Geotechnical Engineering Technical

This Book Is The Outcome Of The Authors Long Teaching Experience And Has Been Designed To Meet The Needs Of Civil Engineering Curricula For The Courses In Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering Of Indian Universities. The Book Has Been Written Mainly In The S.I. Units, Although Some Problems And Examples In The M.K.S. System Have Been Included For Convenience During The Period Of Transition.The Concepts Have Been Developed Systematically In Lucid Language, Sufficient Number Of Well-Graded Numerical Examples And Problems For Solution Have Been Included, And The Answers For The Latter Have Been Given At The End Of The Book. Summary Of Main Points And Chapter-Wise References Have Been Given At The End Of Each Chapter. References Are Made To The Relevant Indian Standard At Appropriate Places.The Book Covers The Syllabus In Geotechnical Engineering For The Degree And Diploma Students In Civil Engineering And Is Designed To Be Useful To Practicing Engineers As Well.

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING THIS PAGE IS BLANK Copyright © 2006, 1995, 1993 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com ISBN (10) : 81-224-2338-8 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2338-9 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com Dedicated to the memory of My Parenu-in-l_ Smt Ramalakshmi & Dr A Venkat& Subba Bao for ,1Mb- ' - and o/Yeetio,.lo" and aU 1M meMbue ofmy (Gmjly THIS PAGE IS BLANK PREFACE TO THE 1'Hnm EDITION With the enthusiastic response to the Second Edition of "GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING" from the academic community the author has undertaken the task of preparing the Third Edition The important features of this Edition are minor revision/additions in Chapters 8, 10, 17 and 18 and change over of the Illustrative Examples and Praclice Problems originally left in the MKS units into the S.I units so that the book is completely in the S.I units This is because the so-caned "Period of Transition" may be considered to have been over The topics involving minor revision/addition in the respective chapters specificaUy are : Chapter Chapter Estimation of the settlement due to secondary compression Uses and appli.cations of Skempton'g pore pressure parameters, and "Stress-path" approach and its usefulness Chapter 10 Chapter 17 Unifonn load on an annular area (Ring foundation) Reinforced Earth and Geos ynthetics, and their applications in geotechnical practice Chapter 18 The art of preparing a soil investigation report Only brief and elementary treatment of the above has been given Consequential changes at the appropriate places in the text, contents, answers to numerical problems, section numbers, figure numbers, chapter-wise references, and the indices have also been made A few printing errors noticed in the previous edition have been rectified The reader is requested to refer to the latest revised versions of the 1.8 Codes mentioned in the book In view of all these, it is hoped that the bouk would prove even more useful to the students than the previous edition The author wishes to thank the geotechnical enbrineenng fraternity for the excellent support given to his book Finally, the author thanks the Publishers for bringing out this Edition in a relatively short time, while impro.v ing the quality of production C Venkatramaiah Tirupati India Vii THIS PAGE IS BLANK PREFACE TO THE FIRST EnmON The author does not intend to be apologetic for adding yet another book to the existing list in the field of Geotechnical Engineering For onc thing, the number of books avaiiable cannot be considered too large, although certain excellent reference books by Stalwarts in the field are available For another, the number of books by Indian Authors is only a few Specifically speak ing, the number of books in this field in the S.I System of Units is small, and books from Indian authors are virtually negligible This fact, coupled with the author's observation that not many books are available designed specifically to meet the requirements of undergraduate curnculum in Civil Engineering and Technology, has been the motivation to undertake this venture The special features of this book are as follows: The S.L System of Units is adopted along with the equivalents in the M.K.S Units in some instances (A note on the S.l Units commonly used in Geotechnical Engineering is included) Reference is made to the relevant Indian Standards·, wherever applicable, and extracts from these are quoted for the benefit of the student as well a8 the practising engineer A 'few illustrative problems and problems for practice are given in the M.K.S Units to facilitate those who continue to use these Units during the transition period The number of illustrative problems is fairly large compared to that in other books This aspect would be helpful to the student to appreciate the various types of problems likely to be encountered The number of problems for practice at the end of each chapter is also fairly large The answers to the numerical Froblems are given at the end of the book The illustrative examples and problems are graded carefully with regard to the toughness A few objective questions are also included at the end This feature would be useful to students even during their preparation for competitive and other examinations such as GATE B "Summary of Main Points", given at the e nd of each Chapter, would be vcr)' helpful to a student trying to brush up his preparatiun on the eve of the examination Chapter-wise references are given; this is CODl,!idered a better way to encourage further reading than a big Bibliography at the end • Note: References are invited to the latest editions ofthesc specifications for further details These standards are available from India n Standards Institution, New Delhi and it.s Regional Branch and Inepection Offices at Ahmedabad, Bangalorc Bhopal llhubaneshwar Bombay, Calcutta Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Jaipur Kanpur, Madras, Patnn Pune and Tri vilndrum ix 912 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Pah,Pav : Horizontal and vertical components of active earth thrust (Ch 13) Pe,Pi Po : : Inside perimeter of caisson (Ch 19) Total earth thrust at rest Pg : Maximum value of exciting force (Ch 20) Perimeter of pile group (Ch 16) Pp Ps : : Total passive earth resistance (Ch 13) Standard load (Ch 17) PT Pt : : Corrected Test load (Ch 17) Peat (Ch 4) Pz p : : Vertical load (Ch 20) Mean effective pressure (Ch 16) pz : Intensity of water pressure (Ch 19) Vertical stress (Ch 20) Q : Quality of water collected (Ch 5) Concentrated load (Ch 10) Qh : Design discharge (Ch 19) Horizontal force on pile (Ch 16) Qult Qup : : Total ultimate bearing capacity (Ch 14) Ultimate bearing load on pile (Ch 16) Qeb Qst : : End-bearing resistance of pile (Ch 16) Skin friction resistance of pile (Ch 16) Qap Qnf : : Allowable load on pile (Ch 16) Negative skin friction force on the pile (Ch 16) Qng q : : Net group capacity of piles (Ch 16) Discharge (Chs & 6) Rate of pumping (Ch 5) Load intensity (Ch 10) Surcharge stress (Ch 13) Net upward pressure on concrete seal (Ch 19) q′ qa : : Line Load intensity (Ch 10) Allowable soil pressure (Ch 19) qu qult : : Unconfined compression strength (Ch 8) Ultimate bearing capacity (Ch 14) q′ult qnet ult : : Ultimate bearing capacity under local shear failure (Ch 14) Net ultimate bearing capacity (Ch 15) qb qna : : Bearing capacity of pile in point bearing (Ch 16) Net allowable bearing pressure (Ch 14) qs : Safe bearing capacity (Ch 14) Bearing capacity of foundation for a specified settlement (Ch 14) DHARM N-GEO\APPENDIX.PM5 912 913 APPENDICES qns : Net safe bearing capacity (Ch 14) R : Shrinkage ratio (Ch 3) Reynold’s number (Ch 5) Radius of influence (Ch 5) Frictional resistance (Ch 9) Length of polar ray (Ch 10) Base reaction (Ch 13) Rγ,Rq : Ratio of weight of pile to weight of hammer (Ch 16) Correction factors for water table (Ch 14) Rd Rg : : Depth factor (Ch 14) Groutability ratio (Ch 17) Ri,Re Rh : : Base reactions (Ch 14) Corrected hydrometer reading (Ch 3) ro : Observed hydrometer reading (Ch 3) Radius of central well (Ch 5) ru S : : Pore pressure ratio (Ch 9) Degree of saturation (Ch 2) Specific surface area (Ch 5) A particular distance (Ch 6) Shearing resistance of base of slice (Ch 9) Shear component of soil reaction (Ch 13) Sc : Settlement (Chs 14 & 16) Consolidation settlement (Ch 7) Scc Se : : Corrected Consolidation settlement (Ch 11) Elastic compression of pile (Ch 16) Ses : Elastic part of settlement of plate (Ch 20) Elastic compression of soil at base (Ch 16) Sf : Settlement of foundation (Ch 11) Settlement due to deformation (Ch 16) Si Sn : : Immediate settlement (Ch 11) Stability number (Ch 9) So Sp : : Optimum spacing of piles (Ch 16) Settlement of plate (Ch 11) Settlement of pile tip (Ch 16) Plastic compression of soil (Ch 16) Sr Ss : : Degree of shrinkage (Ch 3) Settlement due to secondary compression (Ch 15) St : Sensitivity of clay (Ch 3) DHARM N-GEO\APPENDIX.PM5 913 914 s GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING : Shear strength (Ch 8) Elastic settlement (Ch 14) Penetration (set) of pile (Ch 16) sc,sg,sq : T : Pile spacing (Ch 16) Shape factors (Ch 14) Coefficient of transmissibility (Ch 5) Time factor (Ch 7) Tangential force (Ch 9) Sliding resistance (Ch 13) Relative stiffness factor (Ch 16) Hoop Tension force (Ch 19) Ts : t : Period of oscillation (Ch 20) Surface Tension (Ch 5) Elapsed time (Chs & 20) Thickness of vane (Chs & 18) : Thickness of Concrete seal/Bottom plug (Ch 19) Thickness of pad (Ch 20) ts U : : Thickness of steining of a well (Ch 19) Uniformity coefficient (Ch 3) Average consolidation ratio (Ch 7) Total neutral force (Ch 9) Uz UU : : Consolidation ratio at depth z (Ch 7) Unconsolidate undrained Test (Ch 8) u : Pore water pressure Neutral stress (Ch 5) V : Excess pore pressure (Ch 7) Total volume of soil sample (Ch 2) Volume of suspension (Ch 3) Volume of water displaced by a floating caisson (Ch 19) Va Vd,Vm : : Volume of air (Ch 2) Volume of soil at shrinkage limit (Ch 3) Vh Vi : : Volume of hydrometer (Ch 3) Initial volume of soil sample (Ch 3) Vl Vp : : Volume of soil at liquid limit (Ch 3) Volume of soil at plastic limit (Ch 3) : Volume of pipette sample (Ch 3) Volume of solids (Ch 2) Vs Volumetric shrinkage (Ch 3) DHARM N-GEO\APPENDIX.PM5 914 915 APPENDICES Vv : Volume of voids (Ch 2) Vw V1,V2 : : Volume of water in the voids (Ch 2) Velocity of shock waves (Ch 18) v : Terminal velocity (Ch 3) Velocity of flow (Chs 5, & 19) Velocity of shock waves (Ch 18) Velocity of tup before impact (Ch 20) vc va : : Lower critical velocity (Ch 5) Velocity of anvil (Ch 20) vs vo : : Seepage velocity (Ch 5) Initial velocity of anvil (Ch 20) v1 W : : Velocity of tup after impact (Ch 20) Total weight of soil mass (Ch 2) Weight of soil slice (Ch 9) Weight of soil wedge (Ch 13) Wa : Maximum wheel load (Ch 17) Weight of air (negligible) (Ch 2) Wd : Weight of anvil (Ch 20) Weight of dry soil (Ch 2) WD Wf : : Weight of soil finer than size D (Ch 3) Weight of fine soil fraction out of a total soil sample taken for combined sieve and sedimentation analysis (Ch 3) Wh Wi : : Weight of pile hammer (Ch 16) Initial weight of soil sample (Ch 3) Wk Wm : : Weight of kentledge (Ch 19) Weight of soil sample at shrinkage limit (Ch 3) Wp Ws : : Weight of solids in pipette sample (Ch 3) Weight of solids (Ch 2) (Ws)sub Wt : : Submerged weight of soil solids (Ch 2) Weight of tup (Ch 20) Wv Ww : : Weight of material occupying void space (Ch 2) Weight of water (Ch 2) w : Water content (Ch 2) Weight of dipersing agent (Ch 3) Regime width of waterway (Ch 19) Water content corresponding to a penetration α (Ch 3) wi wL : : Initial water content (Ch 3) Liquid (LL) wo : Optimum moisture content (Ch 12) DHARM N-GEO\APPENDIX.PM5 915 916 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING wp : Plastic limit (PL) wr ws : : Water content obtained by rapid moisture meter (Ch 3) Shrinkage limit (SL) x : X-coordinate (Ch 13) distance x Y : : Level arm of reaction (Ch 13) Y-coordinate Z z : : Displacement (Ch 20) Depth under consideration zc zγ,zq : : Critical depth (Ch 8) Depths of water table (Fig 14.14) GREEK α : Angle (Ch 6) Coefficient expressing rate of secondary compression (Ch 7) Angle of inclination of wall face with horizontal (Ch 18) Shape factor (Ch 14) Adhesion factor (Ch 16) depth of penetration (cone penetrometer method) Ratio (Bi/Li) for caisson (Ch 20) : Correction factor in Eq 20.90 (Ch 20) Angle of obliquity (Ch 8) γ : Angle of Slope (Ch 9) Bulk unit weight γ′ γc : : Submerged or buoyant unit weight Unit weight of caisson material (Ch 19) γd γi : : Dry unit weight (Chs & 12) Initial unit weight of suspension (Ch 3) γ1 γ0 : : Modified unit weight (Ch 13) Unit weight of water 4°C (Ch 2) γs : Unit weight of soil in the natural state (Ch 3) Unit weight of solids (Ch 2) γsat γw : : Saturated unit weight (Ch 2) Unit weight of water (Ch 2) γz γmax : : Unit weight of suspension at depth z and time t (Ch 3) Maximum dry density (densest state) (Ch 3) γmin ∆ : : Minimum dry density (loosest state) (Ch 3) Small increment in any quantity, e.g., ∆a (Ch 6) ∆L : Elastic compression of pile (Ch 16) β DHARM N-GEO\APPENDIX.PM5 916 917 APPENDICES ∆σ δ : Increment of effective stress (Ch 11) : Angle (Ch 9) Angle of wall friction (Ch 13) δ′ : Logarithmic decrement (Ch 20) Angle of base friction (Ch 13) ε εa : : Strain Axial strain (Ch 8) η : Factor of safety (Ch 15) Hammer efficiency (Ch 16) η0,η1,η2 ηg : : Magnification factor (Ch 20) Pile group efficiency (Ch 16) ηo ηs : : Factor of safety against overturning (Ch 13) Factory of safety against sliding (Ch 13) ξ θ : : Frequency ratio (Ch 20) Angle denoting orientation of plane (Ch 8) µ : Central angle of failure surface (Ch 9) Micron (Ch 8) Viscosity (Ch 5) Coefficient of friction (Ch 8) µl µw : : Viscosity of liquid (Ch 3) Viscosity of water (Ch 3) ν : Kinematic viscosity (Ch 5) Poisson’s ratio (Ch 10) ω ωn : : Circular frequency/frequency of fored vibration (Ch 20) Natural circular frequency (Ch 20) ωo π : : Initial angular velocity after impact (Ch 20) Pi—ratio of the circumference and the diameter of a circle λ ρ : : A constant (Ch 20) Mass density (Chs & 20) σ : Balla’s parameter (Ch 14) Normal stress (Ch 8) σ1,σ3 : Effective overburden pressure (Ch 18) Principal stresses (Ch 8) σc σh : : Allowable flexural stress for concrete (Ch 19) Horizontal stress or lateral pressure (Ch 13) σp : Perimeter shear stress (Ch 19) σ : Effective stress (Chs 5, 7, & 11) σ0 : Initial effective overburden pressure (Ch 7) DHARM N-GEO\APPENDIX.PM5 917 918 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING σl : Conjugate lateral stresses (Ch 5) σv : Vertical stress (Ch 5) σc : Intergranular pressure in the Capillary zone (Ch 5) τ φ : : Shear stress (Ch 8) Phi—Velocity Potential (Ch 6) φe : Angle of internal friction Hvorslev’s (Ch 8) ψ : Psi—Stream function (Ch 6) Angle (Ch 8) DHARM N-GEO\APPENDIX.PM5 918 AUTHOR INDEX Abbet 577 Alam Singh 432, 538, 716 Allen Hazen 57, 130 Alpan 455, 539 Atterberg 2, 59 Balla 569 Balwant Rao 790 Banerjee 790 Barkan 814 Barron 702 Beles 703 Bell 456, 539 Berezantzev 659, 660 Bishop 121, 267, 272, 282, 335, 337 Bjerrum 267, 402 Boussinesq 2, 353 Bozozuk 406 Brinch Hasen 567 Broms 687 Brooker 455, 539 Brown 686 Buisman 249 Burmister 89 Capper 388, 421 Caquot 481, 502, 539 Casagrande 2, 63, 181, 205, 216, 237 Casagrande, L 185, 702, 722 Cassie 388, 421 Cauchy 176 Cernica 241, 250 Chan 250 Chellis 666 Chowdhury 790 Converse 683 Coulomb 2, 263, 539 Culmann 2, 472, 491, 539 Darcy 2, 118 De Beer 395, 676 Dupuit 126, 162 Fadum 237, 250, 372 Feld 683 Fellenius 2, 330, 554 Forchheimer 191 Fox 399, 421 Fraser 455, 539 Gangopadhyay 790 Geddes 388, 421 Gibson 250 Gilboy 205, 356 Goodier 353, 356 Gopal Ranjan 314, 539 Gould 404, 421 Grim Hall 814 Hanson 582, 622, 636, 640 Harr 191 Henkel 282 Hiley 666, 695 Housel 580 Hrennikoff 688 Hvorselev 265, 314 I.R.C 790, 795 Ireland 455, 539 Iterson 187 Jaky 455, 539 Janbu 629 Johnson 702, 710 Jumikis 331, 406, 409, 410, 496, 502 Jürgenson 369, 370 Kapur 790 Keeney 683 Kennedy 710 Kenney 455, 539 Kerisel 481, 502, 539 Kezdi 456, 539 Koerner 315, 723, 756 Kozeny 131, 181 Engesser 472, 539 919 920 Labarre 683 Lacey 780 Lazard 790 Lambe 9, 10, 125, 275, 284, 356, 453, 703, 706 Leonards 250, 723 Lin 133 Lo 250 Loudon 131 MacDonald 406, 422 Major 814 Martens 395 Matlock 687 McCarthy 42, 142, 351, 618, 661 Mehra 701 Meyerhof 421, 565, 585, 627, 629, 630, 675 Meigh 395 Merchant 250 Michaels 133 Mohr 2, 257, 263 Morgenstern 337, 351 Murthy 686, 696, 790 Muskat 119, 132 Muthukrishnaiah 790 Muthuswamy 790 Newmark 371, 375 Nixon 395 Nordlund 660 Palmer 686 Pauw 846 Peck 219, 396, 406, 583, 636, 740 Pender 790 Poiseuille 131 Pokar 406 Polshin 406 Poncelet 472, 485, 539 Potyondy 661 Prandtl 2, 555, 561, 604 Proctor 2, 425, 428, 447 Punmia 539 Quinlan 846 Ramaiah 250 Ramot 664 Rankine 2, 456, 539 Rao 314 Rebhann 2, 472, 482, 539 Reese 686 Reissner 562, 845, 875 Resal 456, 539 DHARM N-GEO\INDEX.PM5 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Reynolds 118 Richart 814, 830, 846 Riemann 176 Rutledge 406, 702 Sadovsky 836, 876 Sankaran 790, 846, 876 Satish Varma 790 Schaffernak 187, 201 Scheidegger 119 Schleicher 547 Schmertmann 219, 675 Sehgal 135 Seiler 683 Shamsher Prakash 539 Sharda 811 Skempton 219, 281, 402, 422 Smith 298, 501 Sokotovski 482, 539 Sowers 250, 406, 682, 723, 731 Spangler 5, 369 Stanculescu 703 Steinbrenner 373, 398 Stokes 2, 49 Subrahmanyam 837, 846, 876 Sung 846 Swamisaran 539 Taylor145, 189, 223, 341, 401, 495, 558 Teng 585, 613, 619, 622, 636 Terzaghi 1, 2, 225, 364, 397, 422, 453, 559, 609, 637, 702 Thiem 126, 163 Thornburn 396, 582, 622, 637 Timoshenko 353, 356 Tomlinson 659, 662 Tschebotarioff 482, 539 Van Wheele 673 Vesic 658, 660, 669, 688 Vijaya Singh 811 Wellington 665 Welsh 756 Westergaard 353, 361, 374 Whitman 28, 275, 284, 453, 507, 830, 846 Whitney 111 Wilson 554 Winkler 687 Woods 814 Zeevaert 250 SUBJECT INDEX Abbots’ compaction test 432 Acid test 93 Active earth pressure 451 coefficient of 457 Active zone 407 Active isolation 858 Activity of clays 72 Adhesion 291 Absorbed water 114 Aerial photogrammetry 727 Air content 16 Air lock 766 shaft 766 Angle of obliquity 255 repose 287 shearing resistance 263 Anvil 850 Aperiodic 813 Apparent cohesion 263, 290 Aquifer 126 confined 126 unconfined 126 Area correction 272 ratio 736 Batter pile 687 Bearing capacity 542, 544 factors 551, 553, 561 gross 542 net 542 safe 543 ultimate 542 tables 544 Bentonite 96 Bishop’s method 326, 335 Boring 728 auger 728 wash 728, 729 percussion 728, 730 rotary 728, 730 Boulders 96 Boussinesq’s influence factor (coefficient) 356 Break in the backfill 494 Caisson disease 767 Caissons (Wells) 613, 759 Caliche 96 California bearing ratio (CBR) 106, 711 Capillarity 137 Capillary rise 141 water 137 Classifical earth pressure theories 456 Clay 93 Coefficient of compressibility 210 consolidation 228 curvature 59 earth pressure at rest 452, 453 passive earth resistance 452 percolation 121 subgrade reaction 637 transmissibility 126 uniformity 59 volume compressibility 220 Coefficient of elastic non-uniform compression 833 non uniform shear 833 uniform compression 833 uniform shear 833 Cohesion 2, 254 factor 265 Combined footings 610, 632 rectangular 633 trapezoidal 634 921 922 Compaction 424 Compactive effort 426 Comressibility 203 Compression 203 initial or elastic 394 primary 394 secondary 394 Compression bar wave 833 Compression index 213 Concrete seal or plug 763 Cone of depression 126 Cone penetrometer 66 Conjugate harmonic functions 177 Conjugate ratio 465 Consistency index 62 limits 2, 31, 61 Consolidated undrained test 266 Consolidation 203, 205 ratio 222 Consolidometer 205 fixed ring type 205 floating ring types 206 Constant force amplitude excitation and quadratic excitation 826 Constant head permeameter 122 Contact Pressure 408 Converse-Labarre formula 683 Core-cutter method 42, 44 Cork 862 Coulomb’s law 263 Wedge theory 456, 471 Coupled mode 818 Critical depth 323 Critical hydraulic gradient 32, 193 Critical void ratio 288 Curb 777, 778 Cycle 814 Cyclic load test 672 Damping 819 coefficient 819 dispersion 820 geometric 820 interfacial 819 internal 819 negative 820 radiation 820 ratio 824 slip 819 DHARM N-GEO\INDEX.PM5 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING solid 819 structural 819 Danish formula 669 Darcy’s law 118 Deep footings 612 foundations 608 Degree of compaction 437 consolidation 222 saturation 15 shrinkage 71 Degree of freedom 814 Density bottle 33 index 31, 38 Dietert’s test 433 Dilatancy test 94 Dialational or P-wave 832 Direct shear test 268 Dipersion test 94 Double-D wells 779 Drained test 266 Drawdown curve 126 Dumb-well and rectangular well with multiple dredge holes 779 Dynamic cone penetration test 742 Dynamic pile driving formula 665 Earth pressure at rest 453 Earth slope 319 infinite 319 finite 319, 326 Eccentric impact 854 Eccentric loading on footings 623 Effective size 59 Effective stress 116 parameters 265 Elastic half-space theory 832 Electrical resistivity 749 Electro-osmosis 702 Engineering News formula 665 Equation of continuity 176 Equipotential line 167 Equivalent point load method 378 Exciting force 818 Exit gratient 170 Expansion index 213 Factor of safety against overturning 511 sliding 511 Falling head (variable head) permeameter 124 Field’s rule 683 923 INDEX Felt 862 Field (in-situ) compaction 433 Field consolidation line 219 Film moisture 115 Floating foundation 609 Floating or box Cassons 767 Flow channel 166 index 64 line 166 value 468 Flownet 166 Footing 542 on slopes 630 Forced vibrations 818 Foundation 2, 3, 542 soil 542 Free vibrations 818 Free water 113 Free rigid bulkhead 791 Frequency 814 Frequency ratio 822 Friction 254 coefficient of 255 angle 255 Friction circle method 326, 337 Friction of Coulomb Damping 819 General shear failure 562 Geophysical methods 747 Geostatic stresses 115 Geosynthetics 718 geotextiles 718 geogrids 718 geomembranes 718 geocomposites 718 Grain size (particle-size) distribution curve 48 Grain Specific gravity 18, 33 Gravel 93 Gravitational water 113 Grip length 780 Ground water 113, 114 Group action of piles 678 Grouting 709 Hammers 850 Harvad miniature compaction test 432 Held water 113, 114 Hiley’s formula 666 DHARM N-GEO\INDEX.PM5 Horizontal capillarity test 144 Hydrodynamic lag 217 Hydrometer analysis 53 Hygroscopic moisture 35, 114 Illite 32 Impact type machines 850 Inclined loading on footing 628 Indian Standard compaction test 429 Influence diagram 358 Inside clearance 736 Insitu vane shear test 744 Interlocking 256 Internal friction Isochrones 228 Jodhpur mini-compactor test 433 Jodhpur permeameter 125 Kaolinite 32 Laplace’s equation 176 Lateral earth pressure 450, 452 Laterally loaded piles 686 Laterite 4, 96 Leaching Linear shrinkage 72 Line load 362 Liquefaction 287 Liquid limit 61, 63 Liquidity index 62 Load-settlement curves 576 Load-test on pile 670 Loam 96 Local shear failure 562 Loess 96 Logarithm of time-fitting method 235, 237 Magnification factor 822 Marl 96 Mass specific gravity 18 Mass-spring -dashpot model 825 Mechanical stabilisation 699 Mehra’s method 701 Metacentre 768 Modified mass-spring-dashpot model 846 Modified Proctor (modified ASHO) test 429 Modulus (coefficient) of volume change 220 Mohr-coulomb theory 263 924 Mohr’s circle 256 Mohr’s strength theory 262 Montmorillonite 32 Moorum 96 Natural frequency 818 Negative skin friction 676 Neutral stress 115, 116 Newmark’s influence chart 377 Normally consolidated soil 215 Oedometer 205 One-dimensional consolidation 225 Open Caissons 759 Optimum moisture content 426 Oscillations 813 Outside clearance 736 Overconsolidated soil 215 Overconsolidation ratio 216 Particle-size distribution 46 Passive earth resistance 452 Passive isolation 859 Peat 96 Penetration test 267, 544, 580 Percent air voids 15 Period 814 Periodic 813 Permeability 117 Phase 13 diagram 13 Pier foundation 613 Piezometric head 121 Pile 652 capacity 657 driving 655 foundation 612, 652 group 678 group efficiency 682 Pipette analysis 51 Piping 194 Plastic lag 217 limit 59, 61, 67 Plasticity index 61 Plate bearing test 544 Plate load test 575 Pneumatic Caissons 759, 765 Point load 354 Poisson’s ratio 356, 832 DHARM N-GEO\INDEX.PM5 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Poncelet rule 485 Poorly graded soil 58 Pore presure parameters 281 ratio 322 Porosity 15 Preconsolidation pressure 214 Pressure bulb 360 Pressure-void ratio relationship 210, 221 Principal mode of vibration 817 Primary compression (consolidation) 237 Principal planes 256 Principal stress 256 major 256 minor 256 intermediate 256 Proctor needle 437, 488 Pulse 813 Pycnometer 36, 37 Quartz 32 Quicksand 193 Radial flownet 188 Radius of influence 127 Raft (mat) foundation 609, 635 Rammers 436 Rankine’s theory 456 Rapid drawdown 321, 333 Rapid moisture tester 36, 38 Ralyeigh or R-wave 833 Rebhann’s condition 484 Rebound curve 212 Reciprocating machines 847 Recompression curve 213 Reinforced earth 717 Repeated plate bearing test 834 Resonance 819 Retaining walls 3, 450, 451 buttress 450, 451, 506 cantilever 450, 451, 504 counterfort 450, 451, 505 gravity 450, 451, 503 crib 506 semi-gravity 504 Ring foundation 370 Ring shear test 267 Rock flour 96 Rocks igneous 925 INDEX sedimentary metamorphic Rollers 434 grid 434, 436 pneumatic-tyred 436, 435 sheepsfoot 434, 435 smooth wheeled 434 Rolling test 94 Rubber 862 Sample disturbance 735 Sand-replacement method 42 Schleicher’s method 547 Scour depth 780 Secondary consolidation 239 Sedimentation (Wet) analysis 46, 49 Seepage 166 velocity 120 Seismic refraction 747 Sensitivity of clays 73, 297 Settlement 31, 203, 391 contact or distortion 394 differential 391 permissible 405 time rate of 391 total 391 Shaking test 94 Shallow foundation 608 Shape factor 168 Shear modulus 833 Shear or S-wave 833 Shear strength of soil 254 Sheet pile walls 450 Shifts and tilts 805 Shine test 94 Sinking effort 762 Shock 813 Shrinkage 31 index 62 limit 61, 67, 70 ratio 71 Sieve analysis 46 Silt 33 Simple harmonic motion 814 Site ingestigation 725 Skin friction 658 Slide 319 Soil aeoline 7, 97 DHARM N-GEO\INDEX.PM5 alluvial 7, 97 black cotton 7, 94 coarse-grained 7, 33 fine-grained 7, 33 glacial 7, 97 lacustrine 7, 97 marine 7, 97 partially saturated 15 residual 1, saturated 14 transported 1, Soil-cement 704 Soil dynamics 813 Soil exploration 725 Soil horizons Soil investigation report 751 Soil moisture 113 Soil profile 5, 392 Soil sample 31, 733 disturbed 31 remoulded 31 undisturbed 31 Soil stablisation 698 Specific gravity 18 of soil solids 18, 32 of water 18 Split-spoon sampler 736 Spread footings 609, 618 Spring absorbers 863 Spring constant 832 Square root of time fitting method 235 Stability number 324, 341 Standard block vibration test 838 Standard Penetration test 395, 739 Standard Proctor (AASHO) test 428 Static cone penetration (Dutch cone) test 740 Steady motion 813 Steel springs 862 Steining 778 Stoke’s law 49 Strap footing 610, 611, 631 Stream function 176 Strength (failure) envelope 263 Stress isobar 360 Stress-path 283 Strip load 364 Structural water 114 Structure 5, 8, 31 flocculent 926 honey-comb single-grained 120 Superficial velocity 120 Swedish method of silices 326, 328 Swelling 31, 204 Taylor’s method 326, 341 Tension crack 327 Test pits 727, 728 Texture 5, 9, 31 Thin-walled sampler 736 Thixotropy 74 Time-compression curve 208 Time-factor 230 Tolerance limits 830 Top flow line 179 Torsion test 267 Total stress parameters 265 Transient vibration 813 Transmissibility 859 Trial wedge method 477 Triaxial compression test 270 True shear parameters 265 Tup 851 Tuning 864 Two is to one method 378 Unbalanced inertial forces 847 Unconfined compression strength test 73, 267, 277 Unconsolidated undrained test 266 Underconsolidated soil 216 Underreamed piles 662 Uniform surcharge 462, 495 Unit weight 16 DHARM N-GEO\INDEX.PM5 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING bulk (mass) 16 dry 18 in-situ 42 saturated 17 submerged (buoyant) 17 Unit weight of solids 16 of water 16 Useful width concept 627 Vane shear test 267, 279 Velocity potential 176 Vertical capillarity test 147 Vibration 813 Vibration isolation 859 Vibration pick-up 838, 840 Vibrators 434, 436 Virgin compression curve 212 Viscous damping 819 Viscous friction 291 Void ratio 15 Volumetric shrinkage 71 Wall friction 478 angle of 478 Water (moisture) content 16, 31, 35 Wave equation method 664 Well foundations 776 Well-graded soil 58 Well cap 778 Wenner configuration 750 Westergaard’s influence coefficient 362 Winkler’s hypothesis 686, 687 Working chamber 765 Zero-air voids line 426