) Pesticide residues in food 2006 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, Volume (E) Guidance for packing, shipping, holding and release of sterile flies in area-wide fruit fly control programmes, 2007 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2007 – Report, 2007 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2007 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, 2008 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2008 – Report, 2008 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2008 – Evaluations, 2008 (E) Quality declared planting material – Protocols and standards for vegetatively propagated crops, 2010 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2009 – Report, 2009 (E) Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed, 2009 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2009 – Evaluations – Part 1: Residues, 2010 (E) Rearing codling moth for the sterile insect technique, 2010 (E) Pesticide residues in food 2010 − Report, 2011 (E) Promoting the Growth and Development of Smallholder Seed Enterprises for Food 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 Security Crops Case Studies from Brazil, Côte d’Ivoire and India (E) 2010 Seeds in Emergencies: a technical handbook (E) 2011 Sustainable wheat rust resistance – Learning from history State of knowledge on breeding for durable resistance to soybean rust disease in the developing world The FAO/IAEA Spreadsheet for Designing and Operation of Insect Mass Rearing Facilities Pesticide Residues in food 2010 – Evaluations – Part Plant breeding and seed systems for rice, vegetables, maize and pulses in Bangladesh The dynamic tension between public and private plant breeding in Thailand The strategic role of plant breeding in Uruguay: analysis through an agricultural innovation system framework Evolving a plant breeding and seed system in sub-Saharan Africa in an era of donor dependence Pesticide residues in food 2011 − Report, 2011 (E) Pesticide Residues in food 2011 – Evaluations – Part Evaluation of pesticide residues - Training Manual Agricultural handtools; Guidelines for Field Officers and Procurement Pesticide residues in food 2012 − Report, 2011 (E) Pesticide residues in Food 2011 – Evaluations – Part (E) Good Agricultural Practices for greenhouse vegetable crops: Principles for Mediterranean climate areas (E) Availability: March 2013 Ar C E F P S – – – – – – Arabic Chinese English French Portuguese Spanish Multil – * ** Multilingual Out of print In preparation The FAO Technical Papers are available through the authorized FAO Sales Agents or directly from Sales and Marketing Group, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy I3284E-copertina-final.pdf 03/06/2013 16:41:59 217 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org Produced with a contribution of the Belgian Development Cooperation to FAO´s Horticulture Facility I3284E-copertina-final.pdf 03/06/2013 16:41:59 FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER M Y CM MY CY CMY K ISBN 978-92-5-107649-1 9 I3284E/1/04.13 Good Agricultural Practices for greenhouse vegetable crops Principles for Mediterranean climate areas Ministry of Agriculture FAO Good Agricultural Practices for Greenhouse Vegetable Crops - Principles for Mediterranean Climate Areas C This publication capitalizes on the experience of scientists from the North Africa and Near East countries, in collaboration with experts from around the world, specialized in the different aspects of greenhouse crop production It provides a comprehensive description and assessment of the greenhouse production practices in use in Mediterranean climate areas that have helped diversify vegetable production and increase productivity Guidance is provided on potential areas for improvement of greenhouse cultivation More specifically the document aims at strengthening technical capacity in the use of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) as a means to improve product quality and safety, and achieve sustainable production intensification of greenhouse vegetables in countries in Mediterranean climate areas The publication is also meant to be used as a reference and tool for trainers and growers as well as other actors in the greenhouse vegetables value chain in this region 217 NCARE ... coordinating meeting is hosted by the country of the “incoming” regional coordinator elected at the previous coordinating meeting 1 Regional Working Group on Greenhouse Crop Production in the... growers to join GAP schemes like GLOBALG.A.P by demonstrating and providing training for the adoption of integrated production and protection management (IPP) in greenhouse crops, aiming at healthy... training support document for upgrading the technical know-how of trainers and pilot growers as well as other actors in the greenhouse vegetables value chain in Mediterranean climate areas ORIGIN