The resilience handbook approach to stress and trauma

free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com The Resilience Handbook How are people and communities able to prevail despite challenge? What helps them bounce back from adversity and even grow in knowledge and understanding? And can this resilience be taught? During the past decade, exciting scientific advances have shed light on how resilience operates from neurons to neighborhoods In The Resilience Handbook, experts in the science of resilience draw on human and animal research to describe the process of resilience and follow its course as it unfolds both within individuals and in social networks Contributors also highlight the promise of new interventions that apply what we know about resilience processes to bolster positive health, and raise some of the pressing questions and issues for the field as it matures This handbook is designed to be used by students as an invitation to a burgeoning field; by researchers, as a framework for advancing theories, hypotheses, and empirical tests of resilience functions; and by clinicians, as a comprehensive and up-to-the-minute integration of theory and practice Martha Kent is a research scientist at the Phoenix VA Health Care System and a member of the Resilience Solutions Group at Arizona State University Mary C Davis is a professor in the department of psychology at Arizona State University and a member of the Resilience Solutions Group John W Reich is an emeritus professor of psychology at Arizona State University and the coeditor of the Handbook of Adult Resilience free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com The Resilience Handbook Approaches to Stress and Trauma Edited by Martha Kent, Mary C Davis, and John W Reich free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com First published 2014 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA © 2014 Taylor & Francis Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business The right of the editors to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The resilience handbook : approaches to stress and trauma / edited by Martha Kent, Mary C Davis, and John W Reich pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index Resilience (Personality trait) Stress (Psychology) I Kent, Martha (Research scientist) II Davis, Mary C editor of compilation III Reich, John W., 1937- editor of compilation BF698.35.R47R47117 2013 155.2'4—dc23 2013008550 ISBN: 978–0–415–69987–7 (hbk) ISBN: 978–0–415–81883–4 (pbk) ISBN: 978–0–203–13530–3 (ebk) Typeset in Galliard by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents List of Contributors Acknowledgments Introduction viii xi xii SECTION Resilience as Adaptive Process to Stress and Trauma Part A: Resilience as Biobehavioral Adaptation Seeking and Loss in the Ancestral Genesis of Resilience, Depression, and Addiction JAAK PANKSEPP The Roles of Predictive and Reactive Biobehavioral Programs in Resilience 15 MATTIE TOPS, PHAN LUU, MAARTEN A S BOKSEM, AND DON M TUCKER Approach/Engagement and Withdrawal/Defense as Basic Biobehavioral Adaptations: Resilient Transcendence of a Popular Duality 33 MARTHA KENT Introduction to Allostasis and Allostatic Load 44 GRETA B RAGLAN AND JAY SCHULKIN Part B: Resilience as Intrapersonal Process The Automatic Basis of Resilience: Adaptive Regulation of Affect and Cognition 53 55 SUSANNE SCHWAGER AND KLAUS ROTHERMUND The Regulatory Power of Positive Emotions in Stress: A TemporalFunctional Approach CHRISTIAN E WAUGH 73 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com vi Contents Responding to Trauma and Loss: An Emotion Regulation Perspective 86 MATTHEW TYLER BODEN, MADHUR KULKARNI, ASHLEY SHURICK, MARCEL O BONN-MILLER, AND JAMES J GROSS Music as an Agent of Resilience 100 DONALD A HODGES Part C: Resilience as Interpersonal Process Oxytocin and Attachment Facilitate a Shift From Seeking Novelty to Recognizing and Preferring Familiarity: The Key to Increasing Resilience? 113 115 MATTIE TOPS, FEMKE T A BUISMAN-PIJLMAN, AND C SUE CARTER 10 Social Touch and Resilience 131 MARY H BURLESON AND MARY C DAVIS 11 Empathy and Resilience in a Connected World 144 GRIT HEIN 12 An Attachment Perspective on Resilience to Stress and Trauma 156 MARIO MIKULINCER AND PHILLIP R SHAVER 13 Using the Caregiver System Model to Explain the Resilience-Related Benefits Older Adults Derive From Volunteering 169 STEPHANIE L BROWN AND MORRIS A OKUN Part D: Resilience as Social Process 183 14 Resilience Is Social, After All 185 ALEX J ZAUTRA 15 Developmental Social Factors as Promoters of Resilience in Childhood and Adolescence 197 BEKH BRADLEY, TELSIE A DAVIS, JOANNA KAYE, AND ALIZA WINGO SECTION Resilience Interventions Part A: Activating Interventions 16 Behavioral Activation as a Treatment for Depression: Theory, Neurobiologic Effects, and Potential Linkages to Resilience GABRIEL S DICHTER, MORIA SMOSKI, ROSELINDE K HENDERSON, AND SONA DIMIDJIAN www.ebook777.com 209 211 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents vii 17 Resilience Training for Action and Agency to Stress and Trauma: Becoming the Hero of Your Life 227 MARTHA KENT AND MARY C DAVIS Part B: Intrapersonal Interventions 245 18 Different Strokes: Empathy, Individual Characteristics, and Helping 247 ALICIA J HOFELICH AND STEPHANIE D PRESTON 19 Forgiveness Interventions and the Promotion of Resilience Following Interpersonal Stress and Trauma 256 NATHANIEL G WADE, JERITT R TUCKER, AND MARILYN A CORNISH 20 Resilience Interventions With a Focus on Meaning and Values 270 CRYSTAL L PARK AND JEANNE M SLATTERY Part C: Interpersonal Interventions 283 21 The Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) Narrative Model: A Treatment Approach to Promote Resilience 285 CHRISTINA M HASSIJA AND MARYLENE CLOITRE 22 Promoting Resilience After Trauma: Clinical Stimulation of the Oxytocin System 299 JESSIE L FRIJLING, MIRJAM VAN ZUIDEN, SASKIA B J KOCH, LAURA NAWIJN, DICK J VELTMAN, AND MIRANDA OLFF Index 309 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contributors Matthew Tyler Boden, PhD, Program Evaluation and Resource Center, Center for Health Care Evaluation, Veterans Administration, Menlo Park, CA Maarten A S Boksem, PhD, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Marcel O Bonn-Miller, PhD, Center for Health Care Evaluation/Center for Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, Veterans Administration/Philadelphia VAMC, Menlo Park, CA/Philadelphia, PA Bekh Bradley, PhD, Mental Health Service, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA Stephanie L Brown, PhD, Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY; and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Femke T A Buisman-Pijlman, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Mary H Burleson, PhD, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ C Sue Carter, PhD, Translational Research in Neural Medicine, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC Marylene Cloitre, PhD, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA; and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY Marilyn A Cornish, MS, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA Mary C Davis, PhD, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Telsie A Davis, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA Gabriel S Dichter, PhD, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Sona Dimidjian, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contributors ix Jessie L Frijling, MS, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands James J Gross, PhD, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA Christina M Hassija, PhD, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA; and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA Grit Hein, PhD, Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Roselinde K Henderson, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO Donald A Hodges, PhD, Music Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC Alicia J Hofelich, PhD, Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA Joanna Kaye, BA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA Martha Kent, PhD, Research Service, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ; and Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Saskia B J Koch, MS, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Madhur Kulkarni, PhD, Center for Health Care Evaluation, Veterans Administration, Menlo Park, CA Phan Luu, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon; and Electrical Geodesics, Inc., Eugene, OR Mario Mikulincer, PhD, Department of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel Laura Nawijn, MS, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Morris A Okun, PhD, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Miranda Olff, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, the Netherlands Jaak Panksepp, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Crystal L Park, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Stephanie D Preston, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Greta B Raglan, BS, Research, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC; and Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Promoting Resilience After Trauma 305 Context and Individual Factors Important considerations when implementing intranasal OT in a clinical application are the effects OT administration has on contextual and interindividual factors (Bartz, Zaki, Bolger, & Ochsner, 2011) Clinical studies using intranasal OT and/or social support should evaluate the influence of these factors in their subgroups before any of these interventions can become general practice Effects of OT reveal a variety of sex differences For example, neuroimaging studies show that OT administration in females increased amygdala activation to emotional faces (Domes et al., 2010) By contrast, men show decreased amygdala activation after intranasal OT (Domes et al., 2007) In addition, salivary alpha-amylase levels (a measure of sympathetic activity) decreased in women during couple conflict conditions after OT administration, whereas alpha-amylase levels increased in men (Ditzen et al., in press) It is possible that similar sexually dimorphic effects may be observed in the effects of a social support intervention Other interindividual factors complicate the effects of OT further De Dreu and colleagues (2010) observed that, following intranasal OT, participants donated more money only to their in-group members By contrast, out-group members received less money (De Dreu et al., 2010) Several studies showed that OT’s prosocial effects acted mainly through in-group favoritism (van IJzendoorn & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012) These findings may have implications for the application of intranasal administration of OT to trauma-exposed individuals in relation to their personal in-group and out-group perceptions Consideration should also be given to the influence of attachment on the effectiveness of interventions that stimulate OT In a study on perceptions of maternal closeness, the authors observed that less anxiously attached individuals remembered their mothers as more caring after OT administration, whereas those who were more anxiously attached remembered their mothers as less caring after intranasal OT (Bartz, Zaki, Ochsner, et al., 2010) In other studies intranasal OT was effective for those individuals who could gain with regard to social functioning Intranasal OT improved empathetic accuracy only in individuals with poorer social-cognitive performance in comparison to those with better social-cognitive performance (Bartz, Zaki, Bolger, et al., 2010) Intranasal OT attenuated cortisol levels only in those with low emotion regulation abilities, but not in individuals with high emotion regulation abilities (Quirin, Kuhl, & Dusing, 2011) Similar findings were observed in men who experienced early parental separation, while men without early parental separation did not exhibit diminished basal cortisol levels after intranasal OT administration (Meinlschmidt & Heim, 2007) It has been proposed that OT increases the salience of social cues Salience depends on interpersonal and contextual factors (Bartz et al., 2011) This may explain the selective effects of intranasal OT administration Therefore, when studying the effects of OT stimulating interventions post-trauma, individual characteristics and social perceptions of traumaexposed individuals should be assessed, in order to identify those factors that account for the interventions’ effectiveness CONCLUSIONS The development of PTSD is associated with a lack of perceived social support and with inadequate regulation of stress and fear responses The current review shows that these risk factors may be modifiable and that they may be suitable targets for early intervention to free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 306 Frijling, van Zuiden, Koch, Nawijn, Veltman, and Olff prevent the development of PTSD in individuals exposed to trauma Interestingly, social behavior and the functioning of HPA axis, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and cortico-limbic fear mechanisms are closely interconnected and are all influenced by OT OT can be administered intranasally and is safe to use In addition, OT release may be stimulated endogenously by the provision of safe social contact, such as therapeutic social support settings A promising area of research is the effectiveness of OT stimulating interventions, applied in the aftermath of a traumatic event prior to the development of the full-blown constellation of PTSD symptoms In this context, attention needs to be paid to contextual and interindividual influences on the effects of OT The timing of the intervention and dose of OT stimulation should be assessed to establish maximal efficacy In conclusion, we propose that OT stimulating interventions administered early after trauma are a promising treatment approach and are easily applied in order to restore an adaptive resilient response in individuals with PTSD REFERENCES Altemus, M., Deuster, P A., Galliven, E., Carter, C S., & Gold, P W (1995) Suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to stress in lactating women Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 80, 2954–2959 American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.) Washington, DC: Author Bartz, J A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., Hollander, E., Ludwig, N N., Kolevzon, A., et al (2010) Oxytocin selectively improves empathic accuracy Psychological Science, 21, 1426–1428 Bartz, J A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K N (2011) Social effects of oxytocin in humans: Context and person matter Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 301–309 Bartz, J A., Zaki, J., Ochsner, K N., Bolger, N., Kolevzon, A., Ludwig, N., et al (2010) Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 21371–21375 Beetz, A., Uvnäs Moberg, K., Julius, H., & Kotrschal, K (2012) Psychosocial and psychophysiological effects of human–animal interactions: The possible role of oxytocin Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1–16 Carter, C S., Williams, J R., Witt, D M., & Insel, T R (1992) Oxytocin and social bonding Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 652, 204–211 Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M (2008) Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 301–328 Coan, J A., Schaefer, H S., & Davidson, R J (2006) Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat Psychological Sciences, 17, 1032–1039 Cohen, H (2011) High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: Interplay between clinical and animal studies European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 796–809 Cohen, H., Kaplan, Z., Kozlovsky, N., Gidron, Y., Matar, M A., & Zohar, J (2010) Hippocampal microinfusion of oxytocin attenuates the behavioural response to stress by means of dynamic interplay with the glucocorticoid-catecholamine responses Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 22, 889–904 Coronas, R., Gallardo, O., Moreno, M J., Suarez, D., Garcia-Pares, G., & Menchon, J M (2011) Heart rate measured in the acute aftermath of trauma can predict post-traumatic stress disorder: A prospective study in motor vehicle accident survivors European Psychiatry, 26, 508–512 De Dreu, C K., Greer, L L., Handgraaf, M J., Shalvi, S., Van Kleef, G A., Baas, M., et al (2010) The neuropeptide oxytocin regulates parochial altruism in intergroup conflict among humans Science, 328, 1408–1411 www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Promoting Resilience After Trauma 307 Ditzen, B., Nater, U M., Schaer, M., La, M R., Bodenmann, G., Ehlert, U., et al (in press) Sex-specific effects of intranasal oxytocin on autonomic nervous system and emotional responses to couple conflict Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Glascher, J., Buchel, C., Braus, D F., & Herpertz, S C (2007) Oxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence Biological Psychiatry, 62, 1187–1190 Domes, G., Lischke, A., Berger, C., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Heinrichs, M., et al (2010) Effects of intranasal oxytocin on emotional face processing in women Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 83–93 Feldman, R., Gordon, I., & Zagoory-Sharon, O (2011) Maternal and paternal plasma, salivary, and urinary oxytocin and parent–infant synchrony: Considering stress and affiliation components of human bonding Developmental Sciences, 14, 752–761 Galbally, M., Lewis, A J., IJzendoorn, M van, & Permezel, M (2011) The role of oxytocin in mother– infant relations: A systematic review of human studies Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19, 1–14 Gautvik, K M., Lecea, L de, Gautvik, V T., Danielson, P E., Tranque, P., Dopazo, A., et al (1996) Overview of the most prevalent hypothalamus-specific mRNAs, as identified by directional tag PCR subtraction Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 8733–8738 Heinrichs, M., Baumgartner, T., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U (2003) Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress Biological Psychiatry, 54, 1389–1398 IJzendoorn, M H van, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M J (2012 A sniff of trust: Meta-analysis of the effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on face recognition, trust to in-group, and trust to out-group Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 438–443 IJzendoorn, M H van, Bhandari, R., Veen, R van der, Grewen, K., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M J (2012) Elevated salivary levels of oxytocin persist more than seven hours after intranasal administration Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, 1–6 Kirschbaum, C., Klauer, T., Filipp, S H., & Hellhammer, D H (1995) Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 23–31 Lepore, S J., Allen, K A., & Evans, G W (1993) Social support lowers cardiovascular reactivity to an acute stressor Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 518–524 Light, K C., Grewen, K M., Amico, J A., Boccia, M., Brownley, K A., & Johns, J M (2004) Deficits in plasma oxytocin responses and increased negative affect, stress, and blood pressure in mothers with cocaine exposure during pregnancy Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1541–1564 Lovallo, W R., Farag, N H., Sorocco, K H., Cohoon, A J., & Vincent, A S (2012) Lifetime adversity leads to blunted stress axis reactivity: Studies from the Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project Biological Psychiatry, 71, 344–349 MacDonald, E., Dadds, M R., Brennan, J L., Williams, K., Levy, F., & Cauchi, A J (2011) A review of safety, side-effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human research Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 1114–1126 MacDonald, K., & Feifel, D (2012) Dramatic improvement in sexual function induced by intranasal oxytocin Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9, 1407–1410 Meinlschmidt, G., & Heim, C (2007) Sensitivity to intranasal oxytocin in adult men with early parental separation Biological Psychiatry, 61, 1109–1111 National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for PTSD (2005) Psychological first aid: A field operations guide Medical Reserve Corps field operations guide Norman, G J., Cacioppo, J T., Morris, J S., Malarkey, W B., Berntson, G G., & DeVries, A C (2011) Oxytocin increases autonomic cardiac control: Moderation by loneliness Biological Psychology, 86, 174–180 Ohlsson, B., Truedsson, M., Bengtsson, M., Torstenson, R., Sjolund, K., Bjornsson, E S., et al (2005) Effects of long-term treatment with oxytocin in chronic constipation: A double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 17, 697–704 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 308 Frijling, van Zuiden, Koch, Nawijn, Veltman, and Olff Olff, M (2012) Bonding after trauma: On the role of social support and the oxytocin system in traumatic stress European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3, 1–11 Olff, M., Langeland, W., Witteveen, A., & Denys, D (2010) A psychobiological rationale for oxytocin in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder CNS Spectrums, 15, 522–530 Pitman, R K., Orr, S P., & Lasko, N B (1993) Effects of intranasal vasopressin and oxytocin on physiologic responding during personal combat imagery in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder Psychiatry Research, 48, 107–117 Pole, N (2007) The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis Psychological Bulletin, 133, 725–746 Pole, N., Neylan, T C., Otte, C., Henn-Hasse, C., Metzler, T J., & Marmar, C R (2009) Prospective prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using fear potentiated auditory startle responses Biological Psychiatry, 65, 235–240 Quirin, M., Kuhl, J., & Dusing, R (2011) Oxytocin buffers cortisol responses to stress in individuals with impaired emotion regulation abilities Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 898–904 Rapaport, M H., Schettler, P., & Bresee, C (2012) A preliminary study of the effects of repeated massage on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and immune function in healthy individuals: A study of mechanisms of action and dosage Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 18, 789–797 Robinaugh, D J., Marques, L., Traeger, L N., Marks, E H., Sung, S C., Gayle, B J., et al (2011) Understanding the relationship of perceived social support to post-trauma cognitions and posttraumatic stress disorder Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 1072–1078 Seltzer, L J., Ziegler, T E., & Pollak, S D (2010) Social vocalizations can release oxytocin in humans Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277, 2661–2666 Shaikh al Arab, A., Guédon-Moreau, L., Ducrocq, F., Molenda, S., Duhem, S., Salleron, J., et al (2012) Temporal analysis of heart rate variability as a predictor of post traumatic stress disorder in road traffic accidents survivors Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 790–796 Sripada, C S., Phan, K L., Labuschagne, I., Welsh, R., Nathan, P J., & Wood, A G (2012) Oxytocin enhances resting-state connectivity between amygdala and medial frontal cortex International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1–6 Toth, I., Neumann, I D., & Slattery, D A (2012) Central administration of oxytocin receptor ligands affects cued fear extinction in rats and mice in a timepoint-dependent manner Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 223, 149–158 Turner-Cobb, J M., Sephton, S E., Koopman, C., Blake-Mortimer, J., & Spiegel, D (2000) Social support and salivary cortisol in women with metastatic breast cancer Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 337–345 Uvnäs Moberg, K (1998) Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 819–835 Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense (VA/DoD) (2010) Clinical practice guideline for management of posttraumatic stress (version 2.0, draft) Retrieved from http://www onlinecpg.com/review/ptsd/ptsd-reviewdraft.pdf Vries, G J de, & Olff, M (2009) The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in the Netherlands Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 259–267 Yatzkar, U., & Klein, E (2010) P.3.026 intranasal oxytocin in patients with post traumatic stress disorder: A single dose, pilot double blind crossover study European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, S84 Zohar, J., Sonnino, R., Juven-Wetzler, A., & Cohen, H (2009) Can posttraumatic stress disorder be prevented? CNS Spectrums, 14, 44–51 Zuiden, M van, Kavelaars, A., Geuze, E., Olff, M., & Heijnen, C J (2013) Predicting PTSD: Preexisting vulnerabilities in glucocorticoid-signaling and implications for preventive interventions Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 30, 12–21 www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index 5–HTTLPR gene 198 Abramson, L.Y 80, 218 Abreu, J.A 103 acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) 36, 40, 294–5 accommodative coping (emotion-focused coping) 57–8, 59, 63, 267 action-agency training xvi, 36, 40, 227–44 activation goals 213, 221 active coping 24–5, 37 actor–action–object 231, 232–4 acute stressors 77–82 adaptation: emotion regulation and 89–92; to threat xiv, 33–43 adaptive regulation xiv, 55–72 addiction 7, 26; oxytocin, attachment and resilience to xv, 115–30 Adler, A.B 275–9 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) xvii, 197–206 adverse situation 55, 59 aesthetic trinity theory (ATT) 105 affect, laws of 10 affection exchange theory 134 affective-motivational counter-regulation xiv, 58–9, 60, 66–8 affective networks xiii, 3–14 affective processing 63–8 affluence 40–1 affordance 232 African Americans 204 age-related functional losses 65 agency 231, 233, 234, 236 see action-agency training AIDS caregivers 73, 76 allostatis xiv, 33, 35, 37, 44–52 allostatic load xiv, 35, 37, 46–7, 48–9 altruistic motivation to volunteer 175 amygdala 16, 35, 38–9, 215, 300, 301; hyperactivity 215 anarchic hand 233 anger 257, 258, 259, 266; RAGE network 5–11 anhedonia 211–12; effects of Behavior Activation (BA) treatment on brain regions mediating reward processing 217–20 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) 146–7, 174 anterior insula (AI) 25–7, 146–7 anthropology 102–3 anticipation 45, 78, 81, 232, 235, 236 anticipation phase 78–80, 81 antidepressant behaviors 213, 221 antidepressant medication 8–9, 211, 212 anxiety 68; attachment anxiety 156–7; music and reducing 107 appraisals 88, 159 appraised meaning 270–2 approach, reactive 22, 23–4 approach/engagement xiv, xvi, 33–43, 80, 228, 229; resilience training for action and agency 236–40 approach motivation 217 ascending spiral 20, 119–22 Aspinwall, L.G 22–5, 77, 79 assessment 213, 221 assimilative coping (problem-focused coping) 57–8, 59, 63–6 associative conditioning 136 Astor-Jack, T 236 attachment 305; affective networks and 6; emotion regulation xv, 156–68; secure 156– 7, 201–2; shift from seeking novelty to preferring familiarity xv, 115–30 attachment anxiety 156–7 attachment-irrelevant stressful events 159–60 attachment style 139, 156–7 attention: attentional scope 21–2; deployment of 89; selective 60–3 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 26 automatic self-regulation xiv, 55–72 autonomic nervous system (ANS) 34–7 aversive/unpredictable environment 36, 40 avoidance: attachment-related 156–7; reactive 22, 23–4 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 310 Index avoidance-oriented emotion regulation 92, 93–4 Ayers, N 101–2 Balleine, B.W 19, 20 Bandura, A.B 94, 240, 286 Bartholomew, K 157 Bartz, J.A 123–4, 126, 305 Batson, C.D 144–6, 148–51, 247–9 battlemind training/debriefing 277–8 Baumeister, R.F 27, 82, 190 Beck, A.T 36, 215–6, 252 Beethoven, L van 101 behavioral activation (BA) 36, 40, 294–5; effects on brain function 212–20, 221–2; treatments for depression xvi, 211–26 behavioral model of depression 213 behavioral self-blame 260 beliefs 271, 272 benefit finding 277–8, 278 Bennett, J 59 bereavement 162, 177 Bernard, C 44–5 Berridge, K.C 7, 120, 135, 217–8, 220 Bewernick, B.H Big Brother/Big Sister programs 275, 279 biobehavioral programs xiii-xiv, 15–32, 35, 40 biochemistry, music and 104–5 biology: developmental social model of resilience 198–9; and music 103–5 Bisconti, T.L 23–4, 73 Black, B 175 blame 256; see also self-blame Bloom, S.L 49 Bonanno, G.A 23, 47, 49, 73, 82, 85–8, 93–4, 162, 200, 256, 266, 269, 273–4, 276, 279, 286, 288 bonding capital 192 bottom-up boundaries 257, 262 Bowlby, J xv, 6, 19, 116–7, 126, 135, 155–60, 179 bracing for loss 80 Bradburn, M 39 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 9, 47 brain function: action and agency 230, 231–3; adaptation to threat 35, 38–9; affective networks xiii, 3–14; effects of behavioral activation 212–20, 221–2; empathy 146– 51; helping behavior 176; response to music 103–4; and social connections 189, 190–1; STAIR/NST 295 Breslau, N 86 Brewin, C.R 254, 287 bridging capital 192 Briere, J 256, 257, 258 broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions 22, 75, 76, 77, 78, 173 Brooks, D 192 Buber, M 190 Buckner, R.L 18 Burgdorf, J 8, Burkett, J.P 122 C-tactile (CT) fibers 136 caballerismo 205 Cacioppo, J.T 24–5, 74, 77, 131, 170 ‘Candle in the Wind’ (John) 102 Cannon, W.B 33–5, 37, 45, 300 canonical neurons 232 CARE network 5–11 caregiver system model xv, 170–5; resiliencerelated benefits of volunteering 171–5 Carnegie Foundation 192 Carter, C.S xii, xiii, xv, 35, 38, 115, 122, 124, 127, 135, 171, 176, 204, 220, 301 Carver, C.S 22, 24, 49, 55, 57, 80, 273–4 Casey, B.J 26, 199 Cassidy, J 106, 157 cause of recovery 56 Chaminade, T 232 characterological self-blame 257, 260 Charney, D.S 46, 48, 148, 217, 241 Charuvastra, A 285, 288–9, 300 Chan, C.W 278 cherishing experience 237–9 childhood abuse-related PTSD 293–4 childhood experiences: adverse xvi, 197–208; and the ability to make social connections 188; positive 125–6 children: music education 107–8; music therapy 106; see also infants Chowchilla child kidnapping and cave collapse 34, 228 chronic response to trauma and loss 86–7, 92 chronic stressors 77 Chrousos, G.P 46 Chiechanowski, P.S 164, 165 Clay, E.G 175 closed information processing 60–3 Coan, J.A 48, 137, 300 cognition 3, 4, 191; cognitive change 89; expanded process model 59–69 cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) 94, 211, 212 cognitive functions 230; effects of Behavior Activation (BA) treatment 214–17; helping behavior and stress regulation 177–8 cognitive perspective taking 145 cognitive processing theory (CPT) 276 cognitive therapy (CT) 211, 212 Cohen, S 78, 132, 173, 185, 287 coherence 266–7 www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index Coifman, K.G 23, 49, 200, 286, 288 color-naming task 163 community: involvement in community activities 203; social intelligence 189, 192–3 community cohesion 204 comparator or forward model 233, 234, 236 compassionate motives 171, 172, 174–5 competence, sense of 171, 172, 173 complicated grief 277 composition, musical 101 Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program 275 concentration camps 101, 228 conditioning 221; associative 136 conduct disorder 26 connectedness 266–7 consilience 126–7 contamination stories 277 context see environment/context context model control xiv, 15–32, 35, 40; shift from reactive control to 19–28, 29; see also internal working models control 266–7; biobehavioral programs xiiixiv, 15–32, 35, 40; internal locus of 286; perceived 61–5 control-dependent affective processing 63–6 control theory 260 controllable attributes 64 cool versus hot control 25–7 coping 230; active 24–5, 37; attachment security and 159; coping models of resilience 56–8; emotion-focused 57–8, 59, 63, 267; meaningful 75–6, 77; passive 37; problem-focused 57–8, 59, 63–6; regressive 49 co-regulation 136 cortical functions 230 corticostriatial loops, ascending spiral in 20, 119–22 corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) 45, 46, 47–8 cortisol 46–7, 48, 104, 176; attachment and 160 counter-regulation xiv, 58–9, 60, 66–8 Craig, A.D 25, 131, 136 critically ill patients 107 Csikszentmihalyi, M 105 Damasio, A.R 136, 231 danger stimuli 64 Danner, D.D 178 Darwin, C 3, 39 Davidson, R.J 28, 35, 39, 47, 48, 137, 152, 217 deactivating strategies 157 Decety, J 146, 232, 235, 248 Deci, E.L 185 De Dreus, C.K 124, 125, 126, 305 311 deep brain stimulation (DBS) 5; antidepressant therapies 9–10 default mode network (DMN) 18, 104 defense see withdrawal/defense dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 48, 178 delay of gratification 26 delayed response 86–7, 92 Del Guidice, M 27, 118 demethylation 47–8 depression 68; affective neuroscience 6–10; Behavior Activation (BA) as a treatment for xvi, 211–26; Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) antidepressant therapies 9–10; and empathy 251–2; music and 107; self-regulation 62; shortcomings of past approaches to 8–9; see also major depressive disorder (MDD) depressive symptoms 86–7, 92, 95–6 Depue, R.A 135, 137, 190 derogation of social alternatives 123, 124–5 Derryberry, D 21, 22, 66 developmental social factors xvi, 197–208 DeWall, C.N 27, 66, 68, 82, 190, dialectic behavioral therapy 294–5 Diamond, L.M 139, 160–1 Diana, Princess of Wales 102 dichotomous models 33–41 differential sensitivity theory 198–9 Dimidjian, S xii, xiii, xvi, 8, 36, 40, 212, 213, 235, 241 Diori, J 133 directional drive 17 disabled children 108 disgust 147 distal environmental factors 200–1, 203–5 distraction 79, 81 distraught patients 249–52 distress 145, 152, 249–50; attachment security and 159–60 Ditzen, B 135, 138, 160, 305 domestic violence 186–7, 192; pseudo-forgiveness 262–3 Donley, K 107 dopamine xv, 7, 20, 117, 120–1, 122, 173, 217 dorsal corticolimbic pathways xiv, 15–32, 40, 116–23 Drevets, W.C 25, 217–8, drug addiction see addiction dual-process model 57–8, 60, 61, 63 Dudamel, G 103 Dunbar, R.I.M 131–2 dynamic model of affect (DMA) 23, 40, 74–5, 76, 77 earned attachment security 202 education 173 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 312 Index effectiveness: of emotion regulation 91–2; forgiveness interventions 265 efficient stress response xvi, 228–9 effort, and social relations 189, 191–2 Eisenberg, N 144, 145, 149, 152, 247, 249 Eisenberg, N.I 147, 189, 199 Elliot, E 47, 273 Ellsworth, P.C 57 embitterment 257, 260, 261, 264; long-term outcomes 262, 263 emotion antecedents 88 emotion-focused coping 57–8, 59, 63, 267 emotion regulation xv, 20, 25–8, 199, 286–8, 289; attachment, resilience and 157–8; music and 106; and response to trauma or loss xiv, 86–99; and social bonds 288; STAIR/ NST 290, 291, 292 emotion theory 258 emotional awareness 95, 290, 291 emotional disturbances 92–3 emotional primes 4–11; functions of emotions 191, 230; dichotomous models 35, 39–40; and emotion regulation 88–9; emotional responses to trauma 257, 258–9, 260, 266; emotional well-being 263; primary process xiii, 3–14; thinking and feeling 191 empathic concern 145 empathizer characteristics 149 empathy xv, 144–55; forgiveness interventions 265, 266; individual characteristics and helping xvii, 247–55 empathy recipient 149 endocrine 230 endogenous opioids 122 engagement/approach see approach/engagement engagement phase 80–1 Engelman, M 37 enhancement bias 63–6 Enright, R.D 261, 263–5 environment/context 230; aversive/ unpredictable 36, 40; contextual factors and oxytocin (OT) stimulation 305; developmental social factors and resilience 200–5; empathic brain responses 148–9; extremely adverse environments 34, 227–8, 235, 236 ethnomusicology 102–3 Etkin, A 25 evaluative space model 74, 77 evolutionary theories of emotion 258 excessive reward disorders 40–1 expanded process model 59–69 expectations, flexibility in 288–9, 290, 291–2 experience: childhood experiences see childhood experiences; representations shaped by 248–9; shared and empathy xvii, 247–55 experience-dependent simulation 234–41 experience sampling methods (ESM) 105–6 extracurricular activities 203 extremely adverse environments 34, 227–8, 235, 236 Fales, C.L 214, 215 familiarity 248–9; shift from novelty seeking to familiarity preferring xv, 115–30 familiarization–habituation response 123–4, 126 family resources 202 fast life strategy 118 Fava, G.A 49, 218 fear: FEAR network 5–11; stimulation of the oxytocin (OT) system and the fear response xvii, 299–308 female–sadness associations 250–1, 253 Field, T.M 131, 138, 151 fight–flight 37 Fichtenholtz, H.M 215 Fishbach, A 58, 61 flexibility, psychological 199–200, 288–9, 290, 291–2 Foa, E.B 36, 94–5, 289–90 focused attention meditation 28 Föster, J 21, 23 Fogassi, L 231–3 Folkman, S 24, 55, 57–8, 73, 75–7, 82, 257, 269, 287 forgiveness xvii, 256–69; interventions to promote 264–7; model for forgiveness-related responses to trauma 257–64; true forgiveness as secondary outcome 257, 260, 261–2, 263–4 Enright forgiveness intervention program 264–5 long-term forgiveness-related outcomes 257, 262–4 primary forgiveness-related outcomes 257, 259–60 secondary forgiveness-related outcomes 257, 260–2 tailoring of forgiveness interventions 266 forward or comparator model 233, 234, 236 Fraley, R 161–2 Fredrickson, B.L 21–2, 73, 75, 77–9, 82, 131, 137, 152, 171, 173, 176–7, 287 Frewen, P.A 95, 234 Fried, L.P 178 Friedman, R.S 21, 23, 58 Frith, C 232 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 222, 295; effects of Behavioral Activation (BA) on brain function 214–20 future 230; designing a good life with agency 237–8 www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index Gable, P.W 21–2, 83 Gabrielsson, A 105 Gallese, V 231–3 Garcia, R 35, 38 Garner, A.S 49 Gazzaniga, M 189, 191, 193 gender role socialization 204–5 general adaptation syndrome (GAS) 37 genetic predispositions 198–9 Giffords, G 102 Ginzburg, E 34, 227, 235–6 Glenberg, A.M 231–2 global meaning 270–2 GLYX-13 goal-relevant information processing 60–3 goals 271, 272; activation goals 213, 221; emotion regulation and 90–2, 93, 94, 95; ideomotor theory 229–30 ‘golden hours’ 304 Goleman, D 189, 190–1 Goodall, J 132 good survival 227–9 Gordon, K.C 256, 262–3 Grady Trauma Project (GTP) 198 Grassi-Oliviera, R 47 Greve, W 56, 67–9 Grewen, K.M 124, 138, 302 Grèzes, J 232, 235 grief 23, 162, 177; complicated 277; PANIC/ GRIEF network 5–11 grooming 132 group membership 305; empathy and 149–51 growth, posttraumatic 87–8, 94 Gruenewald, T.L 171 Guemus, I 211 Gulag 34, 227 Haber, S.N 7, 20, 218 habitual behaviors 218 habitual (routinized) control 116–17, 118, 119–21, 126 Haggard, P 232, 236 Hamblen, J.L 94 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 214 ‘Hanoi Hilton’ prison 34, 228, 235 Harlow, H.F 133 Hasler, D 217–8 Hayes, S.C 36, 40, 92, 200, 241, 294 healing rituals 103 health: adjustment to physical illness 163–5; helping behavior and stress regulation 177–8; responses to trauma 257, 263–4 hedonic goals 91–2, 93, 95 hedonic responses 217–18 Heiderscheit, A 107 Heiligenstadt Testament (Beethoven) 101 313 Heim, C 46–7, 305 Heimer, L Heinrichs, M 38, 124, 301 helping behavior 144, 145; empathic brain responses and 149–51, 152; empathy, individual characteristics and xvii, 247–55; resilience-related benefits from volunteering xv, 169–82 Herman, J.P 38 Herz-Sommer, A 101 Heyes, C 231, 248 hippocampus 35, 38–9 Hoffman, M.L 144 Hollon, S.D 211 Holocaust, 34, 101 homeostasis 33, 35, 37; allostasis and 44–6 Hommel, B 229, 233 hormones 176 hot control 25–7 Houle, B.J 175 Hughes, G 236 humanity of others 188, 189 humor 249–50 Huppert, F.A 48, 273 hyperactivating strategies 157, 158 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis 35, 37, 38, 46, 47, 160, 234, 300, 301 I-Thou world view 190 identity 103; multiple self-aspects 67, 68–9 ideomotor theory 229–30, 233, 236 illness, physical 163–5 imitation behavior 233–4 implicit associations test (IAT) 251 incongruency bias 66 individual factors: empathy, helping and xvii, 247–55; oxytocin (OT) stimulation 305 induced musical emotions (emotivist) position 105 infants: social bonds 132–4; ‘still face’ procedure 137; touch and 137–8; see also childhood experiences, children inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) 18, 25–7 information molecules 45–6 information processing 58; switching between open and closed modes 60–3 Interpersonal Reactivity Index 248 Interpersonal Therapy (ITP) 211 instrumental goals 91–2, 93, 94, 95 insulin-like growth factor intensive care units (ICUs) 107 intention binding 232 interaction of positive and negative emotions 73–85; temporal-functional framework 76–83; theories 74–6 internal locus of control 286 internal models of action 235 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 314 Index internal working models 115–30; see also context model control interpersonal flexibility 288–9, 290, 291 interpersonal process xii, xiii, xv interpersonal schemas 290, 291–2 interpersonal stress and trauma xvii, 256–69 inter-stressor phase 77–8 intranasal oxytocin 124, 125, 301, 302, 302–3, 304, 305 intrapersonal process xii, xiii, xiv-xv inward-focused negative emotions 258 ‘It Is Well With My Soul’ 100, 109 Janoff-Bulman, R 256, 259, 260 Jellison, J 108 Jewish exiles 102 John, Elton 102 joy 147–8, 152–3 juvenile play 8–9 Kahneman, D 190 Katrina, Hurricane 193 Keren, G 33 Kessler, R.C 86, 211, 235, 285 Keysers, C xii, 147, 231, 233, 235 King, A 96 King, M.L 100 Knutson, B 5, 7, 218 Koenen, K.C 94, 198, 203, 287, 289, 293 Koob, G.F 120, 218, 220 Koolhaas, J.M 37 Krach, S 147 !Kung tribe of the Kalahari desert 103 Larsen, J.T 24, 25 laws of affect 10 Lazarus, R.S 55, 57–8, 256–7, 259 Leardi, S 104 learning systems 19–20 LeDoux, J 35, 231, 289 Lee, R.K 61 Leet, M 228 Leipold, B 56, 69 Levine, P 27 Levitt, J.T 293 Lewin, K 193 Libet, B 232 liking 217–18; shifting the balance between wanting and xv, 115–30 Linden, M 261, 263 Linehan, M.M 294 linking capital 192 Linley, P.A 87, 88, 93 Linville, P.W 67, 69, 273 listening to music 102 Liu, Y 122, 125 Loggia, M.L 151 loneliness 187–8 loss: attachment and responses to 160–3; emotion regulation and response to 92–6; responses to trauma and 86–8 Luskin, F 265 LUST network 5–11 Luthar, S.S xii, 34, 40–1, 56, 185, 228, 256 Lutz, A 28 machismo 205 major depressive disorder (MDD) 87, 95, 211; behavioral activation as treatment xvi, 211– 26; see also depression Manna, A 28 marital-type relationships 134 Martell, C.R 213, 294 masculinity 205 Maslow, A 105 Masten, A.S xii, 34, 137, 185, 200, 228 Masten, C.L 56, 147, 149, 151 maternal touch 133–4 Mather, M 67 Mathews, A 68 Mauder, R.G 164 Mayberg, H.S 9, 217 McAdams, D.P 276–7, 279 McEwen, B.S 8–9, 34–5, 37, 46–50, 82, 177, 247 Mead, G.H 49 meaning, interventions with a focus on xvii, 270–82 meaning-making intervention (MMi) 278 meaning-making model 270–2 meaningful coping 75–6, 77 meaningfulness 274 Meaney, M.J 133 mechanical ventilation 107 medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) 39 medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus 170–1, 176 meditation 20, 27–8 memory 238, 240 Merriam, A 101 mesolimbic neural activity 217–20, 222 Messiaen, O 101 Metcalfe, J 26 Midlarsky, E 171, 172 Millett, V 175 mindfulness 273 mindfulness meditation 20, 27–8 mindfulness therapies 36, 40 mirror neurons 230–3, 248; actor–action–object in 232–3 Moll, J 174 monitoring 213, 221 Morgan, C.A 48 mortality, volunteering and risk of 169–70, 172 www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index Moskowitz, J.T 24, 73, 75–6, 77, 81–2, 193, 270, 287 motivation: automatic self-regulation of 58–9; expanded process model 59–69; for volunteering 171, 172, 174–5 multiple sclerosis 174 music xiv-xv, 100–12, 228 music education 107–8 music medicine 103, 104, 106–7 music therapy 102, 106–7 Narrative Story Telling (NST) xvii, 285–98 natural killer lymphocytes 104 natural mentors 202 Navy SEALs 236 need, expression of and observers’ motivation to help 247–55 negative emotions/affect 11, 12, 39–40; and attentional scope 21–2; independence or bipolarity of positive affect and 22, 23–4; interaction with positive emotions 73–85 negativity biases 63–8 neighborhood advantage 203–4 Neimeyer, R.A 276–8 nested BrainMind hierarchies 3, neurobiological expressions of resilience 47–8 neuroendocrine models 35, 37–8 neurons: canonical 232; mirror 230–3; social connections and 191 neuropeptide Y (NPY) 48 New Horizons International Music Association 103 Nicolson, N 23, 39, 74 non-abusive physical discipline 201 novelty seeking, shift to familiarity preferring from xv, 115–30 obesity 40–1 Ochsner, K.N 25, 88, 123, 253, 305 older adults: affective processing 65, 67–8; resilience-related benefits from volunteering xv, 169–82 Omoto, A.M 173, 175, 178 O’Mara, E.M 79 Ong, A.D 73, 74–5 open information processing 60–3 open monitoring meditation 20, 27–8 optimism 22, 79, 80, 274 organizational volunteering 169–70 Orr, S.P 302 Osgood, C 39 outward-focused negative emotions 258 oxytocin (OT) 35, 38, 171, 176; clinical stimulation of the OT system xvii, 299–308; shifting the balance between wanting and liking xv, 115–30; and touch 133, 135, 138 Oyserman, D 63, 65 315 Palombit, R.A 49 pain 23, 146–7; sensitivity 64 PANIC/GRIEF network 5–11 Panksepp, J 35, 37–8 paracingulate gyrus 216–17 paradoxical processes 94 parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) 35, 300, 301 parenting style 201 Pargament, K.I 278 partner preference 122 passive coping 37 patients: individual differences in and empathy 249–52, 253; patient–physician relationship 164 Pedersen, C.A 117, 133 peer assistance programs 179 peer influence 202 Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) 275 Pennebaker, J.W 276–7 perceived control: affective processing biases 63–5; information processing 61–3 perceived emotions (cognitivist) position 105 perceived resources 24–5, 27 perceived usefulness 171, 172, 173 perception–action model (PAM) 247–9, 251 performing music 101–2 personal distress see distress personality trait conception of resilience 56 personalized music listening intervention 107 Peterson, C 62 Phillips, M.L 25–6, 218 physical affection xv, 131–43 physical health see health physician–patient relationship 164 physiology: physical affection and physiological indicators 134–5, 138; physiological models of adaptations to threat 34–7; responses to music 104; responses to stress Piliavin, J.A 169, 171, 178 Pitman, R.K 289, 302 PLAY network 5–11 pleasure, touch and 135–6 Pole, N 90, 92, 300 polyvagal theory 35, 37 Porges, S.W 35, 37 positive early experiences 125–6 positive emotions/affect 11, 12, 39–40, 287; and attentional scope 21–2; broadenand-build theory 22, 75, 76, 77, 78, 173; empathy and 147–8, 152–3; enhanced by touch 136–7; enhancement 20, 21–5; forgiveness and 261–2; independence or bipolarity of negative affect and 22, 23–4; as meaningful coping 75–6, 77; regulatory power in stress xiv, 73–85; volunteering and 171, 173–4, 177, 178–9 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 316 Index positivity biases 63–8 posttraumatic growth 87–8, 94 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 87, 197, 285, 287; attachment and 162–3; comparison of resilience and 228–30; disturbance of action and agency 233–4; emotion regulation 92, 93–4, 95–6; prevention by stimulation of the oxytocin (OT) system xvii, 299–308; processes involved in the development of 299–300; resilience training of action and agency 236–40; STAIR/NST 289–95; symptoms 86 power 259 prairie voles 122 predictable environment 16, 18, 116, 237 predictive control 35 prefrontal cortex (PFC) 27, 35, 38–9, 214–17 preparation, levels of 79 presence, touch as an indicator of 137 Preussner, J.S 35, 39 primal emotions scale 11 primary process emotional structure xiii, 3–14 primary resilience interventions 270, 271, 272; with a focus on meaning and values 273–6, 277, 279 primates 132–8 Prinz, W 229, 233, 236 problem-focused coping 57–8, 59, 63–6 progesterone 171, 176 prolonged exposure therapy (PET) 276 prosocial behavior see helping behavior proximal environmental factors 200–1, 201–3 pseudo-forgiveness 257, 260–1, 264; long-term outcomes 262–3 psychological first aid 303 psychological flexibility 199–200, 288–9, 290, 291–2 psychology 105–6 Putin, V 250 Putnam, R.D 193 quality-of-life interviews 249–50 Quartet for the End of Time (Messiaen) 101 Quirin, M 67, 124, 159–60, 305 racial socialization 204 RAGE network 5–11; see also anger REACH program (Recall, Empathy, Altruism, Committing, Holding on) 265 reactive behavioral control xiii-xiv, 15–32, 35, 40; shifting from reactive to context model control 19–28, 29, 115–23 rebound, behavioral 27 Rebounding, Sustaining, Growing (RSG) model 100 recounting stressful experiences 276–8 recovery 256; cause of 56; response to trauma and loss 86–7, 92, 94–6 recovery phase 81–2 redemption stories 277 Reed, P 59, 61 Rees, B 273 reflection 82 regressive coping 49 Reich, J 23, 33, 35, 39–40, 74, 100, 184, 229, 266 reinforcement, touch and 135–6 related dysfunction response 86–7 relational beings 189, 190 relationships: breakups 160–1; problems with 257, 262 religion 173, 273, 278 representations, shaped by experience 248–9 Resick, P.A 88, 94, 229 resilience alleles 198 resilience resources 131; social touch, resilience processes and 132–9 Resilience Solutions Group 188 resilience training for action and agency xvi, 36, 40, 227–44 resilient patients 249–52 resilient responses 86–7, 228–30, emotion regulation 92, 94–6 resources: family 202; perceived 24–5, 27; related to primary resilience 273–6; resilience 131, 132–9 response modulation 89 responses to stress/trauma/loss 86–8; attachment and 159–65; efficient stress response xvi, 228–9; emotion regulation and 92–6; forgiveness-related 257–64; good survival 227–9; resilience compared with traumatic responses 228–30; social support and development of PTSD 299–300 restorying 276–8 reticent patients 249–52 reward learning 218 reward processing 217–20, 222 reward-seeking motives 171, 172, 174 right caudate 219, 220 risk alleles 198 Ritchie, G 228 Rizzolatti, G 120, 135, 217, 218, 220, 230–3, 248 Robinson, O.J 218 romantic relationships 134–5, 160–1 routinized (habitual) control 116–17, 118, 119–21, 126 Rubia, K 26 rumination 82, 93 Rye, M.S 265 Saarikallio, S 106 www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index sad images block task 215–17 sadness 250–2, 253 safe social contact 301, 302, 303, 305 Sanctuary Model of care 49 sanguine patients 249–52 Sapolsky, R.M 35, 46, 176, 177 Sarajevo, Siege of 101 Särkämö, T 107 Sbarra, D.A 136, 160–1 Schacter, K.L 238 schemas, interpersonal 290, 291–2 Scheier, M.F 55, 57, 80 Scherer, K.R 57, 88, 256–7, 261, 266 schizophrenia 294 Schmeichel, B.J 27 Schneirla, T 39 Schnurr, P.P 87, 94, 240 Schultz, W 7, 35 Schwabe, L 120–1 scripts 191–2 SEALs 236 secondary process 3, 4, secondary resilience interventions 270, 271, 272; with a focus on meaning and values 276–8, 279 secure attachment 156–7, 201–2 security priming 157–8, 163, 201–2 SEEKING network 5–11, 35, 37–8 Segal, Z.V 36, 40 selective attention 60–3 self-blame 256, 257, 259, 260, 266 self-deprecating emotions 257, 259, 260, 266 self-efficacy 286, 289 self-enhancement 63–6, 274 self-protective emotions 257, 259, 260, 266 self-reflection 18 self-regulation 27, 199; automatic xiv, 55–72; expanded process model 59–69 Selye, H 34–5, 37, 77–9 sense of life as meaningful 271, 272 separation, responses to 161–2 serotonin 122 sex differences 305 Shah, J.Y 58, 61 shame 258 shared experience xvii, 247–55 Shepperd, J.A 80 short allele carriers (s/s or s/l genotypes) 198–9 Shumaker, R 34, 228, 235 similarity 248–9 Simmons, A.N 236 simulation, experience-dependent 234–41 Singer, B.H 49, 50 Singer, T 137, 145–8, 149 Sistema, El 103 situation modification 89 situation selection 89 317 situation-specific demands 90, 91–2 situational attributes 171, 175 Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation with Narrative Story Telling (STAIR/NST) xvii, 36, 40, 285–98 skin contact 133–4 Smoski, M.J xii, xiii, xvi, 8, 36, 40, 214–6, 219, 223, 235, 241 Smajlovic´, V 101 Social Action for Health Project 192–3 social baseline theory 137 social bonds see social connections/bonds social capital 192 social competence 144, 151, 200 social connections/bonds xvi, 185–96, 228; action-agency training 236–40; in adulthood 134–5; comparison of resilience and PTSD 229, 230; emotion regulation and 288; good survival xvi, 228–9; inability to build and manage 187–8; in infancy 132– 4; learnability of developing 188–92; strong and resilient outcomes 185–7; therapeutic relationship in STAIR/NST 292–3 warm partner contact 138 social exclusion 147 social identity theory (SIT) 103 social inference ability 200 social intelligence (SI) 188–93 social integration 171, 172, 173–4 social pain 147, 189–90 social process xii, xiii, xv-xvi social relatedness see social connections/bonds social support 185–6; allostasis and 48–9; clinical stimulation of the oxytocin system xvii, 299–308; and the development of PTSD 299–300; intervention 301, 302, 303, 305; volunteering and 172, 173–4 social touch xv, 131–43 socialization: gender role 204–5; racial 204 sociology 103 softheartedness 249–50 Solomon, R.L 67 Solomon, D.A 211 spirituality 273, 278 spouse: attachment and death of 162; spousal caregiving 174, 177 Sterling, P 34, 35, 37, 45, 46, 50 ‘still face’ procedure 137 strategic self-regulation 59–68 stress: interpersonal and forgiveness xvii, 256–69; oxytocin, attachment and resilience to xv, 115–30; recounting stressful experiences 276–8; regulation and volunteering 175–9; regulatory power of positive emotions xiv, 73–85; responses to see responses to stress/trauma/loss; touch and reduction of 137–8 free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 318 Index stressors 76–82 striatum 218, 219–20 stroke patients 107 survival, good 227–9 survival circuits xiii, 3–14 sustainability 256 sympathetic nervous system 300, 302 sympathy 144–5, 152 Tamir, M 80, 81, 91 target populations 304 Taylor, S.E 65, 67, 77, 79, 95, 126–7, 199, 120, 238 technology 193–4 temporal-functional framework for interaction of positive and negative emotions 76–83 Terr, L 228 terrorist attacks: 9/11 101, 163, 293 tertiary process 3, Thayer, R.E 17 theory of mind 188 therapeutic relationship 292–3 thought, and emotion 191 thought–action repertoires 80–1, 82, 83, 173 threat, adaptations to xiv, 33–43 timing 304 Tomasello, M 48 Toomey, B touch xv, 131–43 Toyoshima, K 104 training, action-agency xvi, 36, 40, 227–44 trauma 258; attachment and responses to 162–3; factors associated with psychological resilience following 285–9; interpersonal and forgiveness xvii, 256–69; PTSD see posttraumatic stress disorder; responses to see responses to stress/trauma/loss; return to and transformation of 237–9 Trier Social Stress Test 159, 160 Trotter, J.L 186, 192 Tugade, M.M 73, 79, 82, 177 ulcerative colitis (UC) 164–5 Umilta, M.A 232 unconscious processing 190 unforgiveness 257, 259, 260, 261 unpredictable environment 16, 18, 116, 237 usefulness, perceived 171, 172, 173 utilization behavior 233–4 Uvnäs Moberg, K 35, 38, 301, 303 Vogt, J 67 values, focus on xvii, 270–82 ventral corticolimbic pathways xiii-xiv, 15–32, 40, 116–23 ventral skin-to-skin contact 133–4 ventral vagus 35, 37 vigilance 77–8 violin-playing boy 228, 235, 236 volunteering xv, 169–82 Waal, de F 132, 247–8, 251 wanting 217; shifting the balance between liking and xv, 115–30 war 103, 162–3, 228 war veterans 274 Waugh, C.E 72 ‘We Shall Overcome’ 100 well-being 177–8, 263 Wheel of Fortune task 219–20 Wilding, N 192–3 willpower 25–7 wired to connect 189–90 wistful patients 249–52 withdrawal/defense xiv, 33–43 Witvliet, C.V.O 263 Wöhr, M World War II 228 Worthington, E 265–8, 260–2, 264–6 Wright, R 188 Yatzkar, U 302 Yerkes–Dodson law 81 yoga 275–6 Zatorre, R 22, 102 Zaki, J 122, 123, 162, 253, 305 Zautra, A.J 39–40, 74, 100, 131, 229, 256, 270, 274 Zeigarnik, B 61 Zoellner, T 87, 88 Zuiden, van M 300 www.ebook777.com free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ... on adult resilience, the editing of a special journal issue, and the present volume focused on resilience approaches to stress and trauma We wish to thank the Research Department of the Phoenix... trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The resilience handbook : approaches to stress and trauma. .. emotions they feel, how they feel them, and how they use and express their emotions Contextual factors and emotion-specific factors influence when and how emotion regulation strategies are adaptive and