chuyên đề liên từ, từ nối

Đẳng lập song song: Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau tính từ với tính từ , danh từ với danh từ ...

Liên từ (conjunctions) LIÊN TỪ

(Conjunctions)

1 Định nghĩa:Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề.

2 Phân loại: Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính:

a Đẳng lập (song song):

Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau ( tính từ với tính từ , danh từ với danh từ .):

Ví dụ:

He and I are students.

She is beautiful and kind.

They are learning to read and write.

b Liên từ phụ thuộc:

Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau - mệnh đề phụ với mệnh

đề chính trong câu

3 Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song):

Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm:

AND

Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife.

I have many books and notebooks

BOTH AND

Ví dụ: She is both good and loyal.

They learn both English and French.

AS WELL AS

Ví dụ: He has experience as well as knownledge.

NO LESS THAN

Ví dụ: You no less than he are very rich.

NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO)

Ví dụ: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese.

I like playing not only tennis but (also) football.

OR

Ví dụ: Hurry up, or you will be late.

EITHER OR

Ví dụ: He isn't either good or kind.

I don't have either books or notebooks

NEITHER NOR

Ví dụ: He drinks neither wine nor beer.

She has neither husband nor children.

BUT

Ví dụ: He is intelligent but very lazy.

She is ugly but hard-working

THEN

Ví dụ: You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry.

The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't been watered for long.

Ví dụ: You didn't work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam

HOWEVER

Ví dụ: He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily.

It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar

NEVERTHELESS

Ví dụ: She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks

STILL, YET

Ví dụ: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen.

She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her.

OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE

Ví dụ: We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam

ONLY

Ví dụ: Go where you like; only do not stay here.

THEREFORE

Ví dụ: He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished.

4 Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ):

Những liên từ phụ thuộc:

FOR

Ví dụ: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.

WHEREAS

Ví dụ: He learns hard whereas his friends don't

Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.

WHILE

Ví dụ: Don't sing while you work.

Don't talk while you eat

BESIDES, MOREOVER

Ví dụ: We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention

to physical exercise.

He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window.

SO

Ví dụ: He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students.

It rained very hard; so, we didn't go out that night

HENCE

Ví dụ: I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book.

He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson.

- Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ):

a Thời gian (Time):

AFTER

Ví dụ: A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard.

The ship was checked carefully after she had been built.

AS

Ví dụ: He came her, as the clock struck six.

They left as the bell rang

AS SOON AS

Ví dụ: I will phone you as soon as I come home.

They will get married as soon as they finish university.

BEFORE

Ví dụ: Don't count your chickens before they are hatchd

He talks as if he were very wise.

.

Ví dụ: He has been very weak, since he was taken sick.

AS LONG AS

Ví dụ: No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends.

I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back.

UNTIL

Ví dụ: People do not know the value of health until they lose it.

WHEN

Ví dụ: When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes

WHILE

Ví dụ: Make hay while the sun shines.

Step while you dance.

b Nơi chốn (Places):

WHERE

Ví dụ: The bed room is the best place where I do my homework

WHEREVER

Ví dụ: His mother follows him wherever he goes.

I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me.

c Thể cách (Manner):

AS

Ví dụ: Do as I told you to do.

AS IF

Ví dụ: He talks as if he knew everything about her.

He dances as if he were a professional dancer.

d So sánh (Comparisons):

AS

Ví dụ: He is as tall as his brither.

This bag is as expensive as that one.

THAN

Ví dụ: She is more beautiful than her sister.

She looks fatter than his friend.

e Lí do (Reasons):

AS

Ví dụ: As it rained very hard, we stopped they games.

BECAUSE

Ví dụ: We could not pass the test because we didn't learn hard.

I didn't meet her because she had left earlier.

Ví dụ: I must go since she has telephoned three times.

f Mục đích (Purposes):

THAT

Ví dụ: I work hard that I may succeed in life.

SO THAT

Ví dụ: We went very early so that we could catch the last bus.

IN ORDER THAT

Ví dụ: We learn French in order to study in France.

g Điều kiện (Conditions) :

IF

Ví dụ: I will phone him if I have his phone number.

UNLESS (IF NOT)

Ví dụ: You will be late unless you set off now.

Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams.

PROVIDED THAT

Ví dụ: I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket

IN CASE

Ví dụ: You should take an umbrella in case it rains.

Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost.

h Sự tương phản, trái ngược:

ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH

Ví dụ: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her

AS Ví dụ: Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy

EVEN IF Ví dụ: Even if my watch is right, we will be too late

NOT WITH STANDING THAT Ví dụ: He is poor not with standing that he works very hard *EXERCISES - CONJUNCTIONS EXI Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when 1 Things were different _ I was young

2 I do it _ I like it

3 Let us wait here _ the rain stops

4 You cannot be a lawyer _ you have a law degree

5 That was years _ years ago.

6 She has not called _ she left last week.

7 I saw him leaving an hour _ two ago.

8 This is an expensive _ very useful book.

9 We were getting tired _ we stopped for a rest.

10 He was angry _ he heard what happened.

11 Walk quickly _ you will be late.

12 He had to retire _ of ill health.

13 We will go swimming next Sunday _ it's raining.

14 I heard a noise _ I turned the light on.

15 Would you like a coffee _ tea?

16 Do you know _ she will arrive?

17 _ the car is old, it still runs well.

18 Do you want a pen _ a bit of paper?

19 I would like to go _ I am too busy

20 She will die _ the doctors operate immediately.

Multiple choices

1 I want to work as an interpreter in the future, , I am studying Russian at university

2 I am going shopping for food this evening I do not have to go at the weekend.

a so b but c however d moreover

3 When she got the news from her family, she could not do anything, cry.

4 We live in the same building we have hardly seen each other

a and b therefore c but d so

5 I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD the shop didn't have it.

a and b but c therefore d so

6 Anna needed some money, , she took a part-time job.

a furthermore b moreover c however d therefore

7 Julie has a guitar she plays it really well

8 My fingers were injured my sister had to write the note for me.

9 The concert was cancelled we went to a nightclub instead.

10 This is an expensive very useful book

11 long it takes, I will wait for you

12 I must say that you have done very well , you should be aware that you still have a lot of thing to learn.

13 He is only sixteen, and , he is not eligible to drive a car.

a nevertheless b but c therefore d however

14 Maria tried to read a novel in French the book was too difficult for her to understand.

a so that b therefore c but d and

15 To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, you can ride the ferry.

16 I bought a bottle of wine we drank it together

a therefore b so c and d but

17 The waiter was not very nice, _, the food was delicious

18 _ hard he worked, he could earn enough money to support the family.

a But b However c Therefore d Whatever

19 I wanted to give him some money after he helped me with the car _ he absolutely refused to accept it.

20 Everyone is ready for the discussion, him

21 The first part of the test was easy; the second, , took hours.

22 He has done nothing to prepare for the final examination, played.

23 He told me not to do it; , I did it

24 We have not yet won; , we will keep trying

a moreover b however c therefore d so as

25 I am afraid that the company is in deep trouble , we are going to make some people redundant.

a Therefore b However c But d And

EX II Choose the best answer.

1 Receptionists must be able to relay information pass messages accurately

A or B and C but D because

2 I did not go to the show I had already seen it

(A) until (B) because (C) so (D) but

3 Mary is a member of the Historical Society the Literary Society

(A) as (B) or (C)and (D) but

4 Read over your answers correct all mistakes before you pass them up

(A) or (B)and (C) because (D) while

5 Keep the food covered the flies will contaminate it

(A) or (B) and (C) until (D) though

6 he is thin, he is strong

(A) But (B) As (C)Though (D) Because

7. Susie phoned wrote after she left home (A) either, or (B)neither, nor (C) while, and (D) though, or

8 She had an unpleasant experience she was in Thailand

(A) but (B) and (C) because (D) while 9 The committee rejected the proposal they did not think it was practical

(A) or (B) but (C) though (D) because 10 John welcomed his guests offered them drinks

(A)and (B) while (C) until (D) as 11 You can come to the meeting you don't say anything. A so that B as long as C while D until 12 I'm not leaving I get an apology from you A so that B while C until D as if 13 I came here you could give me an explanation A while B as long as C until D so that 14 Bob is very tall Bill is very short A.as long as B so that B.while D.as if 15 I refuse to pay anything you do the work properly A so that A.while C as long as D.until 16 I'm going shopping for food this evening I don't have to go at the weekend so that as long as while as if 17.These rooms are very comfortable _ they have a good view of the city

(A) also (B) and (C) still (D) as

18. _ the teacher explained the lesson several times, some of the students still did not understand it (A) Although (B) Even if (C) Unless (D) Since

19. He did not join us for the movie _ he had already seen it (A) and (B) but (C) although (D) because 20. She could not find the book she wanted _ she borrowed a magazine instead. (A) so (B) and (C) but (D) so that

21. I tried to make her realize the consequences _ she refused to listen (A) because (B) since (C) but (D) also

22. He will show us around himself _ send someone else

(A) and (B) if (C) or (D) so

23 _ he was not interested in music, he agreed to go to the concert

EX III Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of inverted word order, fill

in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets For example:

1 I opened the door _ looked out (and, yet)

2 She was not in the back yard, _ was she upstairs (or, nor)

3 The sun had set, _ it was still light outside (or, yet)

4 Do you know his address _ telephone number? (but, or)

5 He has not arrived yet, _ have they (and, nor)

6 I read the book, _ did not understand it (but, or)

7 We searched diligently, found nothing (or, yet)

8 I invited him _ his friends (and, but)

EX IV Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate For example:

1 I have both respect _ admiration for them

2 Hardly had I finished reading over the problem, _ the answer leapt to my mind

3 It will rain either today _ tomorrow

4 He could not decide whether to tell the truth _ keep silent

5 It was not only a beautiful day, _ the first day of Spring

6 If you follow the instructions, you should have no difficulty

7 He is neither proud _ condescending.(hạ mình)

8 What with one thing _ another, it was very late by the time we left the house

9 No sooner had I opened my eyes _ I remembered where I was

10 Scarcely had I heard the news, _ my friend arrived

11 I do not know whether he has seen the movie before not

12 I would rather wait here _ risk missing the bus

13 She could find the book neither at the Library, _ at the bookstore

14 No sooner had I opened the window, _ a butterfly flew into the room

15 The crowd was both large _ enthusiastic

Ex V Fill in the blanks with the correct subordinate conjunctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs given in brackets For example:

1 We recognized her at once, we had not seen her for years (although, in case)

2 He kept reading _ he fell asleep (for, until)

3 The moon will rise the sun sets (as soon as, than)

4 It looks the train will be late (while, as though)

5 she got her degree, she became a teacher (After, Than)

6 We will not go skiing the weather is good (as if, unless)

7 he left, he made sure he had his keys with him (Before, For)