Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations Early Docking Technologies from Concept to Implementation David J Shayler Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations Early Docking Technologies from Concept to Implementation David J. Shayler Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations Early Docking Technologies from Concept to Implementation David J. Shayler, F.B.I.S Astronautical Historian Astro Info Service Ltd Halesowen West Midlands UK SPRINGER-PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION Springer Praxis Books ISBN 978-3-319-49768-6 ISBN 978-3-319-49769-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49769-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941289 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Front cover: An artist’s impression circa 1990 of the Space Shuttle approaching the planned Space Station Freedom, the abandoned forerunner of the International Space Station Back cover: The front cover of the companion volume Assembling and Supplying the ISS: The Space Shuttle Fulfills Its Mission (left) and the official Shuttle-Mir Program Emblem (right) Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Editor: David M Harland Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Preface viii Acknowledgements xi Foreword xiv Dedication xvii Prologue xviii 1 The Space Shuttle and the Space Station A Plan for the Future 1 The Age (and Aging) of Apollo 3 Building a Modular Space Station 8 2 Shuttle and Salyut: A Lost Opportunity 10 The Proposed Shuttle-Salyut Docking Mission 10 The ‘Original’ International Space Station 17 A Soviet Spacelab? 24 The Demise of Shuttle-Salyut 25 A Return to Skylab? 29 3 The Price of Freedom 36 Shuttle Supports Space Station Freedom 1984–1992 37 An Industrial Space Facility 50 From a Concept to a Real Program 51 Summary 52 4 Putting it All Together 54 Flight Planning 54 Processing the Hardware 58 Preparing to Fly 58 v vi Contents Chess on a Large Scale 67 Launch Pad to Space 70 Launch Date Fluidity 79 Ready to Go 81 5 The Human Element 82 Re-Learning Old Skills 82 Shuttle Crew Training 83 Shuttle-Mir Crewing 90 By the Numbers 104 6 Getting There 106 From Pad to Orbit 106 Ground Control 108 The Shuttle Rendezvous Profile 111 Development of Shuttle Rendezvous 112 Shuttle Docking Prospects and Capability 119 Orbiter Docking System 120 Shuttle Docking Profile 123 Experiences Recalled 131 7 Shuttle-Mir 1994–1998 136 A Cosmonaut on Shuttle, an Astronaut on Mir 137 The Shuttle-Mir Joint US-Russian Missions 138 Lessons from Shuttle-Mir 148 8 The Docked Phase 152 Welcome Aboard 152 RMS Activities During Shuttle-Mir 153 Shuttle-Based EVA at Mir 158 Experiments and Outreach 162 9 Crew Transfers and Loadmasters 169 The Carriers 170 The Stowage Facilities 176 A Moving Experience 183 10 Getting Back 192 Leaving 192 Undocking the Shuttle 195 Recumbent Seating 198 Coming Home 201 Summary 207 Contents vii Closing Comments 209 Afterword 212 Abbreviations 214 Appendices 218 Bibliography 233 About the Author 237 Other Works by the Author 239 Index 241 Preface On June 1, 1991, during the 12th Soviet Technical Forum convened at the London headquarters of the British Interplanetary Society, I presented a paper on the mid-1970s proposal for an American Space Shuttle to dock with a Soviet Salyut space station by 1981 This program was a logical follow-on to the highly successful first international docking mission, the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Despite serious discussions between the two sides, the project never developed to flight status, but 20 years later, under the Shuttle-Mir Program, a Shuttle finally docked with the successor to the Salyut series of stations The Mir docking missions that followed were precursors to a far more ambitious plan to assemble a large international facility in space over a period of several years, mostly by using the resources of the Shuttle fleet Research carried out for that presentation, and the published papers that followed, identified common elements of a Shuttle mission that were basically generic to all flights involving space stations Using this research as a starting point, I was able to piece together how the design of the Space Shuttle, its additional components and procedures, and its basic mission profile became integral to the creation of a large permanent scientific research station in Earth orbit What has also become evident from investigations over the subsequent two decades is that the story of sending a Shuttle to a space station was a complex one in which the frequent changes of plan caused the people involved tremendous disappointment and frustration Originally, this writing project was to have been confined to a single volume, but it soon became apparent that it was, in fact, a story of two halves, and therefore, two separate titles have been produced Firstly, in Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations, the development of key components in the Shuttle system are described These include the massive infrastructure on the ground to prepare the vehicles for launch, the major hurdle of developing a suitable rendezvous and docking system, and the most appropriate flight profile The story includes a number of ultimately abandoned plans that were intended to gain experience in docking a Shuttle to a smaller space station ahead of the more complex task of assembling a much larger space complex In the early 1970s, initial concepts for the Space Shuttle orbiter envisaged the vehicle possessing an integral docking system, but this was not present in the final design It was during this time frame that the United States, through NASA, was discussing with the viii Preface ix Soviet Union the possibility of developing a common docking apparatus and perhaps undertaking a joint mission to evaluate the design This plan became the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project So successful was this mission in July 1975 that it prompted interest on both sides to develop a subsequent, more advanced joint docking mission Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations includes an account of the concept for docking a Shuttle orbiter with a second-generation Salyut space station Unfortunately, a downturn in superpower politics ruled this out This book also discusses a later plan by NASA for the Shuttle to rendezvous with the vacated Skylab, with a view to reactivating or updating its systems in order to reoccupy it But this idea had to be abandoned because delays of qualifying the Shuttle system meant that Skylab fell back into the atmosphere before the new spacecraft entered service When President Ronald W. Reagan announced in January 1984 that NASA should assemble a space station (later called Freedom) within a period of 10 years, this followed years of debate, delay, and changes of configuration Similar hurdles were to plague the project in years to come Although frustrating to the designers, these years of endless indecision gave NASA the opportunity to acquire hands-on experience in using the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to deploy, grapple, and retrieve a variety of payloads and to support the first US spacewalks since Skylab This was a valuable breathing space not only to qualify the Shuttle RMS and EVA hardware but also to demonstrate the limitations of both systems in the face of an expanding, much more complex, and ultimately hugely over budget Space Station Freedom By the early 1990s, a change was essential to ensure that the construction of space station hardware could finally begin Firstly, the design was dramatically reduced Secondly, Russia joined the international partnership bringing a vast experience of space station operations from a succession of Salyuts and the current Mir complex This provided NASA with a stepped approach to creating what would become the International Space Station (ISS) During the 1990s, NASA gained further experience of RMS operations and EVAs from Shuttles that rendezvoused with a variety of free-flying payloads As the first elements of the ISS arrived at the launch site for processing, a series of missions to Mir afforded NASA and its astronaut corps much needed experience in rendezvousing with a large space station, performing difficult maneuvers around it, and physically latching on to it This book does not focus on the details of the Shuttle-Mir missions nor the seven periods of residency by NASA astronauts on Mir (these are related in a forthcoming title), so it is sufficient to say simply that they provided valuable experience prior to embarking on the assembly of the ISS Shuttle-Mir offered American astronauts the opportunity to fly the first long-duration missions since Skylab, two decades earlier It also saw the relocation of many tons of bulky logistics to and from the aging Mir space station and demonstrated the need for a coordinated launch manifest that not only addressed national interests but also international concerns Although the Shuttle did little assembly work at Mir, indeed it installed only one component – this was supplied by Russia to simplify the docking of orbiters – the docking missions enhanced confidence not only on orbit but also on the ground that the International Space Station could be assembled using the Space Shuttle system This would mark the realization of an idea that was first proposed some 30 years previously x Preface Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations explores the lessons that were learned in the early 1970s and then lost and regained It also reviews various plans to use the Shuttle in conjunction with small modular space stations through to the latter half of the 1990s And it concludes the successful Shuttle-Mir missions which opened a new era of international cooperation in space This was also the period in which the infrastructure and flight procedures were established that would eventually support a huge effort to embark on one of the most ambitious construction projects in history, a story that is related in the companion volume Assembling and Supplying the ISS: The Space Shuttle Fulfills Its Mission David J. Shayler FBIS Council Member, British Interplanetary Society, Director, Astro Info Service Ltd., www.astroinfservice.co.uk Halesowen, West Midlands, UK February, 2017 Appendix 2 231 SSF/MB-07, 3rd Qtr FY97 SSF/UF-01, 3rd Qtr FY97 SSF/MB-08, 4th Qtr FY97 SSF/UF-02, 4th Qtr FY97 SSF/MB-09, 1st Qtr FY98 SSF/UF-03, 2nd Qtr FY98 SSF/MB-10, 3rd Qtr FY98 SSF/MB-11, 3rd Qtr FY98 SSF/UF-04, 4th Qtr FY98 SSF/MB-12, 4th Qtr FY98 SSF/UF-05, 4th Qtr FY98 SSF/UF-06 SSF/MB-13 SSF/MB-14 SSF/UF-07 SSF/UF-08 SSF/MB-15 SSF/MB-16 SSF/MB-17 SSF/MB-18 PAYLOAD FLIGHT ASSIGNMENTS: NASA MIXED FLEET, APRIL 1993 By 1993 Space Station Freedom had been canceled for all intents and purposes, as the notes in this manifest release said: “The FY96-99 Shuttle manifest planning is omitted pending space station redesign.” This represents one of the last listings of assignments under the heading of “Freedom” and the absence of dates or details underlines the fact that it was an abandoned plan Industrial Space Facility (ISF) ISF-01, July 1997 ISF-02, January 1998 ISF-03, January 1999 Space Station Freedom SSF/MB = Manned Base components SSF/UF = Utilization Flight SSF/MB-01, First Element Launch (FEL) SSF/MB-02 232 Appendix SSF/MB-03 SSF/MB-04 SSF/MB-05 SSF/MB-06, Man-Tended Capability (MTC) SSF/MB-07 SSF/UF-01 SSF/MB-08 SSF/UF-02 SSF/MB-09 SSF/UF-03 SSF/MB-10 SSF/MB-11 SSF/UF-04 SSF/MB-12 SSF/UF-05 SSF/UF-06 SSF/MB-13 SSF/MB-14 SSF/UF-07 SSF/UF-08 SSF/MB-15 SSF/MB-16 SSF/MB-17 SSF/MB-18 After this manifest, the development of Shuttle missions involving the Mir space station and later the International Space Station began to appear For an account of these, see the companion title Assembling and Supplying the ISS: The Space Shuttle Fulfills Its Mission Bibliography As with previous projects, I referred to a wide range of material over several years in support of both books which make up this project and the primary sources have been listed in footnotes In compiling the tables, some data was found to conflict or simply could not be found I would welcome any additional information to fill in the gaps in the tables for future reference and completeness INTERVIEWS A number of personal interviews were conducted in connection with the titles of this project and in support of related research and writings In several cases, I undertook supplementary correspondence via E-mails The interviews and correspondence that directly relate to this project included: Name Date Akers, Tom Chiao, Leroy Clervoy, Jean-Franỗois November 11, 2013, plus E-mail, December 11, 2015 June 6, 2006 August 24, 2006; December 9, 2011, plus December 9, 2015, E-mail December 2015 February 5, 2013 March 1, 2012, E-mail March 8, 2016 August 3, 2006 October 11, 2015, plus E-mail November 13, 2015 May 31, 2006 July 23, 2013 December 6, 2013 March 2, 2004 November 24, 2013 May 23, 2006 E-mail April 28, 2015 May 23, 2006, February 15, 2013 February 28, 2012, plus E-mail December 13, 2015 Crippen, Robert Hawley, Steve Jones, Thomas Kavandi, Janet McArthur, William Nelson, George Newman, James Ochoa, Ellen Richards, Paul Rominger, Kent Ross, Jerry Smith, Steve Tanner, Joe © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 D.J Shayler, Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49769-3 233 234 Bibliography PERIODICALS Aviation Week & Space Technology Capcom Countdown Flight International Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS) Orbiter (AIS) Spaceflight (BIS) NEWSPAPERS Florida Today Houston Chronicle Houston Post The Daily Telegraph, London The Time, London Washington Post NASA PUBLICATIONS 1994–2011 Extensive use of the NASA Shuttle Press Kits and mission information in hardcopy form, on-line or from the AIS Shuttle Mission Archive Collection 1984 Space Transportation System Facilities and Operations, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, K-STSM-01, Appendix A, April 1984 Revision A 1988 National Space Transportation System Overview, September 1988 1993 Orbiter Processing Facility Payload Processing Support Capabilities, K-STSM-14.1.13-REVD-OPF, October 1993 1993–2011 Astronauts and Aeronautics, A Chronology, NASA SP various editions 1993–2011 Chronology of KSC and KSC Related Events, NASA TM various editions 1993 EVA Tools and Equipment Reference Book NASA TM-109350/JSC-24066 Rev-B, November 1993 1997 Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology, David S.F. Portree and Robert C Treviño, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History #7 2006 Reference Guide to the International Space Station, Editor Gary Kitmacher NASA SP-2006-557 2007 Survey and Evaluation of NASA-owned Historical Facilities and Properties in the Context of the U.S Space Shuttle Program, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Brevard County, Florida, Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Sarasota, Florida, Volume 1, October 2007 2010 Historical Survey and Evaluation of the Space Station Processing Facility, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Brevard County, Florida Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Sarasota, Florida, September 2010 Bibliography 235 2011 Space Shuttle Mission Summary, Robert D (‘Bob’) Legler and Floyd V. Bennett, Mission Operations, DA8, NASA JSC, Houston, Texas, NASA TM-2011-216142, September 2011 MEDIA PUBLICATIONS 1984 Space Transportation System Press Information, Rockwell International, January 1984 1998–2000 International Space Station, Press Information Book, Mission Modules and Station Overview through September 2000, Boeing BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOCIETY BOOKS AND ARTICLES 1991 The Proposed USSR Salyut and US Shuttle Docking Mission c.1991, David J. Shayler, JBIS, Volume 44, pp 553–562 2000 The History of Mir 1986–2000, Editor Rex Hall 2002 The International Space Station, From Imagination to Reality, Editor Rex Hall 2005 The International Space Station, From Imagination to Reality, Vol 2, Editor Rex Hall SPRINGER-PRAXIS SERIES IN SPACE EXPLORATION 2001 2002 – 2004 – 2005 – 2007 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 – 2015 2016 – Skylab, America’s Space Station, David J. Shayler The Continuing Story of the International Space Station, Peter Bond Creating the International Space Station, David M. Harland and John E. Catchpole Walking in Space, David J. Shayler The Story of the Space Shuttle, David M. Harland Russia’s Cosmonauts, Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center, Rex D. Hall, David J. Shayler and Bert Vis The Story of Space Station Mir, David M. Harland Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961–2006, Tim Furniss, David J. Shayler with Michael D. Shayler The International Space Station, Building for the Future, John E. Catchpole Prepare for Launch, The Astronaut Training Process, Erik Seedhouse U.S. Spacesuits, 2nd Edition, Kenneth S. Thomas and Harold J. McMann Manned Spaceflight Log II 2006–2012, David J. Shayler and Michael D. Shayler To Orbit and Back Again, How the Space Shuttle Flew in Space, Davide Sivolella Partnership in Space, The Mid to Late Nineties, Ben Evans The Twenty-First Century in Space, Ben Evans Hubble Space Telescope, From Concept to Success, David J. Shayler with David M. Harland Enhancing Hubble’s Vision, Service Missions That Expanded Our View of the Universe, David J. Shayler with David M. Harland 236 Bibliography OTHER BOOKS 1985 The Space Station, An Idea Whose Time Has Come, Editor Theodore R. Simpson, IEEE Press 1987 The Space Station, A Personal Journey, Hans Mark, Duke University Press 1990 The Space Station Decision, Increment Policy and Technological Choice, Howard E. McCurdy, New Series in NASA History, John Hopkins University Press 2001 Space Shuttle, The History of the National Space Transportation System, The First 100Missions, Dennis R. Jenkins, Midland Publishing 2002 The Space Shuttle Decision 1965–1972, Volume 1, T. A Heppenheimer, Smithsonian Institute Press – Development of the Space Shuttle 1972–1981, Vol 2, T. A Heppenheimer, Smithsonian Institute Press 2006 Sky Walking, An Astronaut’s Memoir, Tom Jones, Smithsonian Books 2007 Space Shuttle Fact Archive, Pocket Space Guide, Robert Godwin, Apogee Books 2012 International Space Station 1998–2011 (All Stages), Owner’s Workshop Manual, David Baker, Haynes Publishing 2013 An Astronaut’s Guide to Life on Earth, Chris Hadfield, Macmillan – Spacewalker, My Journey in Space and Faith as NASA’s Record-Setting Frequent Flyer, Jerry L Ross, with John Norberg, Purdue University Press – Great Endeavour, The Missions of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, Robert A. Adamcik, Apogee Prime 2015 The Orbital Perspective, An Astronaut’s View, Ron Garan, John Blake Publishing Ltd – The Ordinary Spaceman, From Boyhood Dreams to Astronaut, Clayton C. Anderson, Nebraska University Press About the Author Space historian David J. Shayler, FBIS (Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society or – as Dave likes to call it – Future Briton In Space!) was born in England in 1955 His lifelong interest in space exploration began by drawing rockets aged five, but it was not until the launch of Apollo to the Moon in December 1968 that this interest in human space exploration became a passion He recalls staying up all night with his grandfather to watch the Apollo 11 moonwalk Dave joined the British Interplanetary Society as a Member in January 1976, became an Associate Fellow in 1983, and a Fellow in 1984 He was elected to the Council of the BIS in 2013 His first articles were published by the Society in the late 1970s, and then in 1982 he set up Astro Info Service in order to focus his research efforts (www.astroinfoservice.co.uk) His first book was published in 1987, and has been followed by over twenty other titles on the American and Russian space programs, spacewalking, women in space, and the human exploration of Mars His authorized biography of Skylab astronaut Jerry Carr was published in 2008 In 1989 Dave applied as a cosmonaut candidate for the UK’s Project Juno program in cooperation with the Soviet Union (now Russia) The mission was to spend seven days in space aboard the Mir space station Dave did not reach the final selection, but progressed further than he expected The mission was flown in May 1991 by Helen Sharman In support of his research, Dave has visited NASA field centers in Houston and Florida in the USA and the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Russia It was during these trips that he was able to conduct in-depth research, interview many space explorers and workers, tour training facilities, and handle real space hardware He also gained a valuable insight into the activities of a space explorer, as well as the realities of not only flying and living in space but also what goes into preparing for a mission and planning future programs Dave is a friend of many former astronauts and cosmonauts, some of whom have accompanied him on visits to schools all across the UK. For over thirty years, he has delivered space-themed presentations and workshops to members of the public in an effort to increase popular awareness of the history and development of human space exploration Dave has a particular desire to help the younger generation to develop an interest in science and technology and the world around them © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 D.J Shayler, Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49769-3 237 238 About the Author Dave lives in the West Midlands region of the UK and enjoys spending time with his wife Bel, a youthful and enormous white German Shepherd that answers to the name of Shado, and indulging in his loves of cooking, fine wines, and classical music His other interests are in reading, especially about military history, in particular the Napoleonic Wars, visiting historical sites and landmarks, and following Formula motor racing Other Works by the Author Other space exploration books by David J. Shayler Challenger Fact File (1987), ISBN 0-86101-272-0 Apollo 11 Moon Landing (1989), ISBN 0-7110-1844-8 Exploring Space (1994), ISBN 0-600-58199-3 All About Space (1999), ISBN 0-7497-4005-X Around the World in 84 Days: The Authorized Biography of Skylab Astronaut Jerry Carr (2008), ISBN 9781-894959-40-7 With Harry Siepmann NASA Space Shuttle (1987), ISBN 0-7110-1681-X Other books by David J. Shayler in this series Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight (2000), ISBN 1-85233-225-5 Skylab: America’s Space Station (2001), ISBN 1-85233-407-X Gemini: Steps to the Moon (2001), ISBN 1-85233-405-3 Apollo: The Lost and Forgotten Missions (2002), ISBN 1-85233-575-0 Walking in Space (2004), ISBN 1-85233-710-9 Space Rescue (2007), ISBN 978-0-387-69905-9 Assembling and Supplying the ISS: The Space Shuttle Fulfills Its Mission (2017), ISBN 978-3-319-40441-7 With Rex Hall The Rocket Men (2001), ISBN 1-85233-391-X Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (2003), ISBN 1-85233-657-9 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 D.J Shayler, Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49769-3 239 240 Other Works by the Author With Rex Hall and Bert Vis Russia’s Cosmonauts (2005), ISBN 0-38721-894-7 With Ian Moule Women in Space: Following Valentina (2005), ISBN 1-85233-744-3 With Colin Burgess NASA Scientist Astronauts (2006), ISBN 0-387-21897-1 The Last of NASA’s Original Pilot Astronauts (2017), ISBN 978-3-319-51012-5 With David M. Harland The Hubble Space Telescope: From Concept to Success (2016), ISBN 978-1-4939-2826-2 Enhancing Hubble’s Vision: Service Missions That Expanded Our View of the Universe (2016), ISBN 978-3-319-22643-9 Other books by David J. Shayler and Michael D. Shayler in this series Manned Spaceflight Log II – 2006–2012 (2013), ISBN 978-1-4614-4576-0 With Andy Salmon Marswalk One: First Steps on a New Planet (2005), ISBN 1-85233-792-3 With Tim Furniss Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log: 1961–2006 (2007), ISBN 0-387-34175-7 Index A Advanced Space Vision System (ASVS), 155–157 Akers, T.D., 98, 185 Anderson, M.P., 145 Apollo mission, 3–5, 12, 14, 15 Apollo programs, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 5, 15, 109, 122, 137 Apt, J., 98 Assembly flights, 42, 87, 100, 103, 118, 157 Atlantis (OV-104), 41–42, 54, 62, 66, 68–70, 79, 81, 137, 139, 142–157, 160–162, 175, 185, 190, 197, 200, 206–207, 212 B Baker, E.L., 84, 86, 97, 172 Baker, M.A., 84, 98–100, 186 Bloomfield, M.J., 84, 101 Boeing, 121, 201, 206 Bolden, C.F., 92 Budarin, N., 84, 86, 93, 94, 97, 137, 148 C Cabana, R.D., 103 Cameron, K.D., 84, 95, 97, 109, 182 Canada, 6, 37, 51, 52, 81, 83, 97, 148, 155, 164 Canadarm (Shuttle), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), 84, 97, 104, 123, 157 Challenger (OV-099), 18, 36, 40–41, 46, 49, 51, 60, 74, 87, 202, 221, 223 Chang-Diaz, F.R., 84, 92, 204 Chilton, K.P., 84, 97, 98 Chretien, J.-L., 84, 101, 104, 144, 182 Clervoy, J.-F., 84, 92, 100, 104, 126, 131–133, 135, 153, 164, 168, 174, 188, 189, 191, 194, 197–201, 205, 208 Clifford, M. R.U., 84, 98, 140, 158–160, 182 Cockrell, K.D., 103, 203 Collins, E.M., 84, 92, 93, 100, 174, 197 Columbia (OV-102), 7, 33, 41–42, 62, 67–70, 87, 112, 202, 212 Columbus (European laboratory module), 31, 40 Crawler Transporter, 64, 65, 70, 72, 78 Crew Equipment Interface Test (CEIT), 190 Crew Optical Alignment Sight (COAS), 44, 114, 118 D Davis, N.J., 92, 157 Detailed Supplementary Objectives (DSOs), 131, 166, 197 Detailed Test Objectives (DTOs), 88, 131, 166, 197 Director of Operations–Russia (DOR), 95, 100, 108–111, 153 Discovery (OV-103), 41–42, 62, 67–68, 70, 81, 137–139, 146, 162 Dezhurov, V., 84, 86, 93–95, 97, 137, 140, 172 Director of Operations–Russia (DOR), 95, 97–100, 108–109, 134, 153 Discovery (OV-103), 70, 137 Docking, 2, 10, 42, 55, 82, 106, 137, 152, 170, 192 Docking module (DM), 14, 31, 55, 63, 76, 97, 122, 132, 133, 137, 139, 154–157, 159–161, 163, 175, 194 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 D.J Shayler, Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49769-3 241 242 Index Docking systems Agena, 12, 111, 115 Androgynous Peripheral Docking System (APAS), 122, 195 Apollo, 1–7, 10–12, 14, 15, 27–32, 37, 41, 51, 53, 64, 71, 72, 82, 87, 111–113, 115, 121, 136, 138, 140, 149, 159, 169, 183 Gemini, 2, 12, 83, 87, 111, 112, 115, 116, 134, 149, 183 Salyut, 10–35, 52, 89, 90, 101, 103, 111, 122, 144, 146, 150, 170, 190 Skylab, 5, 10–12, 14, 15, 29–35, 41, 51, 82, 100, 111, 112, 114, 136, 138–140, 145, 146, 149, 158, 169, 172, 183 Soyuz, 10–16, 19–22 Space Shuttle, 1, 3, 5, Space Station, 1, 10, 36, 54, 82, 106, 136, 153, 170, 195 Dunbar, B.J., 84, 86, 93, 97, 98, 102, 109, 140, 145, 172, 182, 193 Dezhurov, V.N., 84, 86, 93–95, 97, 137, 140, 172 E Edwards Air Force Base, California, 203 Edwards, J.F. Jr., 84, 187, 193, 201–203, 206 Endeavour (OV-105), 41–42, 62, 67–70, 81, 137, 145 Energiya, 17, 95, 143, 146 Enterprise (OV-101), 202 EO (station resident expedition) ISS, 99 Mir, 192 Europe, 18, 37, 51, 52, 81, 83 European Space Agency (ESA), 6, 17, 52, 84, 92, 100, 104, 131, 148, 164, 170, 171 External Tank (ET), 7, 31, 45, 54, 56, 62, 64–67, 69, 70, 74, 79, 108, 166 Extra vehicular activity (EVA) STS-76, 55, 137, 159–161 STS-86, 137, 161–162 F Flight Control Room (FCR), 109–111 Flight Planning, 54–58 Foale, C.M., 84, 92–94, 99–104, 143, 144, 157, 189, 194, 200 Freedom (Space Station Program), 27, 28 G Gagarin, Y.A., 89, 105, 106, 153 Gatland, K.W., 36 Gemini (Program), 3, 111 Gibson, R.L., 25, 84, 86, 97, 140, 182 Godwin, L.M., 98, 140, 158–160 Gorie, D.L., 84, 103 Grunsfeld, J.M., 84, 100 H Hadfield, C.A., 84, 97, 104, 139, 154–157, 182 Halsell, J.D. Jr., 84, 97, 109, 182 Hand-Held Laser (HHL), 127, 129, 197 Harbaugh, G.J., 84, 86, 97, 172, 182 Harris, B.A. Jr., 84, 93 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 31, 37, 79, 82, 95, 102, 117–119, 129, 134, 135, 139 Hurricanes Bertha (1996), 67, 79 Fran (1996), 68, 79 I International Space Station (ISS) Phase 1, 99, 136, 137, 148 Phase 1A, 55 Phase 1B, 55, 148 Phase 2, 148 Intravehicular Activity (IVA), 45, 198 Ivins, M.S., 84, 100, 102, 182, 188 J Japan, 17, 18, 37, 51, 52, 81, 83, 148, 164, 170 Japanese (experiments and equipment), 31 Jett, B.W. Jr., 100, 109, 152 Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, 70, 81, 208 K Kavandi, J.L., 84, 103, 108, 129, 134, 135, 157, 183, 191 Kennedy Space Center, Florida, 49, 58, 64, 72, 201, 202 King, D.A., 58 Kondakova, Y.V., 84, 89, 92, 96, 100, 104, 143, 164, 188 Krikalev, S.K., 88, 89, 92, 93, 99, 137–139, 157 Kristall module (Mir), 122 Kunesch, A.M., 36 L Launch Complex 39 Pad 39A, 65, 73–75 Pad 39B, 74, 102 Index 243 Lawrence, W.B., 84, 98–104, 109, 129, 144, 157, 182, 192 Lessons learned (from Shuttle-Mir), 109, 111 Loadmaster, 86, 169–191 Lockers, 49, 164, 172–176, 179, 180, 185, 198 Lopez-Alegria, M.E., 109 Lu, E.T., 84, 96, 100, 164, 188, 197 M Marshal Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, Alabama, 30, 46 McArthur, W.S. Jr., 84, 97, 157 Mercury (Program), 149, 169, 183 Mir (Space Station), Mission Build (MS–Freedom), 42 Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP), 64, 65, 67, 69–71, 74 Mueller, G.E., 1, N Near-Mir rendezvous mission (STS-63), 55, 100, 101, 104, 111, 113, 128, 130, 139, 146, 149, 153, 158, 208 Newman, J.H., 117, 118 Noriega, C.I., 84, 100, 127, 182, 205 O O’Hara, Al., 58 Operations Working Group (OWG), 22–24 Orbital Vehicle (OV–Space Shuttle) Atlantis (OV-104), 41–42, 54, 62, 66, 68–70, 79, 81, 137, 139, 142–157, 160–162, 175, 185, 190, 197, 200, 206, 207, 212 Challenger (OV-099), 18, 36, 40–41, 46, 49, 51, 60, 74, 87, 202, 221, 223 Columbia (OV-102), 7, 33, 41–42, 62, 67–70, 87, 112, 202, 212 Discovery (OV-103), 41–42, 62, 67–68, 70, 81, 137–139, 146, 162 Endeavour (OV-105), 41–42, 62, 67–70, 81, 137, 145 Enterprise (OV-101), 202 Orbital Work Shop (OWS–Skylab), 30–33 Orbiter Docking System (ODS), 44, 61, 116, 120–122 Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF), 59–62, 65, 67–70, 75, 77, 190, 203, 207 Orlan (Russian EVA suit), 98, 103, 144, 160 P Page, G.F., 58 Parazynski, S.E., 84, 98–101, 144, 160–162 Payload, 1, 3, 6–9, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30–32, 36, 37, 40, 44–48, 50, 52, 56, 58, 61–63, 70, 74–78, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 106, 108, 112, 113, 117, 119, 121, 128, 130, 131, 137, 139, 148, 149, 154, 157–160, 162–166, 170–175, 180, 181, 186, 190, 200 Payload Canister, 75, 77 Planning (mission), 48 Position Orientation Hold Selection (POHS), 44 Precourt, C.J., 84, 86, 92, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103, 109, 127–129, 146, 153, 182, 188, 205 Progress resupply craft M-34, 143, 144 Proximity Operations (‘Prox-Ops’), 113 R Readdy, W.F., 84, 97, 98, 109, 144, 199 Reagan, R.W (U.S, President), 37 Recumbent Seat Systems Assembly (RSSA), 197, 198 Reightler, K.S. Jr., 92 Reilly, J.F. II., 84, 102, 182 Remote Manipulator System (RMS), 154–157 shuttle RMS STS-74, 154–157 STS-91, 157 Rendezvous development, 131 H-Bar, 113 Local Vertical, Local Horizontal (LVLH), 113, 132 low Z mode, 113, 120, 129, 196 norm Z mode, 120 R-Bar, 120, 123, 124, 130, 131 V-Bar, 120 Resupply craft (automated) Progress, 111 Ross, J.L., 84, 97, 182 Russia, 24, 28, 37, 46, 52, 53, 79, 81, 83, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 100, 104, 105, 108–109, 136, 139, 148, 149, 153 Russian Space Agency (RSA), 84, 92–94, 109, 157 Ryumin, V.V., 84, 89, 103, 104, 143, 146, 182 S Science and Applications Working Group (SAWG), 22, 24, 25 Searfoss, R.A., 84, 98 244 Index Sega, R.M., 84, 92, 97, 98, 109, 157, 181, 182 Sharipov, S.S., 84, 89, 103, 104, 145, 187, 193 Shenzhou, 111 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), 201–203, 206, 207 Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF), KSC, Florida, 62, 67, 202, 203, 205–207 Shuttle-Mir (Program) Phase 1, 99, 103, 136, 137, 141, 161 Phase 2, 148 Sieck, R.B., 58 Simulators, 46, 87, 113 Skylab (Program), 5, 10–12, 14, 15, 26, 29–34 Solid rocket boosters (SRB), 7, 45, 54, 56, 62, 64–67, 69, 79, 80, 140, 166 Solovyov, A., 86, 93, 94, 97, 100, 137, 148, 193–195 Soviet Union, 11, 18, 21, 28, 29, 53, 55, 91, 111, 122, 136, 148 Soyuz spacecraft Soyuz TM, 94, 98, 122, 137, 139 TM-16, 122 TM-21, 94, 98, 137, 139 Spacehab double module, 137, 171, 174, 187, 190 single module, 137, 174 Spacelab (European science laboratory, Space Shuttle), 24 Space Shuttle, 1–11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 26, 28, 33, 36, 37, 42, 45, 53, 64, 67, 70, 72, 81, 83, 87, 90, 93, 94, 109, 110, 112, 120, 135, 147, 148, 170, 182, 191, 197, 208 Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSME), 45, 56, 60, 62, 65, 70, 166 Space Station, 14, 31, 76, 79, 102, 103, 122, 133, 137, 143, 146, 153–155, 157, 160, 161, 173, 174 Almaz, 15, 16, 111 Freedom, 36–53, 90, 112, 122, 127, 130, 148, 158, 198 ISS, 3, 7, 9, 19, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 40–42, 44–50, 52–58, 62, 67, 68, 70, 74, 83, 85–88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 108, 109, 111, 112, 117, 118, 120, 127–129, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, 143–146, 148–150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160, 164–170, 172, 174, 176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 190–192, 196, 198, 205, 206, 208 Mir docking module, 14, 31, 76, 137, 154, 155, 157, 160, 173, 174 Kristall module, 122 Spektr module, 79, 102, 103, 133, 143, 146, 153, 161 Salyut, 10–34, 89, 90, 103, 111, 122, 144, 146, 150, 170, 190 Skylab, 5, 10–12, 14–15, 26, 29–34, 41, 51, 82, 100, 111, 112, 114, 136, 139, 140, 145, 146, 149, 158, 169 Tiangong, 111 Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle) STS-103, 133 STS-107, 174 STS-109, 118 STS-60, 55, 58, 62, 67, 74, 79, 91–93, 97, 104, 110, 111, 117, 137–139, 146, 153, 155, 157, 206 STS-63, 55, 58, 67, 70, 74, 79, 81, 84, 93, 98, 100, 101, 104, 110, 111, 113, 117, 128, 130, 137, 139, 144, 147, 149, 150, 153, 155, 157, 158, 166, 192, 206 STS-71, 27, 55, 61, 67, 70, 74, 76, 79, 84, 86, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 107, 110, 111, 128, 137, 139, 140, 145, 147, 148, 155, 170–172, 182, 192, 200, 206 STS-74, 55, 58, 63, 67, 70, 76, 79, 84, 97, 99, 110, 111, 123, 124, 128, 133, 137, 139, 140, 142, 147, 154, 155, 157, 159, 163, 182, 206 STS-76, 55, 58, 67, 70, 74, 76, 79, 84, 97, 98, 100, 106, 110, 111, 132, 137, 140, 147, 158, 168, 175, 179, 181, 182, 201, 206, 207 STS-79, 55, 67, 69, 70, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 84, 97, 98, 101, 106, 110, 111, 128, 134, 137, 141, 144, 147, 174, 181, 182, 184, 185, 196, 199, 200, 206, 207 STS-81, 54, 55, 59, 67, 70, 72, 76, 80, 84, 98–102, 110, 142, 147, 152, 167, 182, 186, 190, 206 STS-84, 55, 67, 69, 70, 76, 80, 84, 91, 92, 96, 98, 100, 102, 110, 126, 127, 131, 143, 147, 153, 164, 174, 179, 182, 188, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203, 205, 206 STS-86, 55, 67, 68, 70, 76, 81, 84, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 110, 130, 144, 147, 160, 168, 182, 192, 206 STS-88, 41, 68, 103, 118 STS-89, 58, 63, 67–71, 76, 77, 81, 84, 99–101, 103, 110, 118, 145, 147, 182, 187, 193, 194, 206 STS-91, 64–67, 70, 76, 78, 81, 84, 101, 103, 108, 110, 128, 134, 136, 146–150, 154, 155, 157, 164, 168, 182, 183, 192, 204–206 Strekalov, G., 137 Index 245 T Teleoperator Retrieval System (TRS), 32–35 Thagard, N.E., 25 Thermal Protection System (TPS), 62, 142 Thomas, A.S.W., 94, 103, 136, 145 Titov, V.G., 88, 89, 92, 93, 101, 104, 137–139, 144, 157, 160–163, 182 Training, 1, 17, 49, 56, 58, 82, 83, 85, 87–90, 92, 93, 95–98, 100–105, 108, 109, 131, 134, 138, 139, 143, 149, 150, 153, 156, 158, 160, 183, 185, 188, 189, 197, 200, 203 U United States Air Force, 203 United States (President) Richard M. Nixon, 7, 15 Ronald W. Reagan, 37 V Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), 59–62, 64–72, 74, 78, 79 Voss, J.E., 84, 93, 99, 103, 157 Voss, J.S., 99 W Wake Shield Facility (WSF), 110, 138, 157 Walz, C.E., 84, 98, 144 Weather, 56, 58, 59, 62, 64, 78, 79, 87, 90, 109, 140, 200–202, 206 Wetherbee, J.D., 81, 84, 93, 101, 139, 151 Wilcutt, T., 84, 98, 101, 144, 184 Wisoff, P.J.K., 84, 100, 186 Wolf, D.A., 84, 94, 100, 102–104, 144, 145, 193 Y Young, J.W., .. .Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations Early Docking Technologies from Concept to Implementation David J. Shayler Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations Early Docking... Firstly, in Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations, the development of key components in the Shuttle system are described These include the massive infrastructure on the ground to prepare the vehicles... x Preface Linking the Space Shuttle and Space Stations explores the lessons that were learned in the early 1970s and then lost and regained It also reviews various plans to use the Shuttle in