Administrative medical assisting 5th by lindh chapter03

Chapter History of Medicine © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Cultural Heritage in Medicine • Role of culture and ethnic heritage in health care • Patient may refuse medication based on cultural tradition • Religion, magic, and science play a part in the history of medicine – Do they still today? © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Cultural Heritage in Medicine • Beliefs of Mesopotamians – Illness was punishment by gods • Beliefs of Ancient Egyptians – Body was system of channels that came together at rectum and became easily clogged © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Cultural Heritage in Medicine • Beliefs of Ancient Chinese – Monitored pulse in wrist – Cure the spirit – Nourish the body – Give medications – Treat the whole body – Use acupuncture and moxibustion – Today’s practitioners agree ancient Chinese treatments are still excellent guidelines © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Medical Specialists in History History’s specialists • Witch doctors • Medicine men and women • Shamans • Healing priests • Physicians Today’s specialists • Spiritual advisors • Social workers • Counselors • Teachers • Physicians © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Medical Specialists in History • Beliefs and methods of ancient healers – All healers drew upon some power beyond themselves – Mind-altering drugs were used by many ancient healers – Ancient healers’ needs were supplied by their tribe © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Medical Specialists in History • Today term “provider” or “practitioner” often used • Some payment expected for medical services rendered • Some cultures punished unsuccessful physicians by forcing them to treat the poor © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part History of Medical Education • Christianity – Emphasis placed on soul rather than body – Monks controlled medicine – St Benedict of Nursia forbade the study of medicine – Christianity controlled medical care for 500 years • Islam – Preserved classical learning and encouraged medical study © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part History of Medical Education • 9th century – Medical universities began in Italy and France • Renaissance – Physicians licensed – Art and science more closely related • Michelangelo and da Vinci – Used dissection to draw anatomy © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part History of Attitudes Toward Illness • Punishment by the gods for mortal sin – Isolation and abandonment • Good Samaritan – Concern for the sick • Native Americans – Sick treated kindly – Suicide during famine was form of bravery © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Historical Medical Treatments • Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination • 19th century – Medicine progressed rapidly • Anesthesia discovered to alleviate pain during surgery • Discovered some bacteria cause disease • Importance of asepsis to reduce risk of infection © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Historical Medical Treatments • Louis Pasteur The father of preventive medicine >> © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Historical Medical Treatments • Joseph Lister – Revolutionized surgery by sterilizing instruments and washing physician’s hands with antiseptic spray • Robert Koch – Changed the way health departments cared for persons with infectious disease with his work in isolating bacteria © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Historical Medical Treatments • Early 20th century – Many infectious diseases and epidemics became curable – Life expectancy increased – Antibiotics discovered – Salk and Sabin vaccines found for poliomyelitis © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Historical Medical Treatments • Early 20th century – Banting and Best discovered insulin could be used with diabetics – Both penicillin and cancer cells discovered in 1928 • Penicillin not brought into production until 1945 – First human heart transplant performed in 1967 © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part The Scourge of Epidemics • Paralytic poliomyelitis – Virus spreads through fecal-oral route; probably present in ancient times – Mostly affects children under age – No cure – Those with bulbar polio were placed in iron lungs © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part The Scourge of Epidemics • Paralytic poliomyelitis – President Franklin D Roosevelt had polio and waged war on the disease – First polio vaccine developed in 1952 by Dr Jonas Salk; oral vaccine in 1961 by Dr Albert Sabin – Polio still a problem in other parts of the world © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part The Scourge of Epidemics • Cancer – Earliest specimen of cancer found in Bronze Age (19001600 B.C.) – Inability of body’s immune system to destroy abnormal cell growth – Today, treated by surgery, radiation, chemotherapy – More than 1.5 million new cancers diagnosed every year © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part The Scourge of Epidemics • HIV infection/AIDS – Illness first seen in young gay men in 1981; later named AIDS by CDC – In 1984, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) discovered to be cause of AIDS – No cure – In 2008, CDC reported HIV and AIDS had claimed the lives of more than 22 million persons worldwide © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part The Scourge of Epidemics • HIV infection/AIDS – Large majority of infected persons unaware they are infected – 3/4s of new infections in women in U.S heterosexually transmitted – Cultural differences sometimes create difficulty in preventing the disease – In the world, 2.6 million new infections expected; 1.8 million AIDS-related deaths © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Other Threats to Health • 21st century challenges – Cholera causes deaths of thousands because there is no proper sanitation – New, drug-resistant strains of malaria, tuberculosis, other diseases not responding to known treatments – HA-MRSA; CA-MRSA – Bacteria have now evolved to be resistant to antibiotics © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Contributions to Medicine • Hippocrates – Ancient Greek physician’s writings contribute to today’s medical culture – Hippocratic Oath established guidelines for physician’s practice of medicine • Table 3-1 identifies important persons in medicine © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Women in Medicine • Primitive women were accepted as healers • Later cultures allowed women to care only for women in childbirth • Muslim society relegated obstetrics and gynecology to midwives based on beliefs © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Women in Medicine • 19th and 20th centuries – Women accepted as medical doctors in Western culture • Elizabeth Blackwell – First American female physician (1849) • In 1860, 200 physicians in U.S were women • In 2008, 30% of U.S physicians women • Women received 48% of medical degrees awarded in 2010 © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Frontiers in Medicine • New developments, including alternative therapies, identified in the past 20 years – Noninvasive imaging, e.g., VCT, MRI – Laser eye surgery and implantable lenses – Adult stem cell treatments – PillCam – Medical Bluetooth – Artificial cornea transplants – Aromatherapy and music therapy © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part ... whole or in part Medical Specialists in History • Beliefs and methods of ancient healers – All healers drew upon some power beyond themselves – Mind-altering drugs were used by many ancient healers... were supplied by their tribe © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Medical Specialists... “provider” or “practitioner” often used • Some payment expected for medical services rendered • Some cultures punished unsuccessful physicians by forcing them to treat the poor © 2014 Cengage Learning