Sách Anatomy of the dog

term anatomy stems from the Greek word, ‘anatemnein’ which means to dissect, to cut apart. The important anatomist Hyrtl spoke consistently also of the art of dissection. The original meaning is true even today; although the term has gained a wider meaning. Modern anatomy is not limited to mere description but emphasizes the interrelations between form and function as well as the application of anatomical knowledge in the clinic. Then as today the student gains most of his knowledge by dissection of the animal body in the laboratory, where he lays bare the ‘naked truth’ (Nudas veritas). This practice also serves to obtain a necessary fingerdexterity, which in later professional life, in the first place in surgery, is of immeasurable value. Beyond that there are hardly any limits to investigation by enthusiastic dissection. Even the very best anatomical collection of outstanding demonstrationdissections cannot replace practical work in the laboratory, but can however indeed make it easier and more efficient. The thorough study of anatomical preparations is indispensable like the industrious use of textbooks and atlases. All of these aids are more important today than ever since there is much less time available for practical work in the laboratory than formerly. Shortening the teaching time allotted to anatomy in favor of newer disciplines was unavoidable. Anatomical study is, unlike any other basic discipline, important in learning the language of medicine, the terminology. Many terms for diseases and methods of treatment have their origin in anatomical terms. Centurieslong research and description brought an unforeseen abundance of synonyms. The function of the international nomenclature commission has been to thin out the jungle of terms and to publish a recognized list of official terms with useful synonyms. In its entirety, anatomy is subdivided into macroscopic (gross) anatomy, microscopic anatomy and developmental anatomy. However, the areas of anatomy flow together without boundary, forming a unit, an understanding constantly and forcefully advocated by the important Berlin veterinary anatomist and, at an earlier time, the professorial chair of our department, Professor Preuss. The oldest and most encompassing area is macroscopic anatomy, often placed equal to the term anatomy. Where the accessories to observation in macroscopic anatomy, the bare eye and the dissection hand lens no longer reach, it passes over into the area of microscopic anatomy (histology and cytology), to which the microscope serves as accessory. The boundary between macroscopic and microscopic anatomy is also called mesoscopy, which is gaining more and more in significance. The latter area deals with the same material and pursues the same goals; it is only the technique that is different. The third area, embryology, is concerned with ontogenesis (development of the individual) before and after birth and, in addition to embryological methods, applies also macroscopic, microscopic and mesoscopic methods. Like the remaining disciplines, macroscopic anatomy can be presented from different points of view with emphasis on special areas of greater difficulty. In so doing, the basic facts remain of course unchanged. Systematic, descriptive anatomy describes the animal body with all its parts as systems of structure and organsystems, strictly divided from one another and therefore without attention to their natural interdependence. Expansive descriptions treat many particulars and allow sometimes the view to the important to be missed; nevertheless they are a necessary prerequisite to the remaining, subsequent kinds of observations to which the descriptive anatomy has led. Systematic anatomy can be subdivided further into general and special anatomy. General anatomy treats of facts that are generally valid for the entire system of structure or the organsystem. Special anatomy provides special data for these structure and organsystems that hold for individual structures, as for one bone. Comparative anatomy emphasizes anatomical correlations, similarities and variations between the individual animal species and human beings. Comparisons of anatomy between the individual species are very often informative and helpful for homology and determining the function of anatomical structure. Already Goethe utilized principles of comparative anatomy to good advantage with the discovery of the incisive bone of human beings. This bone occurs regularly in our domestic animals and only occasionally in human beings. With his study of the human skull he encountered a specimen with a developed incisive bone. It was by comparison with the animal skull that he was able to identify the bone and establish its homology. Topographical anatomy emphasizes the varying positionrelationship of anatomical structures and underlines the areas of application for clinical medicine. The relationship of anatomical structures is analyzed step by step and in doing so the whole structural plan of the body is regarded. Applied anatomy is directed clinically and emphasizes the relationship of anatomical structures from which treatments or diseases of animals can be determined or explained. In that way not only interdisciplinary cooperation and interest for the veterinary profession are promoted but also the learning of anatomy is made easier. The anatomy of the living dog is undoubtedly a significant part of the whole of anatomy. It presents the body in its natural condition. In that way a significant completion and an adjustment for unavoidable disadvantage becomes imperative in the remaining subjects of the whole of anatomy, which must tolerate postmortem changes such as variations in color, consistency and character as well as artificial changes resulting from fixation. Anatomy of the living dog cannot be given attention here for several reasons. It is adaped even less for rendering in a book, but can be offered to the students better and more successfully in an exercise under the instruction of a clinically experienced anatomist. Radiographic anatomy and sonography are directly connected to the clinic. In the teaching of anatomy, the first experiences are obtained in analysis of radiographs of the normal animal body. This experience will be utilized and considerably supplemented in the total associated area of study. Presentations of abnormal or even pathological changes should awaken the interest and accordingly add ‘spice’ to the teaching of anatomy. The atlas of anatomy presented here is adapted in special measure to significantly combine and coordinate the different methods of presenting anatomy and the manner of viewing it. The textual part can be presented in a very compressed form since the different anatomical circumstances can be ‘read off’ from time to time from the adjacent colorplate. Beyond that, a good topographical colorplate presents an ideal introduction for topographical dissection, which is then completed only by brief remarks. Also the requisites of comparative veterinary anatomy are taken into account in this atlas insofar as the simply structured (from many points of view) canine body is set out as the ‘cornerstone.’ Building upon this knowledge, the more complicated (from many points of view) anatomy of the remaining domestic animals can be comprehended from the aspect of comparative anatomy. Art and anatomy with their mutual interrelations are forcefully impressed on us with each visit to a museum. The artist is inspired by the corporeal beauty, and teachers and students of anatomy enjoy and profit from the talent and painstaking detail in the artistic presentation. Gifted with genius were realized the claims of Leonardo da Vinci, whose abundant anatomical drawings came about after basic studies of anatomy. Aristotle published among other things an anatomical description of senile sexual reversal in the bird as well of the horse hoof in regard to founder. What fascination of anatomy passes over to art, Rembrandt immortalized in his work ‘The anatomy lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.’ The greats of world history gifted with genius like Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci and Goethe show proof of their enthusiasm for anatomy with anatomical illustrations, descriptions and research results. To Goethe’s credit was the promotion of educational art and the introduction of plastic wax models in Germany, to which he, himself, was inspired during his journey to Italy, especially in Florence. The good qualities of wax models, which is true to an equal measure for well done truetonature illustrations, Goethe expressed in his novel ‘Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre’ with the following excellent formulation: ‘If you concede that most physicians and surgeons retain in their minds only a general impression of the dissected human body and believe that to satisfy the purpose; so such models will certainly suffice, which refresh in his mind again little by little pictures that are fading and actively retain for him just the necessary.’ His investigative mind held Goethe...

Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter anatomy – Fully illustrated with color line diagrams, including unique three-dimensional cross-sectional anatomy, together with radiographs and ultrasound scans – Includes topographic and surface anatomy vet – Tabular appendices of relational and functional anatomy “A region with which I was very familiar from a surgical standpoint thus became more comprehensible […] Showing the clinical relevance of anatomy in such a way is a powerful tool for stimulating students’ interest […] In addition to putting anatomical structures into clinical perspective, the text provides a brief but effective guide to dissection.” Anatomy of the Dog vet edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th The Veterinary Record “The present book-atlas offers the students clear illustrative material and at the same time an abbreviated textbook for anatomical study and for clinical coordinated study of applied anatomy Therefore, it provides students with an excellent working knowledge and understanding of the anatomy of the dog Beyond this the illustrated text will help in reviewing and in the preparation for examinations For the practising veterinarians, the book-atlas remains a current quick source of reference for anatomical information on the dog at the preclinical, diagnostic, clinical and surgical levels.” Acta Veterinaria Hungarica with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg Budras (ed.) ISBN 978-3-89993-018-4 783899 9301 84 Fifth, revised edition Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 09.08.2007 12:49 Uhr Seite i Anatomy of the Dog Fifth, revised Edition Professor Klaus-Dieter Budras Institute of Veterinary Anatomy Free University of Berlin Professor em Patrick H McCarthy Dept of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Sydney Professor Aaron Horowitz Professor Rolf Berg Dept of Structure and Function School of Veterinary Medicine Ross University, St Kitts, West Indies Science Illustrator Wolfgang Fricke Renate Richter Co worker Dr Anita Wünsche and Dr Sven Reese Contributions to Clinical and Functional Anatomy by Dr Sven Reese, Dr Klaus Gerlach and Professor Klaus-Dieter Budras Introduction to Radiographic Technique and Ultrasound Diagnosis Professor Cordula Poulsen Nautrup Introduction to Computed Tomography Dr Claudia Nöller Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 16:14 Uhr Seite ii Co-workers on the Atlas of the Anatomy of the Dog Fourth and Fifth Edition Title Figure: Renate Richter Editor: Prof Dr Klaus-Dieter Budras, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Contributions: Prof Dr Hermann Bragulla, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA Dr Klaus Gerlach PhD, Tierärztliche Praxis, Berlin TA Claudia Herrmann, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Dr Ruth Hirschberg, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Prof Dr Dr h.c Horst E König, Institut für Anatomie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien Prof Dr Dr h c Hans-Georg Liebich, Institut für Tieranatomie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr Claudia Nöller, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Prof Cordula Poulsen Nautrup, Institut für Tieranatomie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr Sven Reese PhD, Institut für Tieranatomie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr Anita Wünsche, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Prof Dr Paul Simoens, Faculteit Diergeneskunde, Gent, Belgium Editorial contribution: Dr Silke Buda, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Index: Thilo Voges, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin An index of earlier co-workers and of the sources for illustrations, radiographs, and photographs can be obtained from the previous edition © 2007, Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co KG, Hans-Böckler-Allee 7, 30173 Hannover Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-89993-018-4 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt — Germany All rights reserved The contents of this book both photographic and textual, may not be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, phototransparency, microfilm, video, video disc, microfiche, or any other means, nor may it be included in any computer retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 16:14 Uhr Seite iii Table of Contents References vi Introduction to Anatomy Topographical Anatomy: Chapter 1: Surface of the Body and Axial Skeleton Division of the animal body 2 Skin (common integument) Cutaneous glands, modifications of the skin, digital end-organs Vertebral column and thorax Articulations of the vertebral column and of the thorax; atlanto-occipital joint and atlanto-axial joints (A WÜNSCHE and K.-D BUDRAS) 10 Chapter 2: Neck and Chest Region (Cervical and Thoracic Region) Cutaneous muscles and cutaneous nerves of the neck and thoracic wall Dorsal extrinsic limb muscles Ventral extrinsic limb muscles Nerves, vessels, and visceral organs of the neck 12 12 14 14 Chapter 3: Thoracic Limb The skeleton of the thoracic limb Medial veins of the thoracic limb; medial shoulder and arm muscles and their nerve supply Lateral veins of the thoracic limb; lateral shoulder and arm muscles and their nerve supply Antebrachial (forearm) muscles and their nerve supply Vessels and nerves of the thoracic limb Synovial structures of the thoracic limb (A WÜNSCHE and K.-D BUDRAS) 16 18 20 22 24 26 Chapter 4: Thoracic and Abdominal Wall Muscles of the vertebral column, nuchal ligament and lumbar cutaneous nerves Respiratory muscles Body wall, prepuce, and mammary glands (Mammae) Abdominal muscles, rectus sheath, prepubic tendon Inguinal region, inguinal space (inguinal canal), neuromuscular and vascular lacunae 28 30 32 34 36 Chapter 5: Thoracic Cavity Lungs, tracheal bifurcation and bronchi Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic system of the lungs; aortic arch; lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity, thymus Thoracic cavity, pleura, and veins of the thoracic cavity Heart, surface of the heart, heart wall and relationships in the interior of the heart Heart, coronary vessels, heart valves, cardiac conduction system Autonomic nervous system 38 40 42 44 46 48 Chapter 6: Abdominal Cavity Topography of the abdominal organs and relationships of the peritoneum Peritoneal cavity, lymph nodes of stomach and intestine, cisterna chyli and spleen Stomach and small intestine, pancreas Large intestine, blood vessels of stomach and intestine Liver and gall bladder (H BRAGULLA and K.-D BUDRAS) Autonomic nervous system, abdominal aorta, caudal vena cava, sublumbar muscles and the lumbar plexus 50 52 54 56 58 60 Chapter 7: Urinary and Genital Organs, Pelvis Urinary organs Urinary bladder and peritoneal relationships of the genital organs Female genital organs Male genital organs, lymphatic system of the lumbar and pelvic regions Arteries, veins and nerves of the pelvic cavity, adrenal glands Pelvic diaphragm, ischiorectal fossa; associated arteries, veins and nerves Smooth muscle of the pelvic diaphragm and the bony pelvic girdle 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 Chapter 8: Pelvic Limb The skeleton of the pelvic limb Muscles of the hip joint and their nerve supply The medial saphenous vein, obturator nerve, femoral nerve, medial thigh muscles, femoral space (femoral canal) The lateral saphenous vein, common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve; crural (leg) muscles and popliteus muscle Arteries and accompanying vessels and nerves of the pelvic limb Synovial structures of the pelvic limb (S REESE and K.-D BUDRAS) 76 78 80 82 84 86 Chapter 9: Head Skull, including the hyoid apparatus 88 Skull, paranasal sinuses 90 Lymphatic system, superficial veins of the head, facial nerve (VII) 92 Facial muscles and mandibular muscles 94 Internal (deep) muscles of mastication, trigeminal nerve (V), mandibular nerve (V3), maxillary nerve (V2) 96 Lacrimal apparatus, optic nerve (II), ophthalmic nerve (V1), nerves and muscles of the eye, and external nose 98 Nose, larynx, oral cavity and pharynx 100 Pharyngeal muscles, cranial nerves of the vagus group (IX, X, XI), autonomic nervous system of the head, arteries of the head, external acoustic meatus 102 Tongue, lingual muscles, hypoglossal nerve (XII), salivary glands, and dentition 104 10.Joints of the head (S REESE and K.-D BUDRAS) 106 iii Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 09.08.2007 12:50 Uhr Seite iv Chapter 10: Central Nervous System Spinal cord and meninges 108 Brain (Encephalon) and its meningeal coverings 110 Cerebrum (Telencephalon), brain stem and limbic system 112 Rhinencephalon, sites of egression of the cranial nerves, arterial supply of the brain 114 Cerebral veins, sinuses of the dura mater, cerebral ventricles and choroid plexuses 116 Chapter 11: Sense organs The eye (P SIMOENS and K.-D BUDRAS) 118 The ear (H KÖNIG and K.-D BUDRAS) 120 Olfactory and gustatory (chemical) senses; superficial, deep, and visceral sensibility 122 Tables, Special Anatomy Myology 124 Lymphology 134 Cranial nerves (C HERRMANN and K.-D BUDRAS) 136 General Anatomy Osteology: membranous and chondral ossification; growth of bones in length and diameter 140 Osteology: structure and form of bone and cartilage 142 Arthrology: the connections of bones and the form of joints 144 Myology: general myology 146 Myology: skeletal musculature and its accessory structures 148 Nervous system 150 Endocrine system 152 Cardiovascular system (R HIRSCHBERG) 154 Lymphatic system (H.-G LIEBICH and K.-D BUDRAS) 156 10.Glands, mucous membranes, and serous membranes 158 Introduction to the physics of radiographic and ultrasound diagnostic techniques (C POULSEN NAUTRUP) 160 Introduction to Computed Tomography and Anatomy of the CT Scan (C NÖLLER) 176 Contributions to Clinical and Functional Anatomy 180 Index 212 How to use this book: The framed introductions at the beginning of the text-pages dealing with topographical anatomy give information with respect to the dissection of the areas shown in the figures At the same time, they can be used as abbreviated dissection instructions Boldface terms of anatomical structures serve for emphasis and, insofar as they are identified by numbers, they are represented on the neighboring illustration-page where they are identified by the same number Numbers on the margin of the text-pages refer to the ‘Clinical and Functional Anatomy.’ The numbers in the clinical anatomy part refer to the corresponding page in the topographical anatomy; e.g., ‘8.2’ refers to the part numbered ‘2’ on page The anatomical/medical terms and expressions occurring in the text are explained and interpreted in ‘Anatomical Terms.’ Abbreviations of anatomical terms follow the abbreviations as employed in the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (2005) Other abbreviations are explained in the appertaining text, and in the titles and legends for the illustrations A few abbreviations that are not generally employed are listed here: The cranial nerves (Nervi craniales) are designated with roman numerals I – XII Spinal nerves (Nervi spinales): n — Nervus spinalis nd — Ramus dorsalis n spinalis ndl — Ramus dorsolateralis ndm — Ramus dorsomedialis nv — Ramus ventralis nvl — Ramus ventrolateralis nvm — Ramus ventromedialis nC — Nervus cervicalis (e.g., nC1 – first cervical nerve) nCy — Nervus coccygeus s caudalis nL — Nervus lumbalis nS — Nervus sacralis nT — Nervus thoracicus Vertebrae vC — Vertebra cervicalis (e.g., vC3 – third cervical vertebra) vL — Vertebra lumbalis vS — Vertebra sacralis vT — Vertebra thoracica iv Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 16:14 Uhr Seite v Preface to the Fifth Edition The present revised and enlarged edition is published at a time of change, which is characterized by the new appointment of all anatomically oriented chairs in the German-speaking area The tendency to shorten the time for anatomical education has existed for a longer time, which to a moderate degree seems to be acceptable and unavoidable for the creation of free space for new educational subjects Because this trend now seems to assume excessive proportions, the danger exists of a partial or even total renunciation of the dissection of the animal body, which since the time of Leonardo da Vinci has been considered a very efficient and essential method of deepening our knowledge The deficiency in practical exercises cannot be compensated by our offer of anatomical drawings but will mitigate its negative impact Especially in the initial phase of the curriculum, our realistic figures in the atlas part of our textbook have the indisputable value that they provide the essential basis for understanding much used sketches and schematic representations Beyond that, as an illustrated guide to dissection, they promote the proper initiative for an independent dissection and contribute by that to the acquisition of a solid knowledge For dissection and pictorial rendition, the topographical-anatomical procedure offers the enormous advantage that comprehensive subjects can be imparted with brevity in a natural reality For the practicing veterinarian the topographical plates are suitable for orientation at surgical operations The consideration of computed tomography, which thanks to Dr Nöller was integrated into the current eighth edition, has the objective to safeguard an attractive field of activity for anatomy The imparting of normal structure discoverable by computed tomography and supplemented by the presentation of clinical-functional cases creates a solid basis for the further development and application of imaging procedures in the clinical curriculum and later in the practice of veterinary medicine Berlin, in the summer of 2007 The Authors Preface to the First German Edition (abridged) The Atlas of the Anatomy of the Dog was conceived as a compendium and at the same time as an introduction to the topographical anatomical dissection as well as for teaching The subject matter of anatomy was prepared from a topographical point of view with separation into systems To that, the osteology, myology, angiology, neurology and splanchnology of the different parts of the body were dealt with in sequence in their reciprocal re-lationship to one another and demonstrated by topographical colored plates with complementary schematic diagrams The methods of presentation emphasize the mutual topographical relationships of the vessels and nerves considered, laying stress on their nomenclatural agreement In that way, the concern for the multiplicity, the breadth, and the complexity of the material should be minimized The concept chosen here, with its close relationship of content and apposition of illustration and pertinent description, has the advantage of being able to deal with the essential in the smallest space The present book offers to the students a clearly arranged illustrative material and an abbreviated reading supplementing textbook study and classroom material as well as an aid for review, especially for preparation for examinations For the practising veterinarian, it is drawn up as a source of quick information and to refresh and deepen what was previously learned The breadth, division and sequence of the subject matter according to the pre-ceding are coordinated with the topographical dissection that is offered to the students at the Free University of Berlin as the teaching program in their first semester of study Upon the foundation achieved, the subsequent study of comparative and clinically applied anatomy is con-tinued Topographical anatomy is the foundation and the key to understanding the associated medicine It is of special value to the surgeon and pathologist Professor Fritz Preuss introduced the whole-animal topographical anatomy in Berlin, and his dissection instructions directed the way for teaching up to the dras-tinc shortening and repositioning of the dissection exercises The successful and exacting method of dissection with the short time available places high demands on the students and requires a multisided support by the instructors With its true to nature rendition of areas of dissection with accompanying text, the present atlas should serve for this purpose also Instructions for dissection of the illustrated preparation and guidance to the person carrying out the exercise were placed at the beginning of the described part Structures to be dissected are specially emphasized in the text by boldface print To keep the space limitations, anatomical variations are given less attention The current Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (HOLZHAUSEN, Vienna 1973) was utilized, which also holds in the main for the applied abbreviations Moreover, in the written material only vertebrae and nerve branches were abbreviated (e.g.: VL for the first lumbar vertebra; nL 1vl for the ventrolateral branch of the first lumbar nerve) In the legends of the figures and the tabular compositions, owing to the limitations of space even more extensive, otherwise uncommon, abbreviations had to be used Suggestions and wishes of the students, for example with respect to preparing the tables for special myology and for anatomical terms were largely considered Dissections from the anatomical collection of the Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology) of the Free University of Berlin served as models for the figures These specimens were prepared by the technical staff of the department, Mr Seifert, Mr Dressel, and Mr Schneider Berlin, summer 1983 The Authors v Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 16:14 Uhr Seite vi References vi Adams, D R., 2004: Canine Anatomy Ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames Amman, E., E Seiferle und G Pelloni, 1978: Atlas zur chirurgisch-topographischen Anatomie des Hundes Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg Anderson, W D and Anderson G B., 1994: Atlas of Canine Anatomy Lea and Febinger, Philadelphia, Baltimore Barone, R 1976: Anatomie Comparèe des Mammiferes Domestiques; T – Osteologie; T – Arthrologie et Myologie; T – Splanchnologie, Foetus et ses Annexes Viget Freres, Paris Baum, H., 1917: Die Lymphgefäße der Haut des Hundes Anat Anz 50: 521-539 Baum, H und O Zietzschmann, 1936: Handbuch der Anatomie des Hundes, Aufl., Paul Parey, Berlin Berg, R., 1995: Angewandte und topographische Anatomie der Haustiere Aufl., Gustav Fischer, Jena Böhme, G., 1967: Unterschiede am Gehirnventrikelsystem von Hund und Katze nach Untersuchungen an Ausgusspräparaten Berl Münch Tierärztl Wschr 80: 195-196 Bojrab, M J., 1981: Praxis der Kleintierchirurgie Enke, Stuttgart Bonath, K H und W D Prieur, 1998: Kleintierkrankheiten Bd Orthopädische Chirugie und Traumatologie Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart Boyd, J S., C Paterson and A H May, 1991: A Colour Atlas of Clinical Anatomy of the Dog and Cat Wolfe Publ Ltd., London Bradley, O Ch., 1959: Topographical Anatomy of the Dog Ed., Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, London Bucher, O und W Wartenberg, 1997: Cytologie, Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie des Menschen 12 Aufl., Hans Huber, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien Budras, K.-D., 1972: Zur Homologisierung der Mm adductores und des M pectineus der Haussäugetiere Zbl Vet Med., C, 1: 73-91 Budras, K.-D., F Preuß, W Traeder und E Henschel, 1972: Der Leistenspalt und die Leistenringe unserer Haussäugetiere in neuer Sicht Berl Münch Wschr 85: 427-431 Budras, K.-D und E Seifert, 1972: Die Muskelinsertionsareale des Beckens von Hund und Katze, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Homologisierung der Linea glutaeae unserer Haussäugetiere Anat Anz 132: 423-434 Budras, K.-D und A Wünsche, 1972: Arcus inguinalis und Fibrae reflexae des Hundes Gegenbauers morph Jb 17: 408-419 Dämmrich, K., 1981: Zur Pathologie der degenerativen Erkrankungen der Wirbelsäule bei Hunden Kleintierpraxis 26: 467-476 Dahme E und E Weiss, 2007: Grundriss der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie der Haustiere Aufl., Enke, Stuttgart De Lahunta, A., 1983: Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology Ed., W B Saunders Comp., Philadelphia De Lahunta, A and R E Habel, 1986: Applied Veterinary Anatomy W B Saunders Comp., Philadelphia Dietz, O (Hrsg.), 2004: Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Chirurgie für Tiermediziner Begr v W Bolz, Aufl., Enke, Stuttgart Donat, K., 1971: Die Fixierung der Clavicula bei Katze und Hund Anat Anz 128: 365-374 Done, St H., P C Goody, S A Evans et al., 1996: Colour Atlas of Veterinary Anatomy Vol 3: The Dog and Cat Mosby-Wolfe, London Dyce, K M., W O Sack and C J G Wensing, 2002: Textbook of veterinary anatomy Ed., W B Saunders Comp., Philadelphia Ellenberger, W und H Baum, 1943: Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Haustiere 18 Aufl., Springer, Berlin Eurell, J A (Hrsg.), 2006: Dellmann’s textbook of veterinary histology Ed., Blackwell, Ames, Iowa Evans, H E and A de Lahunta, 2000: Guide to the Dissection of the Dog Ed., W B Saunders Comp., Philadelphia, London, Toronto Evans, H E., 1993: Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog Ed., W B Saunders Comp., Philadelphia, London, Toronto Franke, H.-R., 1970: Zur Anatomie des Organum vomeronasale des Hundes Diss med Vet., Freie Universität Berlin Frewein, J und B Vollmerhaus, 1994: Anatomie von Hund und Katze Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin Getty, R., 1975: Sisson and Grossman’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals Vol - Porcine, Carnivore, Aves Ed., W B Saunders Comp., Philadelpia, London, Toronto Getty, R., H L Foust, E T Presley and M C Miller, 1956: Macroscopic anatomy of the ear of the dog Amer J Vet Res 17: 364-375 Gorman, N T., 1998: Canine Medicine and Therapeutics Ed., Blackwell, Oxford, London Grandage, J 1972: The erect dog penis Vet Rec 91: 141-147 Habel, R E., 1985: Applied Veterinary Anatomie Pub by author, Ithaca, N Y Habel, R und K.-D Budras, 1992: Anatomy of the praepubic tendon in horse, cow, sheep, goat and dog Am J Vet Res 53: 2183-2195 Hennig, Ch., 1965: Zur Kenntnis des M retractor ani et penis s clitoridis et constrictor recti (M retractor cloacae) beim Hund Anat Anz 117: 201-215 Henning, P., 1965: Der M piriformis und die Nn clunium medii des Hundes Zbl Vet Med., A, 12: 263-275 Henninger, W., 2002: Historischer Rückblick auf die Entwicklung der Computertomographie anlässlich der Inbetriebnahme eines neuen Spiral-CT an der Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien Tierärztl Mschr 89: 70-77 Henninger, W und S Kneissl, 2004: Seminar Computertomographie DVG Arbeitstagung West „Kleintierkrankheiten“, Hofheim, 30.04.2004, S 11-14 Henninger, W und M Pavlicek, 2001: Konventionelle CT-Untersuchungsprotokolle, erstellt nach Regionen, für den optimalen Kontrastmitteleinsatz beim Hund Teil und Kleintierpraxis 46: 685-698, 761772 Henschel, E und W Gastinger, 1963: Beitrag zur Arteriographie der Aa carotis und vertebralis beim Hund Berl Münch Tierärztl Wschr 76: 241-243 Henschel, E., 1971: Zur Anatomie und Klinik der wachsenden Unterarmknochen mit Vergleichen zwischen der Distractio cubiti des Hundes und der Madelungschen Deformität des Menschen Arch Experim Vet med 26: 741-787 Hoerlein, B F., 1978: Canine Neurology Diagnosis and Treatment Ed., W B Saunders Comp., Philadelphia, London, Toronto Hofer, M., 2000: CT-Kursbuch: Ein Arbeitsbuch für den Einstieg in die Computertomographie Aufl., Mattias Hofer Verlag Didamed Hyrtl, J., 1880: Onomatologia Anatomica Braunmüller, Wien International Committee on Gross Anatomical Nomenclature, 2005: Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, Ed., Nomina Histologica, Ed., Ithaca, N Y Kadletz, M., 1932: Anatomischer Atlas der Extremitätengelenke von Pferd und Hund Urban und Schwarzenberg, Berlin, Wien Kealy, J K., 1991: Röntgendiagnostik bei Hund und Katze Aufl., Enke, Stuttgart King, A S., 1978: A Guide to the Physiological and Clinical Anatomy of the Thorax Ed., Dept Vet Anat., University of Liverpool, Liverpool King, A S and V A Riley, 1980: A Guide to the Physiological and Clinical Anatomy of the Head Ed., Dept Vet Anat., University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX Koch, T und R Berg, 1981–1985: Lehrbuch der Veterinär-Anatomie Bd 1-3, Gustav Fischer, Jena König, H E., 1992: Anatomie der Katze Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, N Y König, H E und H G Liebich, 2006: Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals Ed., Schattauer, Stuttgart, N Y Kraft, W., 1993: Tierärztliche Endoskopie Schattauer, Stuttgart, N Y Krstic, R V., 1988: Die Gewebe des Menschen und der Säugetiere Aufl., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York Krstic, R V., 1984: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Histology Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo Krüger, G., 1968: Veterinärmedizinische Terminologie Aufl., Hirzel, Leipzig Leonhardt, H., 1990: Histologie, Zytologie und Mikroanatomie des Menschen Aufl., Thieme, Stuttgart Liebich, H.-G., 2004: Funktionelle Histologie Aufl., Schattauer, Stuttgart, N Y Lippert, H., 2006: Lehrbuch Anatomie Aufl., Urban und Fischer, München Nickel, R., A Schummer und E Seiferle, 2003: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere Gesamtausgabe, Bd., Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg Nitschke, Th., 1970: Diaphragma pelvis, Clitoris und Vestibulum vaginae der Hündin Anat Anz 127: 76-125 Nöller, C., 2006 : Klinisch-funktionelle Anatomie und comptertomographische Darstellung der Nase bei normo- und brachycephalen Katzen Diss med vet., Berlin Pierard, J., 1972: Anatomie Appliquee des Carnivores Domestiques, Chien et Chat Sornabec, Quebec Reese, S., 1995: Untersuchungen am intakten und rupturierten Lig cruciatum craniale des Hundes Diss med vet., Berlin Rohde, U, U Wiskott und H E König, 1980: Computertomographie des Abdomens beim Menschen und Hund – eine vergleichende Studie Kleintierpraxis 25: 135-142 Ruedorffer, N v., 1996: Morphologische Untersuchungen zur Orthologie und Pathologie der Tuberositas tibiae bei Hunden bis zum Alter von Jahren Diss med vet., Berlin Salomon, F.-V und H Geyer, 2007: Atlas der angewandten Anatomie der Haustiere erw Aufl., Enke, Stuttgart Schaller, O., 1992: Illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature Enke, Stuttgart Schwarz, T, 2002: General principles in CT imaging planning The European Association of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, Yearbook 2002, S 9-23 Simoens, P., 1985: Morphologic study of the vasculature in the orbit and eyeball of the pig Thesis Fakul Vet Med., State Univ Ghent Suter, P F und B Kohn, 2006: Praktikum der Hundeklinik Begr v H G Niemand, 10 Aufl., Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg Wünsche, A und K.-D Budras, 1972: Der M cremaster externus resp compressor mammae des Hundes Zbl Vet Med C, 1: 138-148 Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 16:14 Uhr Seite Introduction to Anatomy The term anatomy stems from the Greek word, ‘anatemnein’ which means to dissect, to cut apart The important anatomist Hyrtl spoke consistently also of the art of dissection The original meaning is true even today; although the term has gained a wider meaning Modern anatomy is not limited to mere description but emphasizes the interrelations between form and function as well as the application of anatomical knowledge in the clinic Then as today the student gains most of his knowledge by dissection of the animal body in the laboratory, where he lays bare the ‘naked truth’ (Nudas veritas) This practice also serves to obtain a necessary finger-dexterity, which in later professional life, in the first place in surgery, is of immeasurable value Beyond that there are hardly any limits to investigation by enthusiastic dissection Even the very best anatomical collection of outstanding demonstration-dissections cannot replace practical work in the laboratory, but can however indeed make it easier and more efficient The thorough study of anatomical preparations is indispensable like the industrious use of textbooks and atlases All of these aids are more important today than ever since there is much less time available for practical work in the laboratory than formerly Shortening the teaching time allotted to anatomy in favor of newer disciplines was unavoidable Anatomical study is, unlike any other basic discipline, important in learning the language of medicine, the terminology Many terms for diseases and methods of treatment have their origin in anatomical terms Centuries-long research and description brought an unforeseen abundance of synonyms The function of the international nomenclature commission has been to thin out the jungle of terms and to publish a recognized list of official terms with useful synonyms In its entirety, anatomy is subdivided into macroscopic (gross) anatomy, microscopic anatomy and developmental anatomy However, the areas of anatomy flow together without boundary, forming a unit, an understanding constantly and forcefully advocated by the important Berlin veterinary anatomist and, at an earlier time, the professorial chair of our department, Professor Preuss The oldest and most encompassing area is macroscopic anatomy, often placed equal to the term anatomy Where the accessories to observation in macroscopic anatomy, the bare eye and the dissection hand lens no longer reach, it passes over into the area of microscopic anatomy (histology and cytology), to which the microscope serves as accessory The boundary between macroscopic and microscopic anatomy is also called mesoscopy, which is gaining more and more in significance The latter area deals with the same material and pursues the same goals; it is only the technique that is different The third area, embryology, is concerned with ontogenesis (development of the individual) before and after birth and, in addition to embryological methods, applies also macroscopic, microscopic and mesoscopic methods Like the remaining disciplines, macroscopic anatomy can be presented from different points of view with emphasis on special areas of greater difficulty In so doing, the basic facts remain of course unchanged Systematic, descriptive anatomy describes the animal body with all its parts as systems of structure and organ-systems, strictly divided from one another and therefore without attention to their natural interdependence Expansive descriptions treat many particulars and allow some-times the view to the important to be missed; nevertheless they are a necessary prerequisite to the remaining, subsequent kinds of observations to which the descriptive anatomy has led Systematic anatomy can be subdivided further into general and special anatomy General anatomy treats of facts that are generally valid for the entire system of structure or the organ-system Special anatomy provides special data for these structure- and organ-systems that hold for individual structures, as for one bone Comparative anatomy emphasizes anatomical correlations, similarities and variations between the individual animal species and human beings Comparisons of anatomy between the individual species are very often informative and helpful for homology and determining the function of anatomical structure Already Goethe utilized principles of comparative anatomy to good advantage with the discovery of the incisive bone of human beings This bone occurs regularly in our domestic animals and only occasionally in human beings With his study of the human skull he encountered a specimen with a developed incisive bone It was by comparison with the animal skull that he was able to identify the bone and establish its homology Topographical anatomy emphasizes the varying position-relationship of anatomical structures and underlines the areas of application for clinical medicine The relationship of anatomical structures is analyzed step by step and in doing so the whole structural plan of the body is regarded Applied anatomy is directed clinically and emphasizes the relationship of anatomical structures from which treatments or diseases of animals can be determined or explained In that way not only interdisciplinary cooperation and interest for the veterinary profession are promoted but also the learning of anatomy is made easier The anatomy of the living dog is undoubtedly a significant part of the whole of anatomy It presents the body in its natural condition In that way a significant completion and an adjustment for unavoidable disadvantage becomes imperative in the remaining subjects of the whole of anatomy, which must tolerate postmortem changes such as variations in color, consistency and character as well as artificial changes resulting from fixation Anatomy of the living dog cannot be given attention here for several reasons It is adaped even less for rendering in a book, but can be offered to the students better and more successfully in an exercise under the instruction of a clinically experienced anatomist Radiographic anatomy and sonography are directly connected to the clinic In the teaching of anatomy, the first experiences are obtained in analysis of radiographs of the normal animal body This experience will be utilized and considerably supplemented in the total associated area of study Presentations of abnormal or even pathological changes should awaken the interest and accordingly add ‘spice’ to the teaching of anatomy The atlas of anatomy presented here is adapted in special measure to significantly combine and coordinate the different methods of presenting anatomy and the manner of viewing it The textual part can be presented in a very compressed form since the different anatomical circumstances can be ‘read off’ from time to time from the adjacent color-plate Beyond that, a good topographical color-plate presents an ideal introduction for topographical dissection, which is then completed only by brief remarks Also the requisites of comparative veterinary anatomy are taken into account in this atlas insofar as the simply structured (from many points of view) canine body is set out as the ‘cornerstone.’ Building upon this knowledge, the more complicated (from many points of view) anatomy of the remaining domestic animals can be comprehended from the aspect of comparative anatomy Art and anatomy with their mutual interrelations are forcefully impressed on us with each visit to a museum The artist is inspired by the corporeal beauty, and teachers and students of anatomy enjoy and profit from the talent and painstaking detail in the artistic presentation Gifted with genius were realized the claims of Leonardo da Vinci, whose abundant anatomical drawings came about after basic studies of anatomy Aristotle published among other things an anatomical description of senile sexual reversal in the bird as well of the horse hoof in regard to founder What fascination of anatomy passes over to art, Rembrandt immortalized in his work ‘The anatomy lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp.’ The greats of world history gifted with genius like Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci and Goethe show proof of their enthusiasm for anatomy with anatomical illustrations, descriptions and research results To Goethe’s credit was the promotion of educational art and the introduction of plastic wax models in Germany, to which he, himself, was inspired during his journey to Italy, especially in Florence The good qualities of wax models, which is true to an equal measure for well done true-to-nature illustrations, Goethe expressed in his novel ‘Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre’ with the following excellent formulation: ‘If you concede that most physicians and surgeons retain in their minds only a general impression of the dissected human body and believe that to satisfy the purpose; so such models will certainly suffice, which refresh in his mind again little by little pictures that are fading and actively retain for him just the necessary.’ His investigative mind held Goethe, who with his discovery of the human incisive bone felt ‘unspeakable joy.’ Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 16:14 Uhr Seite Topographical Anatomy Chapter 1: Surface of the Body and Axial Skeleton Division of the animal body a) SUBDIVISION OF THE BODY The longitudinal lines and planes of the body are useful for the orientation of the body and of the body surface The dorsal (a) and ventral midline (b) are the dorsal and ventral median lines of the body, respectively The median plane (A) is the plane between the two lines mentioned above It divides the body into right and left halves Sagittal (paramedian) planes (B) are adjacent planes parallel and lateral to the median plane They divide the body longitudinally, but into unequal parts Transverse planes (C) are planes that divide the body transversely and are perpendicular to the median and sagittal planes Dorsal planes (D) lie parallel to the dorsal body surface They divide the body perpendicular to the longitudinal (median and paramedian planes) and transverse planes In that view, two symmetrical body sides appear and it is for that reason that dorsal planes are also called bilateral planes b) TERMS THAT DESCRIBE THE DIRECTION AND TOPOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF ORGANS derive partially from body parts, e.g., in direction toward the tail (caudal —c), partially from landmarks of the body surface, e.g., parallel to the median plane (sagittal —d) or designate with respect to hollow organs external or internal Furthermore terms are used as left (sinister) and right (dexter), short (brevis) and long (longus) or deep (profundus) and superficial (superficialis), longitudinal (longitudinalis) or transverse (transversus) as well as lateral (lateralis) and toward the median plane (medialis) The term cranial (e), in a direction toward the head, cannot be applied in the head region Here the term rostral is used (f, in a direction toward the tip of the nose) The term dorsal (g) relates to the ‘back’ or dorsum of the body It may also be used with respect to the proximal parts of the limbs; but has a different meaning on the limb extremities The term ventral, in a direction toward the belly (venter), may be used on the proximal parts of the limb, but is not used on the free part of the limbs The terms proximal (i, toward the attached end) and distal (m, toward the free end) are related to the axis of the body (vertebral column and spinal cord with the origin of spinal nerves) On the limbs, from the carpus distally, the term palmar (l, the surface of the manus that faces caudally in the normal standing attitude) is employed; from the tarsus distally (m, the surface of the pes that faces caudally in the normal standing attitude of the animal), the term plantar The term dorsal is utilized alike on the thoracic limb from the carpus distally and on the pelvic limb from the tarsus distally It refers to surface of the manus and pes that is cranial in the normal standing attitude of the animal Terms like abaxial (n, away from the axis) and axial (o, toward the axis) are related to the central axis of the hand (manus) or foot (pes), in which the axis lies between the third and fourth digits In front (anterior), behind (posterior), above (superior) and below (inferior) are terms often used in human anatomy and refer to the human body in the normal upright attitude To avoid misunderstanding, these terms are not applied to the quadruped animal body Their use in veterinary anatomy is restricted to certain areas of the head; e.g., upper and lower eyelids, anterior and posterior surfaces of the eye c) PARTS OF THE BODY AND BODY REGIONS subdivide the body, including the surface of the body Parts of the body are head and trunk with neck, rump, and tail, as well as the limbs The body regions divide the surface of the body and can be subdivided into subregions In the latter case, they appear indented in the following table REGIONS OF THE BODY Regions of the cranium Frontal region Parietal region Occipital region Temporal region Auricular region Regions of the face Nasal region 6' Dorsal nasal region 6'' Lateral nasal region 6''' Region of the naris Oral region 7' Superior labial region 7'' Inferior labial region Mental region Orbital region 9' upper palpebral 9'' lower palpebral 10 Zygomatic region 11 Infraorbital region 12 Region of the temporomandibular articulation 13 Masseteric region 14 Buccal region 15 Maxillary region 16 Mandibular region 17 Intermandibular region Regions of the neck 18 Dorsal neck region 19 Lateral neck region 20 Parotid region 21 Pharyngeal region 22 Ventral neck region 22' Laryngeal region 22'' Tracheal region Regions of the dorsum 23 Thoracic vertebral region 23' Interscapular region 24 Lumbar region Pectoral regions 25 Presternal region 26 Sternal region 27 Scapular region 28 Costal region 29 Cardiac region Regions of the abdomen 30 Cranial abdominal region 30' Hypochondriac region 30'' Xiphoid region 31 Middle abdominal region 31' Lateral abdominal region 31'' Paralumbar fossa 31''' Umbilical region 32 Caudal abdominal region 32' Inguinal region 32'' Pubic region and preputial region Pelvic regions 33 Sacral region 34 Gluteal region 35 Region of the tuber coxae 36 Ischiorectal fossa 37 Region of the tuber ischiadicum 38 Caudal region (tail region) 38' Region of the root of the tail 39 Perineal region 39' Anal region 39'' Urogenital region 40 Scrotal region Regions of the thoracic limb 41 Region of the humeral joint 42 Axillary region 42' Axillary fossa 43 Brachial region 44 Tricipital region 45 Cubital region 46 Region of the olecranon 47 Antebrachial region 48 Carpal region 49 Metacarpal region 50 Phalangeal region (region of the digits, digital region) Regions of the pelvic limb 51 Region of the hip joint 52 Region of the thigh 53 Genual region (region of the knee, region of the stifle joint) 53' Patellar region 54 Popliteal region 55 Region of the crus (region of the leg) 56 Tarsal region 57 Calcaneal region 58 Metatarsal region 59 Phalangeal region (region of the digits, digital region) Anatomie Hund 001-089_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 001_089_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 16:14 Uhr Seite Body regions and terms of site and direction in relation to parts of the body indicated d 9' 6''' f 10 6'' 11 15 20 12 6' 9'' (lateral view) e 13 a 23' 18 23 14 16 g c 24 33 38' 38 35 19 31'' 27 28 34 39' 36 31' 51 37 39 22 52 41 25 (craniolateral view) h 26 a 43 26 46 D 39'' 44 45 54 53' 53 l 55 57 47 C A 56 B 48 g i m 50 n oo b g 58 49 59 k n Axis g 49 k i g 50 59 (ventral view) 53' 48 53 58 47 55 Diaphragm 20 43 28 13 15 31' 30' 32' 22' 17 21 7'' 6''' 14 7' 52 19 16 b 56 57 54 45 46 22 22'' 25 29 26 30'' 30 32'' 31''' 40 39'' 38 26 31 42 42' 32 28 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 sclera and then cornea Both lid surfaces merge with each other at the free border of the eyelid The free border of the eyelid, approximately rectangular on cross section, supports the eyelashes along its outer and inner edges The ‘internal’ skeleton of the eyelid, the tarsus, is a curved lamina of collagen fibers adapted to the curvature of the orbit The muscular basis of the eyelid is formed by m.orbicularis oculi (innervation: facial nerve), m.levator palpebrae superioris in the upper eyelid (oculomotor nerve) as well as the smooth m.tarsalis (sympathetic supply) A drooping of the upper eyelid can have different origins such as injury to the oculomotor nerve, facial paralysis (see 92.2) and paralysis of the sympathetic supply With injury to sympathetic fibers, one discerns Horner syndrome with ipsilateral miosis (narrowing of the pupil), a narrowing of the palpebral rima due to drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), extrusion of the nictitating membrane and enophthalmus (abnormally deep position of the orbit in the orbital cavity) Of the glands of the eyelid the tarsal glands (sebaceous glands of Meibom) open on the border of the lid; with obstruction of their excretory ducts a painful nodule formation is produced known as a stye Similarly the glands of the eyelashes (ciliary glands, glands of Moll – apocrine sweat glands) when blocked can become inflamed With blinking, tears (lacrimal fluid) are distributed on to the cornea Closure of the eyelids is initiated reflexly by contact with the cornea (corneal reflex) The afferent nerve fibers of the reflex arc are contained in the long ciliary nerves (V1 see p98) and the efferents in the facial nerve to the m.orbicularis oculi In dog breeds with markedly protruding eyes, a complete closure of the eyelids is no longer possible in individual cases A central horizontal strip of the cornea is not kept sufficiently moist and becomes increasingly cloudy or turbid Deformity of the free border of the eyelid is present as an inturning or entropion due to which the cornea is irritated mechanically; an outturning or ectropion exposes the conjunctival sac Without surgical correction abnormal positioning of the free borders of the eyelids leads to corneal and conjunctival inflammation 118.2 The THIRD EYELID (nictitating membrane) lies at the medial angle of the eye supported by the cartilage of the third eyelid With the application of pressure it comes across the orbit, and with contraction of m.retractor bulbi, as for example in tetanus, and with specific inflammation of m.temporalis in German Shephard dogs (eosinophilic myositis) it falls forward passively over the cornea On the outer side and particularly on the inner surface of the third eyelid there are numerous lymph nodules (so called lymph follicles) which increase in size with follicular conjunctivitis and then are removed through rubbing The conjunctiva extends from the inner surface of the eyelid at the fornix of the conjunctiva (the conjunctival sac) to the rostral surface of the sclera and its border with the cornea The cuboidal epithelium of the fornix is adapted to resorption hence the application of eyedrops into the conjunctival sac The sac also produces a mucous secretion from its goblet cells which decreases friction during blinking 118.3 The CORNEA retains its transparency due to a precise state of tumefaction or swelling maintained externally by lacrimal fluid and internally by aqueous humor Light is refracted at the outer surface of the cornea but not at the inner; therefore the cornea can be compared with the stiff front lens of a camera The healthy cornea is non-vascular Since it is nourished by diffusion, metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus can cause a turbidity or cloudiness of the cornea Moreover, with inflammation such as keratitis, blood vessels sprout into the cornea reducing sight With superficial inflammatory processes conjunctival vessels sprout from the periphery of the cornea and with inflammation of the deeper corneal layers capillaries penetrate from the major arterial circle of the iris Scar tissue and unphysiological curvatures of the cornea cause distortions Cloudiness of the cornea follows soon after death because the normal tumefied state is lost due to alterations of the outer (membrane of Bowman) and inner (membrane of Descemet) limiting membranes 16:21 Uhr Seite 205 view The m.sphincter pupillae is innervated by parasympathetic fibers A narrow pupil (miosis) can be produced by myotic drugs, through parasympathetic stimulation (states of fear) or in sympathetic paralysis The m.dilator pupillae is induced to contract with sympathomimetic drugs due to which the pupil is dilated (mydriasis) Net- or stroma-like formations lying on the outer surface of the iris and drawing over the pupil are indicative of a persistent pupillary membrane This is a question of remnants of the embryonic anterior vascular tunic of the lens which, in the normal course of events has regressed completely by – weeks of age Tissue interstices in the iris (iris kolobom) are due to an arrested development with incomplete closure of the choroid fissure 118.7 The RETINA can be examined with an ophthalmoscope Furthermore the pupil is dilated with a mydriatic and a beam of light thrown onto the fundus of the eye by a mirror The examiner inspects the fundus through a central aperture in the mirror Conditions of the retina 118.7 Fundus of a dog’s eye with branching of the central artery and view of the retina The tapetum lucidum is light blue (Ophthalmoscopy: Dr I Allgöwer, Berlin) such as inflammation, atrophy and detachment can be detected Increased pressure within the cranium for example hydrocephalus, causes abnormal swelling of the optic disc over the retinal surface Of the photoreceptors the rods predominate clearly over the cones, the ratio being 95:5 in dogs whereas in humans it is 50:50 Since cones are responsible for the perception of color in dogs there is probably only slight expression of this Cones of the yellow macula are responsible for acuity of vision Since the macula is underdeveloped by comparison acuity of vision is probably less well defined The rods are purely for the appreciation of light intensity Electroretinography permits a functional test of the retina even with extensive cataract of the lens Action potentials (visually induced potentials) are recorded after the appearance of a light flash on the retina 118.8 CATARACT OF THE LENS can have very diverse origins being differentiated into those of congenital, inflammatory, traumatic or toxic causes For example, hypoglycemia can bring about a metabolic (diabetic) cataract In progressive cataract with restricted sight one possible treatment is the extraction of the nucleus of the lens while maintaining its capsule The implantation of an artificial lens within the capsule is routine surgery in the dog After rupture of the zonular fibers, a luxation of the lens can occur into the anterior chamber of the eye or onto the floor of the posterior chamber In Terriers luxations of the lens take place cumulatively on account of an hereditary weakness of the zonular fibers 118.9 The PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF AQUEOUS HUMOR are in a state of flow equilibrium Derangement of outflow at the iridocorneal angle of the anterior chamber interrupts this balance and causes an increase of intraocular pressure leading to glaucoma The pressure rise results in pressure atrophy of the retina and ultimately in blindness The view within the iridocorneal angle (gonioscopy) is possible after 118.4 Adspection of the SCLERA is an integral part of each general examination of an animal Thus the faulty self-coloring of the sclera makes the recognition of, for example jaundice (icterus) possible at an early stage 118.5 Inflammation of the UVEA is spoken of as uveitis 118.6 On the INNER SURFACE OF THE IRIS is the shimmering pigment epithelium responsible for the blue or green color of the eye present for example in Siberian Huskies If, in addition, pigments are present in larger quantities in the iridic stroma, a brown eye color results Connective tissue concentrations of the iris, which are pigmentless, appear white A partially white iris is a characteristic of heterochromasia where iris colors differ between right and left eyes, while a ‘wall eye’ is diffusely white Both are seldom present in dogs The smooth muscles of the iris are developed from ectoderm according to the dominant 118.9 A view of the iridocorneal angle showing the pectinate ligament (Goniscopy: Dr I Allgöwer, Berlin) the setting of a contact lens on the cornea Gonioscopy is an important method of clarifying the origin of glaucoma 205 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 120.1 The AURICULAR CONCHA produces extensive hematomas (othematomas) on its inner concave side and rarely on its outer surface They are caused by different factors in some cases not yet clarified, such as shaking of the head with otitis externa or due to a blunt blow or impact This causes hemorrhage from the small branches of the auricular vessels which course through small apertures in the auricular cartilage to the concave inner surface of the concha Treatment is through drainage or surgical resection and must be repeated once or twice because of high return rates 120.2 The EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL shows a sharp bend along its course In order to examine the tympanic membrane (ear drum) otoscopically the canal must be stretched caudodorsally by traction on the auricular concha Chronic inflammation of the external auditory canal (otitis externa see also 6.2) is a frequent condition of dogs In difficult cases a surgical opening of the perpendicular section of the canal is necessary to provide drainage of the secretion and better access for local treatment In addition to this a strip of cartilage is excised from the lateral wall of the canal after which the external skin is sutured to the skin of the external auditory canal lining its inner surface Fundamental pathological changes such as neoplasms at the horizontal part of the canal can demand, in rare cases, the removal of the perpendicular and horizontal parts of the entire canal while preserving the free part of the auricular concha 16:21 Uhr Seite 206 138.2 To permit CHONDROCLASTIC ACTIVITY, mineralization of cartilage ground substance during bone growth is an essential prerequisite Unmineralized cartilage cannot be disintegrated by chondroclasts and thus cannot be replaced with bone With vitamin D deficiency, calcium deficiency, or by a shift of optimal Ca/P ratio, mineralization is restricted in the cartilage resorption zone The penetrating chondroclasts cannot degrade the cartilage and on account of the continuing proliferation, a thickening of the epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate) is detected radiographically This then no longer is adequate to support the static load 120.3 The MIDDLE EAR is in communication with the pharyngeal cavity by means of the auditory (Eustachian) tube Infections can ascend from the pharynx into the tympanic cavity and cause inflammation of 138.3 Increased radiographic density of the metaphyses of radius and ulna combined with overdevelopment of periosteum (arrows) in a young dog with hypertrophic osteodystrophy 120.3 Computertomographic section of the left (1) and right (1’) Tympanic cavities 2, 2’ External acoustic meatus; Cochlea; Internal acoustic meatus (Computer tomography: Animal Clinic Krüger, Hamburg) the middle ear (otitis media) Affected animals show a typical obliquity of the head to the infected side Local treatment and cleaning of purulence caused by middle ear inflammation takes place through the external auditory canal after the tympanic membrane is perforated otoscopically The defect so caused in the membrane heals up without complications In difficult cases the tympanic cavity must be opened from its ventral aspect (bullaosteotomy) 138.3 A congenital interruption of OSTEOBLASTIC FUNCTION including the synthesis of collagen causes defective bone development (osteogenesis imperfecta congenita), an hereditary affliction occurring in Poodles, Collies and Shelties Already in utero this causes fractures and skeletal deformations In large and fast growing dog breeds a further form of osteoblastic insufficiency can occur between and months of age – hypertrophic osteodystrophy – which perhaps has an infectious or diatetic origin Animals are afflicted with painful swelling of the metaphyses of radius, ulna and tibia which can be combined with periosteal overdevelopment 138.4 OSSIFICATION CENTERS are defined distinctly and well recognized radiographically from the background due to mineralization of the spongy substance Ossification centers appearing on different bones at very definite times can be used to estimate age 120.4 INFLAMMATION OF THE LABYRINTH (LABYRINTHITIS) is generally a consequence of middle ear inflammation passing to inner ear Affected animals undergo considerable disturbance of balance, vomition and obliquity of head carriage 120.5 A paralysis of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE can be caused by inflammation or tumors of the middle and the inner ear Typical effects are movements in a circle, falling to the affected side and ataxia 122.1 MUSCLE AND TENDON SPINDLES are receptors of involuntary deep sensation The information relating to the state of tension of individual muscles, tendons and ligaments is conducted further Firstly constant information regarding the state of tension of individual components of locomotion make the course of smooth motion possible Neurological examination tests involuntary deep sensation, due to muscle reflex Conscious deep sensation, on the other hand facilitates information for example, on the position of a limb in space It is examined by checking the position reflex (see also 108.4) 206 138.1 The intrauterine stasis of ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION by uninterrupted PERICHONDRAL OSSIFICATION leads to a stoppage of the longitudinal growth of bones This heritable condition termed chondrodystrophy (chondros-cartilage, dys- defective, trophia – nutrition), is established in many breeds of dogs consciously to attain definite breed characteristics (for example Bulldog, Boxer, Dachshund, Pekingese, West Highland White Terrier, Sealyham Terrier, Welsh Corgi) 138.5 Avulsion of the tibial tuberosity (*) with subsequent dislocation due to traction of m quadriceps femoris 138.5 Longitudinal growth of bones takes place in the (EPIPHYSEAL) GROWTH PLATE Genetic, traumatic and alimentary factors (see 14.7 and 16.6) can cause interruptions of longitudinal growth Epi- and apophysiolysis caused by trauma occur particularly in young dogs, if the growth plate, still cartilaginous and weaker, is not capable of sustaining stress Quick response and fixation of the ends of the fracture Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 are aimed at maintaining the ability of the growth plate to grow Within certain limits decreased longitudinal growth in the epiphyseal plate of one limb bone can be compensated for by an intensified longitudinal growth of other bones Closure of the growth plate is well demonstrated radiographically and is referred to for estimation of age In the dog almost all growth plates are closed at the end of the first year 138.6 LONGITUDINAL GROWTH ceases with the beginning of puberty under the influence of sex hormones With castration before puberty longitudinal growth continues for a longer time, early castration producing a more than average body size (large eunuchoid growth) Longitudinal growth is promoted by thyroid and growth hormones A congenital deficiency of growth hormone as a consequence of hypofunction of the adenohypophysis, is present as a recessive genetic defect in German Shepherd dogs and leads to hypophyseal dwarfism An increased production of growth hormone causes gigantism The extreme growth of very large breeds depends on the temporary oversupply of growth hormone in the prepubertal period 16:21 Uhr Seite 207 138.7 GROWTH IN THICKNESS of bones proceeds from peri- and endosteum Adenomas of the adenohypophysis connected to a hypersecretion of growth hormone in adult animals causes an excessive growth in bone thickness especially to limb extremities (acromegaly) and skull There is also folding of the skin of the face In mild form this aspect of the condition is desired as the typical breed characteristic in Newfoundland and Saint Bernard dogs Tumors in the thoracic cavity can cause overdevelopment of periosteal bone in the limb bones This leads to a massive increase in thickness of all long bones (acropachy, osteopulmonary syndrome) which is visible externally The repair of bone fractures by secondary intention or healing begins from periosteum, perivascular connective tissue of blood vessels associated with bone, and from the endosteal covering of the medullary cavity which stabilizes the fracture initially through formation of a callus Leading to callus formation connective tissue cells differentiate into osteoblasts A primary callus is formed from cancellous bone if, by secondary healing of the fracture, an extensive fixation of the fragments is attained through osteoblastic activity If the fracture ends are fixed insufficiently and succumb to traction and pressure fluctuations, connective tissue followed by cartilaginous replacement tissue develops before a secondary callus can arise from cancellous bone Bone fracture repair is concluded when the callus is replaced by lamellar bone tissue After healing and with remodeling of the bone thickness at the site of callus formation, the fracture is barely recognizable 138.8 Bone REGENERATION is promoted due to surgical union of previous repositioned bone fragments Osteosynthesis is undertaken using different techniques such as pinning or the use of surgical screws Healing time is thus shortened Regeneration growth is by primary healing if, after exact repositioning, the stable fracture ends are fixed together, one on the other, without any movement In the ideal case regeneration takes place along the fissure free fracture line according to the principle of physiological bone reconstruction In this instance one arrives at a situation involving either no or nonessential development of osseous replacement tissue (callus) 140.1 The continually occurring RECONSTRUCTION OF BONE makes possible permanent adjustment to its functional load of which the expression is the trajectorial system of bone With degenerative processes predominating local atrophy occurs which can be initiated through continuous pressure A general atrophy of one or more bones can be an expression of a defective functional load For example this appears after prolonged lameness with complete loss of capacity of an affected limb 138.6 Objective assessment of longitudinal growth due to labeling of the diaphysis of a puppy (left), and after conclusion of longitudinal growth (right) The proximal humerus growth plate cartilage possesses a distinctly greater growth potential (Radiograph: Professor Dr E Henschel, Berlin) Physiological bone reconstruction is effected also with autologous bone chip implants to compensate for bone damage after bone fractures Above all, the implant serves as stabilization and disintegrates gradually but its surviving blood vessels prepare a connection to the surrounding implantation bed and cause a proliferation of osteoblasts 140.2 Muscle attachments are anchored in the PERIOSTEUM They occupy a large surface because the tendon fiber bundles spread out at the site, (periosteal-diaphyseal attachment type) With excessive muscle contraction bone fragments can be torn away to give what is termed an avulsion fracture With continuous local mechanical insult, periosteum reacts by developing cartilage or bone tissue In this way bony protrusions known as exostoses originate 140.3 ENDOSTEUM which lies at the boundary of the medullary cavity and in places covers the medullary cells, is essentially thinner than periosteum During bone growth, osteon disintegration due to osteoclasts proceeds from the endosteum Hence the thickening of compact substance induced by the periosteum is kept within limits and the medullary cavity is enlarged continuously (Principle: external construction, internal destruction) 140.4 BLOOD VESSELS of the long bones belong to different systems of supply which anastomose with one another and guarantee an intense blood supply Hence the anastomoses and their collateral blood vessels provide for the maintenance of the blood supply after multiple bone fractures, therapeutic osteosynthesis and ligation of individual blood vessels The supply systems are described consecutively according to size I The largest of the blood vessels are the nutrient vessels which, in the midsection of the diaphysis, penetrate through the nutrient foramen (foramina) and the connecting nutrient canal into the medullary cavity Ultimately they ramify in the sinusoids of the bone marrow and supply the compact substance from the internal to the external side The capillaries course along continuing central canals (Haversian canals) in the osteons and supply the bone tissue Cross communications between the osteons, the perforating canals (of Volkmann) are drained via particular venules to periosteal veins 138.8 Maintenance of a fracture of the tibia with a surgical plate II The metaphyseal artery and vein begin adjacent to the epiphyseal line in the metaphyseal section of the diaphysis 207 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 140.4 Radiograph of a circumscribed area (arrows) in the shaft of the humerus with eosinophilic panostitis III The epiphyseal artery and vein supply the extremity of the bone with its covering of articular cartilage (In the femur the blood vessels reach the femoral epiphysis from the pelvis through the round ligament of the head of the femur) Before the end of longitudinal growth the epiphyseal vessels are separated from the meta- and diaphyseal vessels due to the cartilage of the growth plate After epiphyseal closure – according to prevailing opinion-anastomoses form IV The thin periosteal vessels which also course from the joint capsule along the bone approach it everywhere but supply solely the superficial sections of the compact stratum The branches infiltrate the periphery of the compact stratum whereas the above named large vessels belong to a centrifugal supply system Growth derangement of bone can cause a narrowing of the interosseous blood vessels causing an interrupted venous outflow This produces edema in the medullary cavity which leads to an increase in interosseous pressure and compression of further blood vessels The affected long bones are susceptible to pressure and show characteristic shadowing with radiography This so called eosinophilic panostitis appears in large growing breeds and German Shepherd dogs from to (18) months of age 140.5 As an additional BONE SHAPE the international nomenclature commission of 1983 introduced the term irregular bone (os irregulare) According to the new classification a vertebra belongs to this category and is no longer regarded as a short bone As a basis for this, it is a question of the mode of ossification which takes place in short bones through endochondral ossification and in long bones and vertebrae through endochondral and perichondral ossification 140.6 SESAMOID BONES function as ‘pressure – slide’ bodies generally associated with tendons directed over the external side of a joint 140.7 Cartilage in contrast to bone is highly resilient to pressure, so that articulation extremities are coated with cartilage Cartilage tissue is not or only poorly infiltrated with blood vessels and consequently is provided with its nutrition through diffusion from the surroundings The poor vascularity delays the continuity of wound healing and promotes autoimmune processes 140.6 Sesamoid bones of the knee joint 208 Patella; and Sesamoid bones of the m.gastrocnemius; Sesamoid bone of the m.popliteus (microfocus radiograph: Professor Dr C Poulsen Nautrup, Munich) 16:21 Uhr Seite 208 142.1 Formation of a pseudoarthrosis after unsatisfactory stabilization of a fracture of the tibia 142.1 A PSEUDOARTHROSIS (“FALSE JOINT”) arises due to absence of fracture repair on account of instability or defective repositioning of fracture extremities These unite by connective tissue or cartilage There remain an unphysiological mobility and instability of the joint A NEARTHROSIS results if after luxation, tissue similar to articular cartilage and joint capsule develop at the site of deformity (for example development of a new acetabulum) Formation of a new joint is desirable after a resection of the head of the femur (see 76.1) and makes satisfactory function of the pelvic limb possible 142.2 The JOINT CAPSULE is situated in folds particularly on the flexion aspect of a joint and these disappear with joint extension Joints with great freedom of movement have wide joint capsules In contrast, tight joints with scarcely any or no freedom of movement exhibit very tight appressed joint capsules Joint instability leads to an increased load on the joint capsule, with thickening of the fibrous stratum Inflammatory stimuli cause synovitis which, in chronic cases, leads to thickening and villous formation of the synovial layer 142.3 LIGAMENTS are overstretched with strains and can be torn with luxations causing degenerative alterations of the joint (arthroses) By far the most frequently affected is the cranial cruciate ligament in the dog which ruptures (see 86.2) 142.4 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE serves as a sliding cushion, elastically compressible and capable of being deformed reversibly It has a high water content which decreases with age On the smooth surface of hyaline cartilage, perichondrium is lacking, and therefore capacity for regeneration is limited Joints are never completely congruent with light loads Not until joint cartilage is deformed under a load is congruency improved and the load distributed over a larger surface Due to movement the regular deformation of avascular articular cartilage promotes liquid currents in the cartilage therefore essentially improving supply of nutrients In the case of an (osteo) chondrosis dissecans (OCD) the articular cartilage is distinctly thickened in places and is not nourished adequately in its deeper parts which exhibit necrosis The section which is altered pathologically is not capable of bearing a load statically and the superimposed intact cartilage loses its base and can break or cave in OCD occurs in dogs particularly in the shoulder joint but also in the elbow, knee and tarsal joints 142.4 CTOAM: Color labeling of the subchondral bone thickness in the trochlear notch of the ulna and on the head of the radius Red = high bone thickness Blue = slight bone thickness (Photograph: Dr J Maierl, Munich) Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 Body load is taken up by articular cartilage and transmitted onto the subchondral compact bone plate of which the thickness is connected to the functional load The exact thickness of the subchondral bone plate can be ascertained by computer tomographic osteoabsorptiometry (CTOAM) Symbolized in color the thickness is projected upon the joint surface which is reconstructed three dimensionally from the CT database Absence and excess of load on a joint caused local increase of thickness (hardening) of the subchondral bone plate 142.5 BURSAE react to chronic pressure stress with increased formation of synovia (hygroma see 26.5) 142.6 INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS see 10.3 144.1 According to differences in muscle COLOR, one can deduce its function ‘White’ essentially anerobic muscle consists of ‘white’ fiber type which is larger than red White type fibers can contract faster than the red type but also fatigue quicker The former are associated with posture, the latter with movement The red aerobic muscles of movement have a high content of myoglobin in their predominantly red (smaller) muscle fibers and are better supplied with blood than their white counterpart Not only contraction but also rate of fatigue are slower than with white muscle 144.2 MYOGENESIS begins in large part from the myotome of the primitive vertebra (see Embryology) From here the primary myoblasts differentiate in directions The numerically predominant (primary) myoblast type develops with cells of the same kind into a long orderly series to form a ‘myotubus’ It includes cell nuclei arranged centrally but there is no lumen; therefore the nomenclature myotubus or muscle tube is misleading Within the myotubes the plasmalemmata disappear between the secondary myoblasts to produce a very long cell, a syncitium, which is characterized by numerous nuclei located in the periphery The smaller portion of (primary) myoblasts differentiates into a few satellite cells lying between the muscle cells and the outer ensuing basal lamina With muscle regeneration the significance of the satellite cells becomes clear In so far as the basal lamina remains intact with muscle cell injury, cell debris is removed by macrophages The dormant satellite cells divide by mitosis and bridge over the defect With further differentiation of these bridging sections proceeding from satellite cells, due to synthesis of myofilaments, discontinuity between defective ends of muscle cells is gradually closed Hence continuity is established once again With greater defects such as tears in the muscle fiber bundles healing occurs with the production of scar tissue 144.3 The stimulus for transmission at the MOTOR END PLATES takes place due to acetylcholine Due to formation of antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, neuromuscular excitability is interrupted This disease, myasthenia gravis, is either congenital or acquired (see 40.5) and is characterized by rapid muscle fatigue Very often the striated muscle of the esophagus is so affected due to which it dilates (megaesophagus) 16:21 Uhr Seite 209 most frequently affected muscles are m.gracilis and m triceps brachii 144.6 The INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MUSCLE can be established in vivo using ultasonography With this one can also diagnose hematomas, abcesses or fibroses 146.1 TENDONS change their course of direction at joints In general an osseous groove or a retinaculum serve as a ‘steerage pulley’ Fibrocartilage is imbedded in the normal tendon with its parallel fibers to remove pressure and shearing forces These so called regions of tendon slide have a lower tensile strength than those tendon sections with purely parallel fibers associated with movements Therefore, tendon rupture takes place, almost exclusively in the sections of tendon slide, for example in the tendon of origin of m biceps brachii (see 18.2) 146.2 OSTEOFIBROTIC SITES develop completely enclosed compartments which cannot expand with contained structures Therefore extensive bleeding after a fracture, or swelling of muscles after intense stress, lead to a considerable increase in pressure, known as compartment syndrome Sequelae therefore are reduced vascularity and derangement of neuromuscular function with attacks of pain which can cause massive ischemic injury of affected musculature without punctual treatment (see 20.3, 22.1, 82.3) 146.3 INNERVATION tromyography OF SKELETAL MUSCLE can be checked using elec- 148.1 NEUROGLIA envelop nerve cell bodies and processes and separate these from blood vessels with enclosing connective tissue Peripheral neuroglia (Schwann cells and satellite or capsule cells) are differentiated from central glial cells (ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microgliocytes) Glial cells develop a supporting framework or stroma and are significant for the nutrition of nervous tissue They maintain an optimal perineural milieu by eliminating neurotransmitter substances in the central nervous system and protect nerves by synthesizing the myelin sheath (importance for nerve regeneration see 148.3) Benign or malignant tumors (glioma) originate from glial cells In common with myelinated and unmyelinated fibers the neuroglia, which constantly narrow the intercellular gaps, form the neuropil In the gray substance of the central nervous system this separates the nerve cell bodies from one another 148.2 MYELIN FORMATION begins prenatally and continues postnatally (maturity of myelin), important functional units developing faster than those less important As it were, the lamellated myelin sheath encloses the axon as an insulator In cooperation with the nodes of Ranvier, this brings about a saltatory excitation transmitter The impulse jumps from one node to another due to which the speed of conduction is essentially increased compared to that of the unmyelinated fiber As a rule of thumb it is approximately true that the thicker the axon or dendrite, the thicker the myelin sheath, and the longer the internode the faster the conduction of the impulse Oligodendrocyte Neurolemmocyte Axon A A A A A A A 144.3 Contrast radiography of a severe dilated esophagus (megaesophagus) 144.4 The CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE is initiated due to the stimulus of stretching and spontaneous discharge at the neuromuscular junction (for example in lymphatic vessels and in the intestinal wall) 144.5 MUSCLE TEARS occur by abrupt traction of a contracted muscle or by additional over extension in an already extreme position of extension for example after a jump or fall from a greater height The Nonmyelinated nerve fiber Myelinated nerve fiber 148.2 Schema of formation of the myelin sheath 209 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 148.3 NERVE REGENERATION (restoration of neuroconductivity) begins after transection or after a lesion at the proximal and above all at the distal nerve stump involving degeneration Only a few internodes degenerate proximally, as in most cases the nerve cell bodies remain intact The axons of the distal nerve stump degenerate to the end formations Regeneration occurs proximally with budding or sprouting of the cells of Schwann which with the likewise budding of the cells of Schwann of the distal nerve stump develop a continuum bridging over the defect The band shaped series of Schwann cells act as conductivity ‘splints’ for the axons budding out of the proximal stump which regenerate as far as the effector organ Regeneration progresses very slowly at about mm per day The prerequisite for nerve regeneration is among others, a relatively short distance between the proximal and distal nerve stumps Regeneration is promoted by approximating and suturing the nerve stumps (On the other hand, with a neurectomy to block pain, a sufficiently long piece of nerve is ablated to prevent the stumps growing together – a disputed method of treatment of sports horses less frequently used nowadays) 16:21 Uhr Seite 210 150.2 THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS see 14.6 and 150.3 ADRENAL GLANDS see 70.3 150.4 RENIN is released by a fall in blood pressure of the kidney It converts angiotensinogen of the blood plasma into angiotensin I In different organs, for example the lung this is then transformed to angiotensin II which stimulates the cells of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex to synthesize aldosterone This mineralocorticoid produces an increase in the intravascular fluid volume through a resorption of sodium and water With this there is a rise in blood pressure due to which renin synthesis is retarded again 150.5 An insufficient outpouring of INSULIN leads to hyperglycemia and the secretion of glucose in the urine whereby the condition derives its name diabetes mellitus 148.4 ENDO-, PERI-, EPINEURIUM protect the nerves from excess tension and paraneurium anchors the nerves to their surroundings 148.5 NODES OF RANVIER are situated at breaks in the myelin sheath where the axon (dendrite) is slightly thickened Between nodes is the internode Because of a lack of myelin, local anesthetic has its initial effect at the nodes of Ranvier and extends from there 150.1 HORMONE SYNTHESIS IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS – HYPOPHYSIS – SYSTEM Peripheral endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads) act by a ‘feed back’ mechanism on the hypothalamus – hypophysis system An example of negative feed back is as follows: A stress situation causes the release of ACTH – RH in the hypothalamus and an increase of ACTH incretion in the adenohypophysis This is followed by an increased output of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex Finally through negative feed back on the hypothalamus this in turn causes a reduction in the release of ACTH – RH, ACTH and glucocorticoids With a positive feed back due to a high rate of hormone synthesis of peripheral glands (for example estrogen in the interstitial cells and follicular epithelial cells) the release of hypothalamus – hypophysis hormones (for example LH – RH and LH) is still increased to ovulation term (see also 110.10, 138.6 and 7) HypothaLamus Posterior Pituitary – EffectorHormone Target Organ Or Cell Main Function Oxytocin Neurosecretory Myoepithelium For example – Vasopressin = transport to the Smooth muscu- labor pains, milk Adiuretin posterior pituitary lature, Kidney, flow, water Blood Vessels resorption in the kidney, increased blood pressure 152.1 Outward action of the arterial pulse on venous return 152.1 On the basis of numerous morphological and structural characteristics VEINS are clearly defined from arteries Generally they have a wider lumen and are more numerous Several collateral veins can accompany one artery in a common blood vessel – nerve – pathway The wide lumened venous system of individual organs such as liver, lung, spleen and skin, functions in blood storage Considerable quantities of blood can be withdrawn temporarily from the blood stream and thus cardiac requirements are reduced by an economic maintenance of function Venous blood return is promoted in several ways: Due to the sucking action of the heart, blood is sucked from the orifices of both venae cavae and from the right atrium due to displacement of valve levels With body movements sections of the body such as parts of joints and digital pads are compressed repeatedly Pressure is exercised on the associated veins and blood flow is directed towards the heart due to the venous valves Due to muscle contraction blood flow is also ‘propelled onwards’ This is true particularly for such veins which lie within muscle fascia The pulse wave can be transmitted with rhythmic pressure vibrations to the closely adjacent accompanying veins Anterior Pituitary – Effector-Hormone RH and RIH Somatotrophic Hormone (STH) RH and RIH Prolactin Growing cell Body growth association Mammary gland Milk secretion Anterior Pituitary – Regulating-Hormone RH Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Gonadotrophin: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) RH Luteinizing hormone (LH = female ICSH = male) RH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) RH and RIH Melatrophin of pars intermedia Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Thyroid Gland Metabolism Sertoli and follicular epithelial cells Ovarian and testicular interstitial cells Corpus luteum Adrenal cortex Testicular and follicular maturation Androgen, Estrogen and Progesterone synthesis Steroid hormone synthesis Pigment cells Pigmentation RIH = Release Inhibiting Hormone; RH=Releasing Hormone ICSH = Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone 210 154.1 Lymphography of the caudal regions of a puppy Popliteal lymph nodes; Medial iliac lymph node; Cisterna chyli; Thoracic duct (Radiograph: Professor Dr Berens von Rautenfeld, Hanover) With respiratory rhythm and changing negative pressure in the pleural cavity blood is sucked towards the heart (With injury to the veins near the heart, air can be aspirated because of negative pressure with the resultant danger of emboli) 154.1 ‘OPEN JUNCTIONS’ are the morphological basis for direct and indirect lymphography (radiography of the lymphatic system) With Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 indirect lymphography, initially a colored dye (patent blue violet) is injected into the interstitial tissue The particles of dye (diameter approximately 0.1 µm) reach the lymph capillaries via the open junctions labeling these and the proximally ensuing lymph vessels and lymph nodes Due to this labeling the lymphatic vessels, formerly insignificant, can be identified easier and punctured to inject contrast medium With direct lymphography a suitable contrast medium is injected into the lymphatic vessel Radiographically then, one can recognize lymphatic channels and perhaps pathological interruptions to lymph flow (for example with lymph node changes and with obliterating lymphangiopathy following degenerative dystrophic endothelial changes) 154.2 LYMPH NODES are of medical significance since they are affected by inflammation in their areas of drainage Consequently such areas should be known Inflamed lymph nodes are enlarged, painful, and radiate increased heat Regarding clinical diagnoses such lymph nodes are easier to palpate; normally only superficial lymph nodes are more or less distinct With lymph flow, floating malignant tumor cells are deposited in lymph nodes and can be a starting point for daughter tumors (metastases) 154.3 LYMPHOCYTES, according to size, are classified as small, average and large cells From the functional viewpoint one differentiates B- and 16:21 Uhr Seite 211 T-lymphocytes which of course are differentiated morphologically and by special methods B-lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, are imprinted in the cloacal bursa or equivalent organs and discharge into the bloodstream and lymph nodes B stands for bursa cloacae of birds The bursal equivalent in mammals is not known or defined exactly According to many authors bone marrow is in this category, hence, in an incorrect sense B could be employed for bone marrow B-lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity This is based on the ability of B-lymphocytes, which transform themselves into plasma cells, to produce immunoglobulins (antibodies) The T-lymphocytes originate in bone marrow, differentiate in the thymus (T stands for thymus) and after that are discharged into the thymic dependent areas of lymph node (paracortex) and the spleen From the functional viewpoint one can differentiate helper, killer, suppressor and memory cells The short lived killer cells are responsible for cellular immunity They kill cells (for example bacteria or transplanted cells – transplant rejection) and perish spontaneously (suppuration, pus formation) Helper cells regulate the transformation of B-lymphocytes to plasma cells and with it control humoral immunity Suppressor cells inhibit killer and helper cells and due to this retard excessive immune reactions The long living memory cells (more than a year) allow the defence system, by repeated confrontation with a specific antigen, to react quickly with a secondary immune response 211 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 19.07.2007 16:21 Uhr Seite 212 Index 3D-models 177 212 A Abdomen 50 Abdominal aorta 60 Abdominal cavity 50 Abdominal muscles 34, 185 Abdominal organs 50 Abdominal ostium of the uterine tube 66 Abdominal tendon 34 Abdominal wall 28 Absorption 166 Accessory carpal bone 16 Accessory glands 158 Accessory pancreatic duct 54 Acessory lobar bronchus 38 Acetabulum 74 Acinar glands 158 Acoustic impendance 166 Acromion 16, 183 Adenohypophysis 152, 203 Adipose capsule 62 Adrenal cortex 152 Adrenal glands 70, 152, 194, 210 Adrenal medulla 152 Adrenal plexus 60 Adventitia 154 Afferent fibers 150 Afferent lymphatic vessels 156 Afferent neurons 108, 150 Ala nasi 98 Alar canal 88 Alar fold 100 Alar ligament 10 Alar notch Alar spine 74 Alveolar canals 88 Alveolar glands 158 Alveolar juga 88 Alveolar margin 90 Alveolar process 90 Ammon´s horn 114 Ammonic horn 203 Amphiarthrosis 144 Ampulla of the ductus deferens 68 of the uterine tube 66 Ampullary crests 120 Amygdaloid body 112 Anal sacs 190 Anatomic diameter 146 Anconeal process 16, 183 Anesthesia of the eye 198 Angle of the mandible 90 Angular process 90 Angulation of the join 122 Antebrachial fascia 184 Antebrachial muscles 22 Antebrachium 16 Anterior chamber of the eye 118 Anular cartilage 102, 120 Anuli fibrosi 46 Anulus osseous perichondralis 140 Aorta 185 Aortic arch 40 Aortic plexus 60 Aortic valve 44, 188 Apex of the nose 98 Apex pulmonis 38 Apical foramen 104 Apical ligament of the dens 10 Apocrine glands 158 Aponeuroses 148 Apophyses 140 Arachnoidea 108, 110 Arbor vitae 110 Archipallium 112 Arcuate line 74 Arcus veli palatini 100 Artery (ies), Arteria (ae), Vessels arcuate 62 axillary 24 basilar 114 bicipital 24 brachial 24 broncho-esophageal 40 caudal auricular 102 caudal circumflex humeral 24 caudal deep temporal 102 caudal epigastric 70 caudal gluteal 70, 84 caudal mesenteric 56, 60 caudal pancreaticoduodenal 56 caudal rectal 72 caudal superficial epigastric 32, 36 caudal vesical 70 cecal 56 celiac 56, 60 collateral ulnar 24 common carotid 14, 102 common interosseous 24 coronariae 46 cranial abdominal 60 cranial circumflex humeral 24 cranial epigastric 40 cranial gluteal 70, 84 cranial laryngeal 102 cranial mesenteric 56, 60 cranial pancreaticoduodenal 56 cranial rectal 56 cranial superficial epigastric 40 cranial tibial 84 deep brachial 24 deep circumflex iliac 60 deep femoral 70, 84 descending genual 84 distal caudal femoral 84 dorsal pedal 84 dorsal perineal 70, 72 ductus deferens 68 external carotid 102 external iliac 60, 70, 84 external ophthalmic 102 external pudendal 32, 36, 70 external thoracic 24 facial 92, 102 femoral 84 gastricae breves 56 gastroduodenal 56 greater palatine 102 hepatic 56, 58 ileal 56 ileocolic 56 iliolumbar 70 inferior alveolar 102 infraorbital 102 intercostal 40 interlobar 62 internal carotid 102, 114 internal iliac 60, 70 internal pudendal 70, 72 internal thoracic 32, 40 jejunal 56 lateral circumflex femoral 84 lateral coccygeal 70 lateral plantar 84 lateral thoracic 24, 32 left colic 56 left common carotid 40 left gastric 56 left gastroepiploic 56 left subclavian 40 lesser palatine 102 lienalis 56 lingual 102 maxillary 102 medial plantar 84 median 24 median sacral 70 middle caudal femoral 84 middle colic 56 middle rectal 70 occipital 102 of the brain 203 of the clitoris 72 of the penis 72 ovarian 60, 66, 70 popliteal 84 prostatic 70 proximal caudal femoral 84 radial 24 renal 60, 62 right colic 56 right common carotid 40 right gastric 56 right gastroepiploic 56 right subclavian 40 rostral auricular 102 rostral deep temporal 102 rostral hypophysial 152 saphenous 80, 84 short gastric 56 sphenopalatine 102 splenic 56 sublingual 102 subscapular 24 superficial bachial 24 superficial cervical 40 superficial circumflex iliac 84 superficial epigastric 32 superficial temporal 102 testicular 68 thoracodorsal 24 transverse cubital 24 ulnar 24 uterine 66, 70 vaginal 70 ventral spinal 108 ventral labial 32 ventral perineal 72 ventral scrotal 32 vertebral 40, 114 Arterial rete mirabile 154 Arterioles 154 Arteriovenous anastomoses 4, 154 Arthrology 144 Articular surface 8, 16, 76, 88 Articular capsule 144 Articular cartilage 142, 144, 208 Articular cavity 144 Articular circumference 16 Articular disc 144 Articular facets Articular menisci 144 Articular processes, joints of the 10 Articulations 10 Atresia of the anus, rectum and both 190 Arytenoid cartilage 100 Atlanto-axial joint 10 Atlantoaxial membrane 10 Atlanto-occipital joint 10 Atlanto-occipital membrane 10 Atlas Atrioventricular bundle 46 Atrioventricular node 46 Atrioventricular ostium 44 Atrioventricular valves 46 Auditory ossicles 120 pathway 114 tube 100, 120, 200 Auricle 120 Auricular cartilage 102 Auricular concha 205 Auricular muscles 94, 120, 131 Auricular surface 8, 74 Auris 120 Autonomic ganglia 150 Autonomic nervous system 48, 60, 102, 150, 188 Auxillary structures of muscles 148 Axis Axon 150 B Ball-and-socket joint 144 Bands, connective tissue Basal cells 122 Basal fold 100 Basal layer Basal nuclei 112, 203 Basihyoid 88 Basilar sinus 116 Basis pulmonalis 38 Basis stapedis 120 Basisphenoid bone 88 Biaxial joint 144 Bicipitoradial bursa 26 Bicuspid valve 44, 46, 187 Bifurcation of the trachea 38 Bipennate muscle 146 Bladder, round ligament 70 Blind part of the retina 118 Blind spot 118 Blocking arteries 154 Blood capillaries 158 Blood sinus Blood supply Blood vessels 32, 40, 148, 154, 207 Body of the femur 76 of the humerus 16 of the mandible 90 of the radius 16 of the tibia 76 of the ulna 16 Body regions Body wall 32 Bone forming cells 140 Bone marrow 142 Bone shape 208 Bone tissue 142 Bones of the crus 76 Bones of the digit 16 Bony pelvis girdle 74 Brachial plexus 183 Brachiocephalic trunk 40 Brain 110 Brain stem 112, 203 Bronchi 38, 185 Bulb of the eye 118 Bulb of the glans 68 Bulb of the penis 68 Bulbus oculi 118 Bulla tympanica 88 Bursae 208 C Calcaneal cap 82, 196 Calcaneus 76 Cambium 142 Canal of the n trigeminal 90 Canal of the transverse sinus 90 Canales perforantes 142 Canaliculus of the chorda tympani 88, 90 Canine tooth 104, 201 Capillaries 154 Capillary rete 152 Cardiac conduction system 46 Cardiac heart musculature 146 Cardiac nerves 46, 48 Cardiac skeleton 46 Cardiac veins 46 Cardiovascular system 154 Carnassial teeth 202 Carotid crest 88 Carotid sinus 102 Carpal bones 16 Carpal joint 26, 184 Cartilage 208 Cartilage of the acustic meatus 120 Cartilage tissue 142 Cartilaginous joints 144 Cartilaginous matrix 140 Cartilaginous part 120 Caruncula sublingualis 104 Cataract of the lens 205 Categorizing structures on the sonograph 167 Cauda equina 108 Caudal abdominal region 50 Caudal alar foramen 88 Caudal carotid foramen 88 Caudal cerebellar peduncle 114 Caudal colliculus 110, 114 Caudal constrictors of the pharynx 102 Caudal crural (leg) muscles 82 Caudal crus 120 Caudal dorsal iliac spine 74 Caudal fossa of the cranium 90 Caudal gluteal line 74 Caudal gubernaculum 64 Caudal leg (crural) muscles 130 Caudal lobar bronchus 38 Caudal omental recess 52 Caudal palatine foramen 88 Caudal pharyngeal constrictors 133 Caudal thigh “hamstring” muscles 129 Caudal vena cava 60 Caudal ventral iliac spine 74 Caudal vertebral column 181 Caudate nucleus 112, 114 Caudomedial muscles of the forearm 22, 125 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd Caudoventral (basal) border 38 Cavernous body of the glans 68 Cavernous sinuses 116 Cavity of the larynx 100 Cavum oris 158 Cavum thoracis 42 Cecocolic ostium 56 Cecum 56 Celiac ganglion 108 Celiacomesenteric plexus 150 Cementum 104 Central canal 108, 116, 142 Central nervous system 108, 150 Central tarsal bone 76 Central tendon 148 Cephalic and spinal meninges 203 Ceratohyoid 88 Cerebellar cortex 110 Cerebellar fossa 90 Cerebellomedullary cistern 108, 110, 203 Cerebellum 110, 203 Cerebral arterial circle 114 Cerebral cortex 112 Cerebral gyri 112 Cerebral hemispheres 110, 112 Cerebral meninges 110 Cerebral peduncle 110 Cerebral sinuses 204 Cerebral sulci 112 Cerebral veins 116 Cerebral ventricles 116 Cerebrospinal fluid 116, 204 Cerebrum 112, 203 Ceruminous glands of the ear 180 Cervical canal 66 Cervical enlargement 108 Cervical reagion 12 Cervical visceral structures 14 Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion 48, 188 Cervix of the uterus 66, 193 Cervix vesicae 64 Cheek tooth 201 Chest region 12 Chiasmatic sulcus 90 Choanae 88 Chondral ossification 140 Chondroclastic activity 206 Chondroclasts 140 Chorda tympani 88 Chordae tendineae 44, 46 Choroid 118 Choroid plexuses 114, 116 Ciliary body 118 Ciliary ganglion 98 Ciliary processes 118 Cingulum membri pelvini 74 Circular folds 158 Circumanal glands 180, 190 Cisterna chyli 52 Claustrum 112 Clavicular intersection 14 Claw 6, 180 Clitoris 66, 193 Club-shaped corpuscles 122 Coccygeus and levator ani muscles 128 Cochlea 120 Cochlear joint 144 Coils of the small intestine 50 Collagen fibrils 146 Collagenous fibers 142 Collateral arteries 154 Colliculus seminalis 194 Colon 56, 190 Columnae uretericae 64 Columnar epithelium 158 Columnar pseudostratified epithelium 158 Commissural fibers of the fornix 112 Common bile duct 54 Common calcanean tendon 82, 196 Common dorsal mesentery 52 Common integument Common nasal meatus 100 Common papillary duct 62 Compact bone substance 142 Complex joint 144 Composite joint 144 Composition 144, 158 Computed Tomography 176 Concha auriculae 120 19.07.2007 Conduction pathways 114 Condylar canal 88 Condylar joint 144 Condylar process 90 Conical papillae 104 Conjugate diameter 74 Conjunctional valves 156 Connections of the bones 144 Connective tissue capsule 156 Connective tissue septa 68 Constriction of the trachea 182 Contraction of smooth muscles 209 Contrast media series 177 Conus arteriosus 44 Conus medullaris 108 Convoluted arteries 154 Coracoid process 16 Corium 4, 180 Cornea 118, 205 Corona ciliaris 118 Coronary arteries 46, 188 Coronary groove 44 Coronary vessels 46 Coronoid process 90 Corpora quadrigemina 110 Corpus callosum 110, 112 Corpus cavernosum penis 68 Corpus luteum 152 Corpus medullare 110 Corpus rigidum penis 68 Corpus spongiosum glandis 68 Corpus spongiosus penis 68 Corpus striatum 112 Corpus vesicae 64 Cortex of the ovary 66 Cortical areas 112 Cortical bone substance 142 Costae Costal pleura 42, 186 Costal surface 16 Costocervical trunk 40 Costochondral synchondrosis 10 Costodiaphragmatic recess 42, 186 Costomediastinal recess 42 Costotransverse joints 10 Costotransverse ligaments 10 Cranial Cranial abdominal region 50 Cranial border of the triangle 38 Cranial cavity 88, 90 Cranial dorsal iliac spine 74 Cranial gubernaculum 64 Cranial lobar bronchus 38 Cranial margin of the tibia 76 Cranial mesenteric ganglion 150 Cranial nerves 136, 150 Cranial nerves of the vagus group 102 Craniolateral and caudal tibial muscles 196 Craniolateral crural (leg) muscles 82 Craniolateral forearm muscles 22 Craniolateral leg (crural) muscles 130 Craniolateral muscles of the forearm 126 Cranium 88, 197 Crest of the greater tubercle 16 Crest of the lesser tubercle 16 Cricoarytenoid joint 106 Cricoid cartilage 100 Cricothyroid joint 106 Cricothyroid ligament 106 Cricotracheal ligament 106 Cross-section of the spinal cord 108 Cross-stration 146 Cross-striated skeletal musculature 146 Croup 84 Croup muscles 78, 129 Crown of the tooth 104 Crural interosseous space 76 Crus cerebri 110 Crus penis 68 Cubital joint 26 Cutaneous muscles 12, 148 Cutaneous nerves 12 Cutaneous pouch 120 Cystic duct 58 D Deep antebrachial vessels 24 Deep digital flexor tendon 82 Deep inguinal ring 36 Deep muscles of the hip joint 78, 129 16:21 Uhr Seite 213 Deep pectoral muscle 14 Deep sensibility 122 Deep trunk fascia 32 Deferent duct 68, 158, 194 Deltoid tuberosity 16 Dendrites 150 Dens lupinus 104 Dental alveoli 88 Dental enamel 202 Denticulate ligaments 108 Dentin 104 Dentition 104 Dermal lamellae Dermis Descending aorta 40, 42 Descending duodenum 50, 190 Descent of the testes 192 Dewclaws 195 Diaphragm 30, 127 Diaphragma sellae 110 Diaphragmatic herniae 184 Diaphragmatic pleura 42 Diaphysal ossification center 140 Diaphysis 140 Diastema 104 Diencephalon 110 Digestive apparatus 158 Digital bones 76 Digital endorgans Digital extensors 22 Dilator of the pharynx 102 Diploe 90 Discontinuous endothelium 154 Disc-shaped nerve endings 122 Distal infrapatellar bursa 86 Distal infrapatellar subtendinous bursa 144 Distal interphalangeal joints of the manus 26 Distal mesorchium 64 Distal phalanx 16, 76 Distal radioulnar joint 26 Distal sesamoid bones 16, 76 Distal tibiofibular joint 86 Dorsal arch Dorsal border of the triangle 38 Dorsal buccal branch 92 Dorsal caudal (Tail) organ 6, 180 Dorsal extrinsic muscles of the limbs 12 Dorsal funiculus 108 Dorsal horn 108 Dorsal intermediate sulcus 108 Dorsal lateral sulcus 108 Dorsal longitudinal ligament 10 Dorsal margin 16 Dorsal mesogastrium 50, 52 Dorsal muscles connecting the trunk 124 Dorsal nasal concha 90 Dorsal nasal meatus 100 Dorsal nerve of the penis 72 Dorsal root 108, 150 Dorsal sacral foramina Dorsal sagittal sinus 116 Dorsal sesamoid 16 Dorsal transverse diameter 74 Dorsal vagal trunk 42, 48, 108 Dorsal vertebral muscles 126 Dorsum dermale linguae 104 nasi 98 of the manus 24 of the pes 84 of the tongue 104 Ductus choledochus 54, 58 Ductus deferens 68 Duodenum 50, 54 Dura mater 108, 110, 202 E Ear 120 Eccrine glands 158 Echography 166 Ectomeninx 108, 110 Ectoturbinates 90 Efferent lymphatic vessels 156 Efferent nerve fibers 150 Efferent neurons 108, 150 Elastic arteries 154 Elastic auricular cartilage 120 Elastic cartilage 142 Elbow joint 26, 184 Ellipsoid joint 144 Enamel 104 Enarthrosis 144 Encephalitis 203 Encephalography 204 Encephalon 110 End arteries 154 Endocardium 44, 187 Endochondral ossification 206 Endocrine (modified) myocardial cells 46 Endocrine glands 158 Endocrine system 152 Endolymph 120 Endolymphatic duct 120 Endomeninx 108 Endomysium 146 Endoneurium 150, 209 Endosteum 142, 207 Endothelial cells 156 Endothoracic fascia 32, 42 Endoturbinates 90 Epicardium 42, 44, 187 Epidermis 4, 180 Epididymal sinus 64 Epididymis 68, 194 Epidural anesthesia 202 Epiglottic cartilage 100 Epihyoid 88 Epimysium 146 Epineurium 150, 209 Epiphyseal growth plate 206 Epiphysial ossification center 140 Epiphysis 110, 114, 140, 203 Epiphysis cerebri 152 Epiploic foramen 52 Epiplöon 52 Epithalamus 110 Epitympanicum 120 Eponychium Erectile body 68 Erection 194 Eruption 104 Esophageal impression 58 Esophagus 14, 42, 54, 182 Ethmoid bone 88, 90 Ethmoidal foramina 88 Ethmoidal fossae 90 Exocrine glands 158 Exspiratory muscles 30, 127, 184 Extensor groove 76 Extensor process 16, 76 Extensors of the carpal joint 22 External acoustic meatus 102, 120 External acoustic pore 88 External auditory canal 205 External auditory meatus 200 External carotid foramen 88 External circumferential lamellae 142 External ear 120 External fascia of the trunk 32, 36 External front crest 88 External genital organs 66, 68 External iliac fascia 36 External inguinal ring 34, 36 External jugular vein 182 External lamina 90 External muscles of mastication 94, 132 External nasal region 98 External nose 98 External occipital protuberance 88 External perimysium 146 External sagittal crest 88 External spermatic fascia 32, 36 External tunic 154 External urethral ostium 66, 68 External uterine ostium 66 Extrapyramidal system 114 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue 133 Eye 118 Eye muscles 98 F Face 88 Facial bones 90 Facial canal 90 Facial muscles 94 Facial paralysis 198 Facies aspera 76 Facies auricularis 74 Facies serrata 16 213 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd Falciform ligament 50, 52, 58 False joint 208 Falx cerebri 110 Fascia 146, 148 Fascia lata 32 Fascial and muscular suspensory apparatus 32 Fasciculus cuneatus 108, 114 Fasciculus gracilis 108, 114 Female genital organs 66 Femine urethra 66 Femoral bone 76 Femoral canal 36, 80 Femoral muscles 130 Femoral ring 36, 185 Femoral space 36, 80 Femoral trigone 36 Femoral trochlea 76 Fenestrated endothelial cells 154 Fiber-tracts 114 Fibrae reflexae 34 Fibrocartilaginous discs 144 Fibrous capsule 62 Fibrous joints 144 Fibrous layer 144, 148, 150 Fibrous pericardium 42 Fibrous rings 46 Fibrous tunic 118 Fibular articular surface 76 Field of the lung 185 Fila olfactoria 114 Filiform papillae 104 Filum terminale 108 Fixation fibers 156 Flat bones 142 Flexor retinaculum 82 Flexor tubercle 16, 76 Flexor tuberosity 16, 76 Fold of the deferent duct 64 Foliate papillae 104, 122 Foot 84 Foot plate 120 Foramen magnum 88 Foramen ovale 88 Foramen rotundum 88 Foramen venae cavae 30 Forearm muscles 22 Form of muscles 146, 148 Form of the joint 144 Form of the lungs 38 Form of the secretory end-pieces 158 Fornix 112 Fossa of the lacrimal sac 90 Fossa ovalis 44, 187 Fourth ventricle 116 Fovea capitis 76 Fractures of the olecranon 183 Frenulum 104 Frontal bone 88 Frontal lobe 112 Frontal process 90 Frontal sinuses 88 Fundus nasi 100 Fungiform papillae 104, 122 Funiculus nuchae 10 Funiculus spermaticus 64 214 G Galea calcanea 82 Gall bladder 50, 58, 191 Ganglia 48 Ganglia of the sympathetic nerve trunk 150 Ganglion caudal mesenteric 60 celiac 60 cranial cervical 102 cranial mesenteric 60 Gaster 54 Gastric mucous membrane 54, 189 Gastrointestinal endocrine cells 152 Gastrolienal ligament 52 Gastrosplenic ligament 52 Gastrotomy 190 Genital organs 62, 64, 68 Genu costae 30 Genual joint 86 Gingiva 104, 202 Ginglymus 144 Gland, Glands accessory genital 66 adrenal 62, 152 19.07.2007 apocrine sweat ceruminal circumanal cutaneous lacrimal 98 mammary 6, 32 mandibular 104 merocrine sweat monostomatic sublingual 104 odor of the eyelids of the wall of the paranal sinus parathyroid 152, 182 parotid 104 pineal 152 polystomatic sublingual 104 salivary 104 sebaceous sudoriferous superficial of the third eyelid 98, 198 sweat thyroid 152, 182 zygomatic 104 Glans penis 68 Glenoid cavity 16 Gliding joint 144 Globe of the eye 118 Globus pallidus 112 Glomerular arteriovenous anastomoses 154 Glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves 200 Glottis 100, 199 Gluteal fascia 78 Gluteal surface 74 Gluteal tuberosity 76 Goblet cells 158 Gomphoses 144 Gonadal ligaments 64 Gonads 152 Great auricular nerve 12 Greater ischiadic notch 74 Greater omentum 50, 52, 189 Greater palatine foramen 88 Greater trochanter 76 Greater tubercle 16 Grey communicating rami 48, 108, 150 Grey substance 108, 122, 150 Groove of the brachialis muscle 16 Growth plate 206 Gustatory bud 122 cells 122 organ 122 papillae 104, 122 pore 122 sense 122 H Hair Hamate process 16 Hammer 120 Hamstring muscles 78 Hamulus 90 Hard palate 199 Head of the femur 76, 195 of the humerus 16 of the malleus 120 of the radius 16 of the ulna 16 Heart 44 valves 46 vessels 46 Helicotrema 120 Hemal arch Hemilaminectomy 181 Hemivertebrae 180 Hepatic ducts 58 Hepatic portal circulation 154 Hepatoduodenal ligament 52 Hepatogastric ligament 52 Hepatorenal ligament 58 Hilus lienis 52 Hip joint 78, 86, 196 Hippocampus 112, 114 Hock joint 86 Holocrine glands 158 Horizontal lamina 90 Hormonal glands 158 Horn of the claws Horn, solear Horn, terminal 16:21 Uhr Seite 214 Hounsfield Unit 177 Humeral condyle 16 Humeral crest 16 Humeral joint 26 Humerus 16, 183 Hyaline cartilage 142 Hyoepiglottic ligament 106 Hyperdense 176 Hyoid apparatus 88, 106, 197 Hyoid bone 88, 106 Hyoid muscles 104 Hypodense 176 Hypoglossal canal 88 Hyponychium laterale Hyponychium terminale Hypophyseal fossa 90 Hypophysis 100, 152 Hypothalamic-hypophysial system 152 Hypothalamus 110, 152, 203 Hypotympanicum 120 I Ileal ostium 56 Ileocecal fold 54 Iliac bone 74 Iliac crest 74 Iliac fascia 36 Iliac lamina 36 Iliac surface 74 Iliopubic cartilage 34 Iliopubic eminence 34, 74 Ilium 74 Image formation and recording 160 Incisive bone 90 Incisive duct 122 Incisive papilla 100, 122 Incisor teeth 104 Incisors 201 Incus 120 Inferior palpebrae 118 Infraglenoid tubercle 16 Infraorbital foramen 90 Infraspinous fossa 16 Infundibulum 66 Inguinal canal 36 Inguinal hernia 185 Inguinal ligament 34, 36 Inguinal region 36 Inguinal space 36 Innervation of skeletal muscle 209 Insertion of the tendon on bone 146 Inspiratory muscles 30, 127, 184 Insulin 210 Inner urethral ostium 64 Interalveolar septa 88 Interatrial septum 44 Intercapital ligament 10 Intercavernous sinus 116 Intercellular apertures 154 Intercondylar eminence 76 Intercondylar fossa 76 Intercostal nerves 32 Intercrural cistern 110 Intercrural fossa 110 Interganglionic branches 48 Interior of the eye 118 Interlobar fissures 38 Intermandibular articulation 106 Intermandibular suture 106 Intermandibular symphysis 106, 202 Intermandibular synchondrosis 106 Intermediate olfactory tract 114 Intermediate sacral crest Intermediate sinuses 156 Intermediate zone 142 Internal acoustic pore 90 Internal carotid foramen 88 Internal circumferential lamellae 142 Internal ear 120 Internal fascia of the trunk 32, 36 Internal iliac fascia 36 Internal inguinal ring 36 Internal meninges 110 Internal muscles of mastication 96, 132 Internal perimysium 146 Internal smooth muscle of the eyeball 132 Internal spermatic fascia 32, 36 Internal structure of a muscle 209 Internal urethral ostium 68 Internal uterine ostium 66 Interparietal bone 88 Interspinous ligament 10 Interstitial lamellae 142 Interthalamic adhesion 110 Intertubercular groove 16 Interventricular foramen 116 Interventricular septum 44, 187 Intervertebral discs 144, 181, 208 Intervertebral foramen 8, 108 Intervertebral symphysis 10 Intestinal crypts 158 Intestinal lymph 189 Intestinal villi 158 Intralumenal macrophages 156 Intramural nervous system 150 Intrasinusal reticular fibers 156 Intrinsic muscles of the larynx 133 Intrinsic tongue muscles 201 Iridocorneal angle 118 Iris 118 Irregular bones 142 Ischiadic arch 74 Ischiadic bone 74 Ischiadic spine 74 Ischiadic table 74 Ischiadic tuber 74 Ischial musculature 195 Ischiorectal fossa 72 Ischium 74 Isthmus of the uterine tube 66 J Jejunum 50, 54 Joint, Joints capsule 208 fluid 144 ligaments 144 receptors 122 of the digits 86 of the head 106 of the manus 26 of the thoracic limb 26 Jugular foramen 88 Jugular process 88 Juxtaglomerular complex 152 K Kidneys 62, 152, 191 Knee joint 86, 197 L Labeling radiographs 166 Labia pudendi 66 Labyrinthitis 206 Lacrimal apparatus 98 Lacrimal bone 90 Lacrimal canal 90 Lacrimal gland 198 Lacrimal groove 90 Lactation period 32 Lactiferous ducts 32 Lactiferous sinus 32 Lamellar corpuscles 122 Lamina cribrosa 90 Lamina interna 90 Lamina muscularis mucosae 158 Lamina propria mucosae 158 Lamina tecti quadrigemina 110 Laminectomy 181 LANGERHANS islets 54 Laryngeal cartilages 100, 199 Laryngeal fibroelastic membrane 106 Laryngeal mucosa 100, 199 Laryngeal muscles 100, 133, 199 Laryngeal ventricle 100 Laryngopharynx 100 Larynx 100 Lateral coronoid process 16 Lateral epicondyle 16, 76 Lateral femoral condyle 76 Lateral frontal sinus 90 Lateral funiculus 108 Lateral geniculate body 110, 114 Lateral horn 108 Lateral ligament 10, 106 Lateral olfactory tract 114 Lateral recess 116 Lateral sacral crest Lateral shoulder and arm muscles 20,125 Lateral styloid process 16 Lateral supracondylar tuberosity 76 Lateral ventricles 114, 116, 199 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd Lateral vertebral foramen Layer thickness 176 Left atrium 44 Left cardiac notch 38 Left lung 38 Left ventricle 44 Leg 76 Lens 118 Lenticular bone 120 Lentiform nucleus 112 Leptomeninx 108, 110 Lesser ischiadic notch 74 Lesser omentum 50, 52 Lesser palatine foramina 88 Lesser trochanter 76 Lesser tubercle 16 Lien 52 Ligament, Ligamentum, Ligaments 10, 102 arteriosum 44, 186 inguinale ovarii 64 inguinale testis 64 latum uteri 64 of the gonads 64 of the larynx 106 of the tail of the epididymis 64 of the vertebral column 10 teres uteri 64 Limbic system 112 Limbus of the cornea 118 Limen pharyngoesophageum 100 Line of the triceps muscle 16 Linea alba 34, 185 Lines of pressure and tension 142 Lingual branch 102 Lingual muscles 104 Liver 50, 58, 191 Lobar bronchi 38 Long bones 142 Long crus 120 Long hyoid muscles 124 Long thoracic nerve 14 Lumbar aortic lymph nodes 68 Lumbar enlargement 108 Lumbar plexus 60, 191 Lumbar splanchnic nerves 60 Lumbar sympathetic trunk 60 Lumbosacral articulation 181 Lumbosacral space Lumbosacral trunk 70, 194 Lunate surface 74 Lung 38, 185 Lymph capillaries 156, 158 Lymph drainage 24, 54 Lymph nodes 52, 134, 156, 210 Lymph vascular system 156 Lymph vessels 32 Lymphangion 156 Lymphatic organs 156 Lymphatic system 4, 14, 156 Lymphnode, Lymphnodes, Lymphonodus (i) accessory axillary 18, 24 axillary 18, 24 caudal mesenteric 52 colic 52 cranial mediastinal 40 cranial sternal 40 gastric 52 hepatic 52 intercostal 40 jejunal 52 lienal 52 lumbar aortic 62, 68 mandibular 92, 134 medial iliac 62, 68, 194 medial retropharyngeal 14, 92 parotid 92, 134 portal 52 pulmonary 40 sacral 62 sacral iliac 68 splenic 52 sternal 186 superficial cervical 14, 24, 182 superficial inguinal 32, 68 superficial popliteal 84 superficial scrotal 68 tracheobronchial 40 Lymphocenter, Lymphocentrum 134 axillary 135 bronchial 134 19.07.2007 caudal mesenteric 135 celiac 135 cranial mesenteric 135 deep cervical 134 dorsal thoracic 134 iliosacral 135 lumbar 135 mediastinal 134 popliteal 135 retropharyngeal 134 superficial cervical 134 superficial inguinal 135 ventral thoracic 134 Lymphocytes 156, 210 Lymphoreticular tissue 156 Lyssa 104 M Macula sacculi 120 Macula utriculi 120 Major duodenal papilla 54 Male genital organs 68 Malleus 120 Mammae 32 Mammary branches 40 Mammary gland 184 Mammilary body 110, 114 Mandibula 90, 198 Mandibular foramen 90 Mandibular fossa 88 Mandibular muscles 94, 132 Manica flexoria 22 Manubrium 8, 120 Manus 24 Marginal papillae 104 Masculine urethra 68 Masseteric fossa 90 Mastoid process 88, 90 Maxilla 90, 198 Maxillary foramen 90 Maxillary recess 90 Mechanical papillae 104 Medial coronoid process 16 Medial epicondyle 16, 76 Medial femoral condyle 76 Medial frontal sinus 90 Medial geniculate body 110, 114 Medial iliac lymph nodes 68 Medial malleolus 76 Medial shoulder and arm muscles 18, 125 Medial styloid process 16 Medial supracondylar tuberosity 76 Medial thigh muscles 130 Medial tibial condyle 76 Medial trochlea 16 Medial veins of the thoracic limb 18 Median crista galli 90 Median ligament of the urinary bladder 52 Median sacral crest Mediastinum 42, 186 Mediastinum testis 68 Medulla 112 Medulla oblongata 110 Medullary body 110 Medullary cavitiy 142 Medullary chords 156 Medullary impression 90 Medullary roots 114 Medullary sinuses 156 Medullary spaces 142 MEISSNER’S tactile discs Membranous labyrinth 120 Membranous ossification 140 Meningeal coverings 110 Meninges 108 Mental foramina 90 Mental nerves 198 Mesencephalic aqueduct 110, 116 Mesencephalon 110 Mesenchymal cells 140 Mesentery 158 Mesepididymis 64 Mesocolon 52 Mesoductus deferens 64 Mesofuniculus 64 Mesogastrium 50 Mesometrium 64 Mesonychium Mesorectum 52 Mesosalpinx 64 16:21 Uhr Seite 215 Mesotendineum 148 Mesothelium 158 Mesotympanicum 120 Mesovarium 64 Metacarpal bones 16 Metacarpophalangeal joint 26 Metaphysis 140 Metatarsal bones 76 Metra 66 Microvilli 158 Midbrain 203 Middle ear 120, 206 Middle pharyngeal constrictor 133 Middle transverse diameter 74 Minor duodenal papilla 54 Minor trochanter 76 Mitral valve 187 Mixed glands 158 Modified cells of the tunica media 152 Modiolus 120 Molar teeth 104 Motor end plates 150, 209 Motor neurons 108 Motor pathways 114 Mucous glands 158 Mucous membrane of the intestine 158 of the genital tract 158 of the urinary bladder 192 of the urinary tract 158 Multiaxial joint 144 Multicellular glands 158 Multipennate muscle 146 Muscle and tendon spindles 206 Muscle tears 209 Muscle, Muscles, Musculus (i) abductor cruris caudalis 129 abductor pollicis longus 126 adductor brevis 130 adductor magnus 80, 130 anconeus 20, 125 arrector pili arytenoideus transversus 133 biceps brachii 18, 125, 183 biceps femoris 78, 129 biventer cervicis 28 brachialis 18 brachiocephalicus 14, 124 brachioradialis 22, 126 buccinator 94, 131 bulbospongiosus 72, 128 caninus 94, 131 cardiac sphincter 54 caudal crural abductor 78 caudal tibial 82 cervicoauricularis 131 cervicoauricularis superficialis 94 cervicoscutularis 94, 131 ciliaris 118, 132 cleidobrachial 14, 20 cleidocervicalis 12, 14, 124 cleidomastoid 14 coccygeus 72, 128 common digital extensor 22 complexus 28 constrictor vestibuli 66, 72, 128 constrictor vulvae 72, 128 coracobrachialis 18, 125 cranial preputial 32 cranial supramammary 32 cranial tibial 82 cremaster (externus) 36 cricoarytenoideus dorsalis 133 cricoarytenoideus lateralis 133 cricopharyngeus 102, 133 cricothyroideus 133 cutaneus faciei 94 cutaneus trunci 12 deep digital flexor 22, 82 deep gluteal 78 deltoid 14, 20, 124, 125 digastricus 94, 132, 148 dilatator pupillae 118, 132 extensor carpi radialis 22 extensor carpi ulnaris 22, 126 extensor digitalis brevis 82, 130 extensor digitalis communis 126 extensor digitalis lateralis 22, 82, 126, 130 extensor digitalis longus 82, 130, 196 extensor digiti I 22, 82, 126, 130 extensor ulnaris lateralis 22 external anal sphincter 56, 72 external obturator 78, 80 flexor carpi radialis 22, 125 flexor carpi ulnaris 22, 125, 184 flexor digitalis profundus 125, 130 flexor digitalis superficialis 22, 82, 125, 130 frontoscutularis 94, 131 gastrocnemic 82, 130 gemelli 78, 129 genioglossus 104, 133 geniohyoideus 104 gluteus medius 129 gluteus profundus 129 gluteus superficialis 78, 129 gracilis 80, 130, 196 great papillary 44 hyoglossus 104, 133 hyopharyngeus 102, 133 iliacus 60, 128 iliocostalis 28, 126 iliopsoas 36 infraspinatus 20, 125, 183 intercostales externi 30, 127 intercostales interni 30, 127 internal anal sphincter 56 internal obturator 78 interscutularis 94, 131 interspinales 10, 28, 126 intertransversarii 28, 126 ischiocavernosus 72, 128 lateral digital flexor 82 latissimus dorsi 12, 124 levator anguli oculi medialis 94, 131 levator ani 72, 128 levator labii superioris 94, 131 levator nasolabialis 94, 131 levator palpebrae superioris 98, 132 levator veli palatini 102, 133 levatores costarum 30, 127 lingualis proprius 104, 133 long abductor of digit I 22 longissimus 28, 126 longus capitis 28, 127 longus colli 28, 127, 184 malaris 94, 131 mandibuloauricularis 131 masseter 94, 132 medial digital flexor 82 middle gluteal 78 multifidi 28, 126 mylohyoideus 94, 132 obliquus capitis caudalis 28, 127 obliquus capitis cranialis 28, 127 obliquus dorsalis 98, 132 obliquus externus abdominis 34, 36, 128 obliquus internus abdominis 34, 36, 128 obliquus ventralis 98, 132 obturator externus 129 obturator internus 129 occipitalis 94, 131 of facial expression 131 of mastication 96, 198 of the cheek 94, 131 of the eye 98, 132 of the eyelids 94, 131 of the hip joint 129 of the lips 94, 131 of the nose 94, 131 of the soft palate 133 of the tongue and hyoid apparatus 133 of the vertebral column 28, 126, 127 omotransversarius 12, 124 orbicularis 148 orbicularis oculi 94 orbicularis oris 94, 131 palatopharyngeus 102, 133 papillares parvi 44 papillaris magnus 44 papillary 46 parotidoauricularis 94, 131 pectinati 44 pectineus (and adductor longus) 34, 80, 130, 196 pectorales superficiales 14, 124 pectoralis descendens 14 pectoralis profundus 124 pectoralis transversus 14 perineal 72, 128 215 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd 216 peroneus (fibularis) brevis 82, 130 peroneus (fibularis) longus 130 piriformis 78, 129 popliteus 82, 130, 196 pronator quadratus 22, 125 pronator teres 22, 125 psoas major 60, 128 psoas minor 60, 128 pterygoideus 96, 132 pterygopharyngeus 102, 133 pyloric sphincter 54 quadratus femoris 78, 129 quadratus lumborum 60, 128 quadriceps femoris 80, 130 rectococcygeus 74, 128 rectus abdominis 34, 36, 128 rectus capitis dorsalis major 28, 127 rectus capitis dorsalis minor 28, 127 rectus dorsalis 98, 132 rectus lateralis 98, 132 rectus medialis 98, 132 rectus thoracis 30, 127 rectus ventralis 132 retractor anguli oculi lateralis 94, 131 retractor bulbi 132 retractor clitoridis 74, 128 retractor costae 30, 127 retractor penis 74, 128 rhomboideus 12, 124 sacrocaudalis (-coccygeus) dors lat 28, 126 sacrocaudalis (-coccygeus) dors med 126 sartorius 80, 130 scaleni 28, 127 scutuloauricularis superficialis 94, 131, 198 semimembranosus 78, 129 semispinalis capitis 28, 126 semitendinosus 78, 129 serratus dorsalis caudalis 30, 127 serratus dorsalis cranialis 30, 127 serratus ventralis 14, 124 small papillary 44 sphincter ani externus 128 sphincter ani internus 128 sphincter colli profundus 131 sphincter colli superficialis 94, 131 sphincter pupillae 118, 132 spinalis cervicis 28 spinalis et semispinalis cervicis et thoracis 28, 126 spinalis thoracis 28 splenius 28, 126 stapedius 120 sternocleidomastoid 14, 124 sternohyoid 14, 124 sternomastoid 14 sterno-occipital 14 sternothyroid 14, 124 styloglossus 104, 133 stylopharyngeus caudalis 102, 133 subarterial papillary 44 subauricular papillary 44 subcostales 30, 127 subscapular 18, 125 superficial digital flexor 22, 82 superficial gluteal 78 supinator 22, 126 supraspinatus 20, 125 temporalis 94, 132 tensor fasciae antebrachii 18, 125 tensor fasciae latae 78, 129 tensor tympani 120 tensor veli palatini 102, 133 teres major 125 teres minor 125 thyreohyoideus 104 thyroarytenoideus 133 thyrohyoideus 133 thyropharyngeus 102, 133 tibialis caudalis 130 tibialis cranialis 130 transversus abdominis 30, 34, 36, 128 transversus thoracis 30, 127 trapezius 12, 124 triceps brachii 20, 125, 184 ulnaris lateralis 126 urethralis 68 zygomaticus 94, 131 Muscular arteries 154 19.07.2007 Muscular tunic 54 Musculature 146 Musculature of the urinary bladder 192 Myelin formation 209 Myelinated nerve fiber 150 Myencephalon 110 Myenteric plexus 108 Mylohyoid line 90 Myocardium 44, 187 Myogenesis 208 Myoid intimal cushions 154 Myology 124, 146, 148 Myotendinous junction 146 N Nasal bone 90 Nasal cavity 100, 198 Nasal meatuses 100 Nasal plane Nasal process 90 Nasal vestibule 100 Nasolacrimal duct 198 Nasolacrimal ostium 98 Nasopharynx 100 Nearthrosis 208 Neck of the femur 76, 195 of the humerus 16 of the malleus 120 of the mandible 90 of the radius 16 Neck region 12 Neopallium 112 Nerve cells 150 Nerve fiber 150 Nerve regeneration 209 Nerve supply Nerve supply of the cervical platysma 12 Nerve terminals Nerve, Nerves, Nervus (i) abducens 98, 114, 136 accessory 14, 102,108, 114, 138 accessory axillary 14, 18 auriculopalpebral 92 auriculotemporal 96 axillary 14, 18, 20 brachiocephalic 14, 18 buccal 96 caudal auricular 92 caudal cutaneous antebrachial 18 caudal cutaneous femoral 70, 72 caudal cutaneous sural 82 caudal gluteal 70, 78 caudal iliohypogastric 28, 32, 34, 60 caudal laryngeal 102 caudal nasal 96 caudal rectal 72 cochlear 120, 138 common peroneal (fibular) 78, 82, 196 cranial cutaneous antebrachial 20 cranial gluteal 70, 78, 84 cranial iliohypogastric 28, 32, 34, 60 cranial laryngeal 102, 138 cranial lateral cutaneous brachial 20 deep perineal 72 deep temporal 96, 136 dorsal clitoris 72 dorsal common digital 22 dorsal lumbar cutaneous 28 ethmoidal 98, 136 facial 92, 114 femoral 36, 60, 80 frontal 98, 136 genitofemoral 32, 36, 60, 150 glossopharyngeal 102, 114, 138 greater palatine 96, 136 hypogastric 60 hypoglossal 104, 114, 201 ilioinguinal 28, 34, 60 inferior alveolar 96, 136 infraorbital 96, 198 infratrochlear 98, 136 intermediofacial 92, 138 ischiadic 70, 78 lacrimal 98 lateral cutaneous femoral 28, 60 lateral cutaneous sural 82 lateral lumbar cutaneous 28 lateral plantar 82 lateral thoracic 18 16:21 Uhr Seite 216 left recurrent laryngeal 48 lesser palatine 96, 136 lingual 96, 136 long ciliary 98, 136 long thoracic 18 major splanchnic 48, 108 mandibular 96, 136 masticatorius 96, 136 maxillary 96, 136 medial cutaneous antebrachial 18 medial plantar 82 median 18, 22 minor splanchnic 108 musculocutaneous 18 mylohyoid 96, 136 nasociliary 98, 136 obturator 60, 80 oculomotor 98, 114, 136 of the eye 98, 136 of the vessels 154 olfactory 100, 114, 136 ophthalmic 98, 136 optic 88, 98, 110, 118, 136 phrenic 30 pterygopalatine 96, 136 pudendal 70, 72 radial 18, 20, 22, 183 recurrent laryngeal 14, 182, 188 saphenous 36, 80 sciatic 195 splenic 52 sublingual 96 subscapular 18 suprascapular 18, 20, 183 thoracodorsal 18 tibial 78, 82 trigeminal 96, 114 trochlear 98, 114, 136 ulnar 18, 22, 183 vagus 48, 102, 114 ventral lumbar cutaneous 28 vertebral 48 vestibulocochlear 114, 120, 206 vomeronasal 122 zygomatic 96 Nervi vasorum 156 Nervous system 150 Neurite 150 Neuroglia 209 Neurohypophysis 152 Neurolemmal cell 150 Neuromuscular spindles 122 Neuromuscular lacuna 36 Neurons 150 Neurotendinous spindles 122 Neurothelium 150 Nerve plexuses 150 Nodes of Ranvier 209 Nose 100 Nostrils 198 Nuchal crest 88 Nuchal ligament 10, 28 O Obturator foramen 74 Occipital bone 88 Occipital condyle 88 Occipital lobe 112 Occluding veins 154 Olecranon 16 Olfactory bulb 114 Olfactory organ 100, 122 Olfactory peduncle 114 Olfactory trigone 114 Olive 114 Omentum majus 52 Open junctions 156, 210 Ophthalmic nerve 98 Ophthalmic plexus 116 Optic canal 88, 90 Optic chiasm 114 Optic disc 118 Optic nerve 98 Optic part of the retina 118 Optic tract 114 Ora serrata 118 Oral cavity 100 Oral vestibule 199 Orbiculus ciliaris 118 Orbit 88 Orbital fissure 88 Orchis 68 Organ of Corti 120 Oropharynx 100 Os costae Os femoris 76 Os penis 68, 194 Osseous external acoustic meatus 120 Osseous labyrinth 120 Osseous matrix 140 Osseous semicircular canals 120 Osseous spiral lamina 120 Osseous tentorium cerebelli 90 Osseous tissue 142 Osseus pelvic girdle 195 Ossification 140 Osteoblastic function 206 Osteofibrotic sites 209 Osteogenic layer 142 Osteology 140, 142 Ostium of the ovarian bursa 66 Ostium ureteris 64 Ovarian bursa 64, 66 Ovarian interstitial cells 152 Ovarian medulla 66 Ovary 50, 66, 152, 192 Ovary, proper ligament 64 P Pads 6, 180 Palatine bone 90 Palatine fissures 88 Palatine process 90 Palatine raphe 100 Palatine rugae 100 Palatine tonsil 100 Palatopharyngeal arch 100 Paleopallium 112 Pallidum 112 Palpebrae 118 PALS 52 Pampiniform plexus 68 Pancreas 50, 54, 190 Pancreatic islets 54, 152 Papilla mammae 32 Papillae Papillary duct 32 Papillary layer Papillary ostium 32 Paraconal interventricular groove 44 Paracortex 156 Paradontium 202 Paralysis of the mandibular nerve 198 Parametrium 64 Paranal sinuses 56, 180 Paranasal sinuses 90, 197 Parasympathetic fibers 46, 102 Parasympathetic nerve supply 104 Parasympathetic nervous system 48 Parasympathetic neurons 108 Parasympathetic system of the sacral spinal cord 60 Parathyroid gland 14, 152, 182 Paraunguicula 76 Parietal bone 88 Parietal cusp 44 Parietal lobe 112 Parietal peritoneum 50, 52, 158 Parietal pleura 42 Parietal vaginal tunic 64 Parotid duct 104 Parotid gland 201 Pars laryngea pharyngis 100 Pars nasalis pharyngis 100 Patella 76, 197 Patellar ligament 80 Pecten ossis pubis 74 Pectoral girdle 16 Pelvic cavity 70 Pelvic diameters 74 Pelvic diaphragm 72, 128 Pelvic fascia 32 Pelvic limb 76, 84 Pelvic outlet 72 Pelvic resesses 62 Pelvic symphysis 74, 195 Pelvic tendon 34 Pelvis 62 Pelvis nerves 70 Penis 68 Penis, suspensory ligament of the 32 Perianal glands 180 Pericardiac pleura 42 Pericardial cavity 42, 186 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd Perichondral ossification 206 Perilymph 120 Perimetrium 64 Perineum 195 Perineurium 150, 209 Periosteum 108, 110, 140, 142, 207 Peripheral nervous system 150 Peritoneal cavity 50, 52 Peritoneal folds 64 Peritoneum 36, 50, 52, 158 Perpendicular lamina 90 Petro-occipital fissure 90 Petrotympanic fissure 88, 90 Petrous part of the temporal bone 90 Pharyngeal muscles 102, 133, 200 Pharyngeal ostia of the auditory tubes 100 Pharyngeal tubercle 88 Pharynx 100 Philtrum 98 Phrenicopericardiac ligament 42 Physial cartilage 140 Physiological diameter 146 Pia mater 108, 110 Pineal body 110 Pineal gland 152 Piriform fossae 90 Piriform lobe 112, 114 Placenta 152 Plane joint 144 Planum nasale 98 Platysma 12, 131 Pleura 42, 186 Plexus nerves 150 Plica ductus deferentis 64 vasculosa 64 venae cavae 42 Pollex muscles 22 Polydontia 201 Pons 110, 114 Pontine impression 90 Porta hepatis 58 Portal vein 56 Portal venous system 190 Postcapillary lymph vessels 156 Postcapillary venules 154 Posterior chamber of the eye 118 Postganglionic unmyelinated fibers 150 Preganglionic myelinated fibers 150 Pregnancy 32 Premolar tooth 104 Prepubic tendon 34 Prepuce, Preputium 32 Preputial ostium (orifice) 32, 184 Presphenoid bone 88 Primal ossification center 140 Primary medullary cavity 140 Primary muscle fiber bundle 146 Primary osseous trabeculae 140 Primary trabeculae of woven bone 140 Primordial cranium 197 Process accessory caudal articular costal cranial articular hemal lateral mammilary spinous transverse Projection fibers 112 Promontory Pronator muscles 22 Proper ligament of the testis 64 Prostate 68, 194 Prostatic utricle 193 Proximal mesorchium 64 Proximal phalanx 16, 76 Proximal sesamoid bones 16, 76 Proximal tibiofibular joint 86 Pseudoarthrosis 208 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 158 Psoas minor tubercle 74 Pterygoid crest 88 Pterygoid fossa 90 Pterygopalatine fossa 88 Pubic bone 74 Pubovesical pouch 52 Pudendoepigastric trunk 70 19.07.2007 Pulmo 38 Pulmonary circulation 154 ligament 42 pleura 42 trunk 40 Pulp cavity 104 Pupil 118 Putamen 112 Pylorus 54, 189 Pyramid 114 Pyramidal decussation 114 Pyramidal system 114 R Radiography 160 Absorption 160 Laws of projection 161 Protection 166 Quality of radiographs 163 Superpositioning 161 Radial carpal bone 16 Radial fossa 16 Radial notch 16 Radial tuberosity 16 Radius 16 Radix linguae 104 Ramus colli 92 Ramus of the mandible 90 Ranvier’s nodes 150 Rapidity of movement 122 Reconstruction algorithms 177 Rectal ampulla 56 Rectogenital pouch 52 Rectum 56 Rectus sheat 34 Red splenic pulp 52 Relationship of the fasciae 32 Ren 62 Renin 210 Reserve zone 140 Resorption 158 Respiratory muscles 30, 127 Respiratory tract 158 Rete capillare I + II 152 Rete lymphocapillare 156 Reticular cells 156 Reticular fibers 146, 156 Reticular formation 108, 203 Reticular layer Retina 118, 205 Retinacula 148 Retinal blood vessels 118 Retroarticular foramen 90 Retroarticular process 88 Retroperitoneal space 50, 62 Rhinencephalon 110, 114 Rhombencephalon 110 Rib 8, 10 Right atrium 44 Right cardiac notch 38 Right lung 38 Right ventricle 44 Ring of fibrocartilage 120 Root canal 104 Root of the nose 98 of the penis 68 of the tongue 200 of the tooth 104 of the spinal nerves 108 Rostral alar foramen 88 Rostral auricular branches 92 Rostral cerebellar peduncle 114 Rostral colliculus 110 Rostral commissure 110, 112 Rostral frontal sinus 90 Rostral pharyngeal constrictors 133 S Sacculus 120 Sacral lymph nodes 68 plexus 70 spinal chords 70 tuber 74 wing Sacrocaudal space Sacrococcygeal space Sacroilliac joint 10, 86 Sacropelvic surface 74 Sacrum 16:21 Uhr Seite 217 Saddle joint 144 Sagittal Salivary glands 201 Salpinx 66 Scala tympani 120 Scala vestibuli 120 Scan images 178 Scapula 16 Scattering 166 Schwann cell 150 Sclera 118, 205 Scrotal ligament 64 Scutiform cartilage 94 Sebaceous gland 4, 180 Secondary ossification center 140 Secondary sensory cells 122 Secretion 158 Sectorial tooth 104 Sella turcica 88, 90, 197 Sellar joint 144 Semicircular ducts 120 Semilunar trochlear notch 16 Semilunar valves 44, 46 Seminal colliculus 64, 68 Sense of taste 122 Sense organs 118 Sensibility 122 Sensory fibers 150 Sensory innervation 32, 158 Sensory neurons 108, 150 Septal cartilage 46 Septal cusp 44 Septal groove 90 Septal part of the rhinencephalon 114 Septomarginal trabeculae 44 Septum pellucidum 112 Serous cavities 42, 158 Serous tunic 54 Sesamoid bones 16, 76, 142, 208 Sexual maturity 32 Shape of bones 142 Sharpness or blurring 163 Short bones 142 Shoulder girdle 16 Shoulder joint 26, 184 Sigmoid sinus 116 Simple columnar epithelium 158 Simple joint 144 Sinoatrial node 46 Sinus hair Sinus venarum cavarium 44 Sinus venosus 44 Sinuses of the dura mater 110, 116 Skeletal musculature 146, 148 Skin 4, 36 Skin, modifications of the Skull 88, 90 Sleeve of trabecular bone 140 Small intestine 54 Small pelvic association 129 Smooth muscle cells 146 Soft meninges 110 Soft tissues of bone 142 Solar plexus 150 Solitary lymph nodules 189 Somatic nervous system 150 Somatotopic division 112 Spermatic cord 64, 68 Sphenoid bone 88 Spheroid joint 144 Sphincter muscle of the cardia 189 Spinal cord 108, 203 Spinal ganglion 108, 150 Spinal nerves 18, 150 Spinal roots 114 Spine of the scapula 16 Spinous layer Spiral ganglion 120 Spiral joint 144 Spiral ligament of the cochlea 120 Spiral membrane 120 Spiral organ 120 Spleen 50, 52 Splenic function 189 Spongiosa 90 Spongy substance 142 Stapes 120 Sternal synchondroses 10 Sternebrae Sternocostal joint 10 Sternum Stifle joint 86 Stimulus-generating system 46 Stomach 50, 54 Stomach functions 189 Straight fold 100 Straight sinus 116 Stratified squamous epithelium 158 Stratum corneum 4, 180 Stratum germinativum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Striate body 112 Striated skeletal musculature 146 Stylohyoid 88 Stylomastoid foramen 88, 90 Stylomastoid process 88 Subarachnoid space 108, 110, 202 Subcapsular sinus 156 Subcutaneous olecranon bursa 26, 184 Subcutaneous synovial bursa 148 Subcutis 4, 180 Sublingual glands 201 Sublumbar muscles 60, 128 Submucosal plexus 108 Subpapillary network Subscapular fossa 16 Subserosal layer 158 Subserosal plexus 108 Subsinual interventricular groove 44 Subtendinous bursae 26 Subtendinous calcanean bursa 82, 86 Subtendinous synovial bursa 148 Sulcus of the transverse sinus 90 Superficial digital flexor tendon 82 Superficial fascia 78 Superficial hair cuticle Superficial inguinal ring 36 Superficial sensibility 122 Superficial trunk fascia 32 Superior conjunctival fornix 98 Superior palpebrae 118 Supracondylar crest 16 Supraglenoid tubercle 16 Supraspinous fossa 16 Supraspinous ligament 10 Supratrochlear foramen 16 Surginal approach to the peritoneal cavity 188 Suspensory ligament of the testis 64 of the ovary 192 Sustentacular cells 122 Sustentaculum tali 76 Sutures 144 Sutures of the upper jaw 106 Sympathetic fibers 46 Sympathetic nervous system 48 Sympathetic neurons 108 Sympathetic part 200 Sympathetic trunk 102, 108 Symphysial branch of the ischium 74 Symphysial tendon 80 Symphysis 144 Synchondrosis 144 Syndesmoses 144 Synostosis 144 Synovial bursae 26, 144, 148 Synovial membrane 148 Synovial sheaths 26, 86, 144, 148 Systemic circulation 154 T Tactile hair Tactile menisci 122 Tall collumnar epithelium 158 Talus 76 Tapetum cellulosum 118 Tapetum lucidum 118 Tarsal bones 76 Tarsal joint 86, 197 Taste bud 122 Taste receptors 201 Teat 32 Tectum 110 Tegmentum of the mesencephalon 110, 114 Tela submucosa 158 Telencephalic septum 112 Telencephalon 110, 112 Temporal bone 88 Temporal lobe 112 Temporal process 90 Temporal sinus 116 217 Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd:Anatomie Hund 160-218_engl.qxd Temporohyoid articulation 106 Temporomandibular joint 106, 202 Tendinous intersections 34, 148 Tendons 146, 209 Tentorial processes 90 Tentorium cerebelli membranaceum 110 Tentorium cerebelli osseum 110 Terminal arteries 154 Terminal division of the aorta 70 Terminal division of the caudal vena cava 70 Terminal line 74 Testicle 68 Testicular bursa 64 Testicular interstitial cells 152 Testicular tunics 192 Testis 68, 152, 193 Thalamus 110, 203 Third eyelid 118, 205 Third ventricle 110, 116 Thoracal region 12 Thoracic cavity 38, 42 Thoracic duct 14 42 Thoracic wall 28 Thoracodorsal nerve 12 Thoracolumbar fascia 12, 32, 34 Thorax 8, 10 Thymus 40, 186 Thyroepiglottic ligament 106 Thyrohyoid 88 Thyrohyoid membrane 106 Thyroid cartilage 100 Thyroid gland 14, 152, 182, 210 Tibial cochlea 76 Tibial tuberosity 76, 195 Tip of the tongue 201 Tomograms 176 Tomography 176 Tongue 104 Tonsils 100, 200 Tooth structure 104 Torsion of the stomach 189 Trabeculae carneae 44 Trachea 14, 42, 158 Tracheal bifurcation 38 Tracheal stenosis 182 Tractus tori Transitional epithelium 158 Transudation 158 Transversalis fascia 32, 36 Transverse arytenoid ligament 106 Transverse atlantal ligament 10 Transverse cervical nerve 12 Transverse folds 158 Transverse foramina Transverse sinus 116 Trapezoid body 114 Tricuspid insufficiency 187 Tricuspid valve 46 Trochanteric fossa 76 Trochlea 76, 98 Trochlea of the radius 16 Trochoid joint 144 True joint 144 Trunk-limb muscles 12, 14 Tubal fimbriae 66 Tuber calcanei 76 Tuber coxae 74 Tuber ischiadicum 74 Tuber olecrani 16 Tubular glands 158 Tunica adventitia 156, 158 externa 154, 156 interna 156 intima 154, 156 media 154, 156 mucosa 158 muscularis 158 serosa 158 vaginalis parietalis 64 vaginalis visceralis 64 Tympanic bulla 120 Tympanic cavity 120 Tympanic membrane 120 Tympanohyoid 88 218 U Ulna 16 Ulnar epiphyseal suture 183 Ultrasound 166 19.07.2007 Doppler echography 168 Heart 169 Kidney 173 Liver 172 Membrum pelvinum 175 Orientation 168 Ovary 173 Pelvic limb 175 Pregnancy 175 Prostate 174 Reflection 166 Refraction 166 Resolution 167 Stomach 172 Testis 174 Transducer-dependent form 167 Urinary bladder 174 Uterine horns 174 Wave propagation velocity 166 Umbilical hernia 185 Umbilical region 50 Umbilical ring 34 Unfenestrated endothelial cells 154 Unguicula 6, 16, 76 Uniaxial joint 144 Unicellular glands 158 Unipennate muscle 146 Unmyelinated nerve fiber 150 Upper and lower eyelids 204 Ureter 62, 158, 192 Urethra 64, 192 Urethral orifice 193 Urinary bladder 50, 62, 64 Uterine papilla 66 Uterine tube 66, 158, 193 Uterus 50, 64, 66, 193 Uterus masculinus 193 Utriculus 120 Uvea 205 V Vagina 64, 66 Vagina synovialis intertubercularis 26 Vagina synovialis m coracobrachialis 26 Vaginal process of the peritoneum 36, 64 Vaginal ring 36, 52, 64, 68 Vaginal tunic 68 Vaginal tunic in the male 36 Vagosymphathetic trunk 14 Vagus group 102 Vallate papillae 104, 122 Vallum Valva aortae 46 Valva trunci pulmonalis 46 Valve of the pulmonary trunk 187 Valves of the lymph vessels 156 Valvular apparatus 46 Vasa lymphatica myotypica 156 Vasa lymphytica fibrotypica 156 Vasa vasorum 154, 156 Vascular fold 64 Vascular lacuna 36 Vascular tunic 118 VATER-PACINIAN lamellar corpuscles Vegetative nervous system 48, 150 Vein, Veins, Vena (ae) 18, 210 accessory cephalic 20 angular of the eye 92 angular of the mouth 92 axillary 18, 24 axillobrachial 14, 20 bicipital 24 brachial 18, 24 brachiocephalic 42 caudal auricular 92 caudal circumflex humeral 18, 24 caudal gluteal 70 caudal mesenteric 56 caudal superficial epigastric 32, 36 cava caudal 42, 58, 60, 70 cava cranial 42 cephalic 14, 20, 183 collateral ulnar 24 common iliac 70 common interosseus 18, 24 common mesenteric 56 cordis dextrae 44, 46 cordis magna 46 cordis media 46 16:21 Uhr Seite 218 cordis minimae 46 costocervical 42 cranial circumflex humeral 18, 24 cranial gluteal 70 cranial mesenteric 56 deep brachial 24 deep facial 92 diploic 116 dorsal cerebral 116 dorsal nasal 92 dorsal perineal 70 external jugulary 14, 42, 92 external pudendal 32, 36 external thoracic 18, 24 facial 92 gastric 54 gastroduodenal 56 great cardiac 46 great cerebral 116 hepatic 58 hypophysial portal vein 152 iliolumbar 70 inferior labial 92 internal iliac 70 internal jugular 14, 42, 116 internal pudendal 70, 72 internal thoracic 32, 42 last parietal 70 lateral coccygeal 70 lateral nasal 92 lateral saphenous 82, 196 lateral superficial cutaneous 20 lateral thoracic 18, 24, 32 left brachiocephalic 42 lingual 92 linguofacial 14, 92 maxillary 14, 92, 116 medial saphenous 80 median 18, 24 median cubiti 18, 20 median sacral 70 middle cardiac 46 minimal cardiac 46 of the wall of the cranium 116 omobrachial 14, 20 ovarian 66 periosteal 142 portal 58, 191 pulmonary 40, 44 radial 24 right azygos 42 right brachiocephalic 42 rostral auricular 92 splenic 56 subclavian 42 sublingual 92, 198 submental 92 subscapular 18, 24 superficial brachial 18, 24 superficial cervical 14 superficial epigastric 32 superficial temporal 92 superior labial 92 testicular 68 thoracodorsal 18, 24 transverse cubital 24 ulnar 24 uterine 66 ventral labial 32 ventral scrotal 32 velar part of the greater omentum 52 Velum omentale 50, 52 Venous plexuses 154 Venous portal system 152 Ventral abdominal muscles 128 Ventral horn 108 Ventral internal vertebral plexus 108, 116 Ventral longitudinal ligament 10 Ventral mesogastrium 50, 52 Ventral nasal concha 90 Ventral nasal conchal bone 90 Ventral nasal meatus 100, 199 Ventral petrosal sinus 116 Ventral pubic tubercle 74 Ventral root 108, 150 Ventral sacral foramina Ventral system of dural venous sinuses 116 Ventral transverse diameter 74 Ventral vagal trunk 42, 48, 108 Ventral vertebral muscles 127 Ventricles of the brain 116 Ventriculus 54 Venules 154 Vertebra, Vertebrae 8, 180, 181 Vertex 64 Vertical diameter 74 Vesicogenital pouch 52 Vessels of bone 142 Vestibular apparatus 120 bulb 66 folds 100 ganglia 120 ligament 106 membrane 120 window 120 Vestibule of the larynx 100 of the omental bursa 52 Visceral bones 142 Visceral peritoneum 50, 52, 158 Visceral pleura 42 Visceral sensibility 122 Visceral sensory neurons 150 Visceral vaginal tunic 64 Viscerosensory innervation 185 Visual centers 118 Visual pathways 118 Vitreous body 118 Vitreous chamber of the eye 118 Vocal apparatus 100 Vocal ligament 106, 199 Volkmann’s canals 142 Vomer 90 Vomeronasal organ 100, 122 Vulva 66 W Wall of the cranium 197 Wall of the skull 90 Weakened profile 176 White communicating rami 108, 150 White splenic pulp 52 White substance 108, 112, 150 Window technique 177 Wing of the ilium 74 Wing of the nostril 98 Wolf’s tooth 104 Wolf’s claw 76 Wool hair 180 X Xiphoid region 50 x-rays 160 Z Zona resorbens 140 Zonular fibers 118 Zygomatic bone 88 Zygomatic process 88, 90 Zygomaticofacial ramus 96 Zygomaticotemporal ramus 96 Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter anatomy – Fully illustrated with color line diagrams, including unique three-dimensional cross-sectional anatomy, together with radiographs and ultrasound scans – Includes topographic and surface anatomy vet – Tabular appendices of relational and functional anatomy “A region with which I was very familiar from a surgical standpoint thus became more comprehensible […] Showing the clinical relevance of anatomy in such a way is a powerful tool for stimulating students’ interest […] In addition to putting anatomical structures into clinical perspective, the text provides a brief but effective guide to dissection.” Anatomy of the Dog vet edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th The Veterinary Record “The present book-atlas offers the students clear illustrative material and at the same time an abbreviated textbook for anatomical study and for clinical coordinated study of applied anatomy Therefore, it provides students with an excellent working knowledge and understanding of the anatomy of the dog Beyond this the illustrated text will help in reviewing and in the preparation for examinations For the practising veterinarians, the book-atlas remains a current quick source of reference for anatomical information on the dog at the preclinical, diagnostic, clinical and surgical levels.” Acta Veterinaria Hungarica with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg Budras (ed.) ISBN 978-3-89993-018-4 783899 9301 84 Fifth, revised edition