Landscape analysis business model assessment in fecal sludge management

REGIONAL REPORT ASIA LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS AND BUSINESS MODEL ASSESSMENT IN FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT November 2011 Prepared by: Antoinette Kome Regional Report Asia: FSM Landscape Analysis & Business Model Assessment Acknowledgements This report only builds on the five Asian country reports and I would like to express my high respect and admiration for the enormous effort done by all the five country teams: The Right Angle in India, WaterAid Bangladesh in Bangladesh, GRET in Cambodia, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering in Vietnam and Ere consulting group and Indah Water Konsortium in Malaysia Also thanks to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for initiating this important study and to Sangeeta Chowdhry for coordinating the study Furthermore I would like to thank my colleagues in Rajeev Munankami, Pham Van Lan and Heino Guellemann in Bangladesh, Vietnam and Cambodia respectively for their inputs, as well as to G.B Banjara and a very special thanks to my colleague working with me on this assignment Ujjwal Pokhrel for all his inputs, comments ideas and support Further thanks to Shiriin Barakzai and Serge Cartier van Dissel for their critical questions, good inputs and editing, and to my boss Megan Ritchie for her continuous support Report disclaimer: This report is based on research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Copyright notice: © 2011 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation All Rights Reserved Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries Regional Report Asia: FSM Landscape Analysis & Business Model Assessment CONTENTS Contents ii Introduction 1.1 Background and Rationale of the study 1.2 Objectives of the study 1.3 Main research questions and scope of the study 1.4 Selected countries and cities in the study 1.5 Organization of the study Methodology and lessons learned 2.1 Secondary information 2.2 Data collection 2.2.1 Selection of the cities of the study and representativeness for the country situation 2.2.2 Household survey 2.2.3 Sampling and data collection on fecal sludge emptying and transport businesses 2.2.4 Key stakeholders in fecal sludge management 2.3 Methods of data analysis 10 2.3.1 Situational analysis- link to the bigger picture 10 2.3.2 Access to drinking water 10 2.3.3 Sanitation technology and systems 11 2.3.4 Income and payment for services 16 2.3.5 Willingness to pay (WTP) 16 2.3.6 Calculation of Fecal sludge production (theoretical and actual market size) 16 2.3.7 Analysis of disposal practices and incentives for safe disposal 21 2.3.8 Analysis of the institutional and legal framework 21 2.3.9 Financial and business model analysis 22 2.3.10 Business case assessment 22 Results and analysis 23 3.1 Background on the countries of the study 23 3.2 Situational analysis of extraction/transportation 24 3.2.1 Demographic and water supply and sanitation situation of the cities studied 24 3.2.2 Institutional and legal framework of sanitation and FSM by country 26 3.3 Household survey results 35 3.3.1 Demographic situation in the selected survey areas in the 15 cities 35 3.3.2 Access to water supply and sanitation in the survey areas 36 3.3.3 Use of fecal sludge extraction and transport services 39 Regional Report Asia: FSM Landscape Analysis & Business Model Assessment 3.3.4 3.4 Emptying fees and customer perspective on the fecal sludge extraction and transport services 43 Fecal sludge emptying and transport businesses in the survey areas 46 3.4.1 Overall emerging picture of fecal sludge emptying and transport businesses in the survey areas 46 3.4.2 Revenues, expenses and profits of mechanical FS emptying and transport businesses 48 3.5 Treatment and fecal sludge end-reuse 54 3.6 Market analysis 56 3.7 Businesses case assessment 59 3.7.1 Malaysia: reducing operating costs of the Melaka private medium sized company by installing Geotubes 60 3.7.2 Bangladesh: Creating proof of concept of mechanical emptying in Bangladesh through a combination of improved equipment, regulation and awareness raising 60 3.7.3 Vietnam Improvement of Hai Phong model 62 Reflections and recommendations 63 References 65 Annexes i 6.1 Differences in the FS calculations i Glossary v Regional Report Asia: FSM Landscape Analysis & Business Model Assessment List of Tables Table 1: Basic Demographic Data of Surveyed Countries Table 2: City Selection considerations Table 3: Survey Population and Sample Size for Surveyed Cities, sorted by Country Table 4: Businesses interviewed by City, sorted by Country Table 5: Key Stakeholders in FSM by Country 10 Table 6: Classification of sanitation technologies - user interface, storage, conveyance and treatment 13 Table 7: JMP data by survey Country 23 Table 8: Overview on main legal and institutional situation by country 27 Table Size of the survey areas within the selected cities 35 Table 10 Open defecation and shared facilities in the surveyed areas 37 Table 11 Number of households that need pit or tank emptying 39 Table 12 Average sizes of pits and septic tanks in the different survey areas 42 Table 13 Percentage of private truck capacity 46 Table 14 Number of households per active private company and per private truck 46 Table 15 Characteristics of the trucks used by mechanical emptiers in the cities 48 Table 16 Comparison of key financial ratios 51 Table 17 Economic rates used in the countries' calculations 51 Table 18 Sensitivy of selected Malaysian and Indian companies 52 Table 19Disposal practices and treatment capacity in the study cities 54 Table 20 Comparison of current situation and proposed model 60 Table 21 Comparison of Bangladesh proposal 61 Table 22 Comparison of Vietnam proposal 62 List of Figures Figure Components of the Sanitation Service Delivery Model Figure 2: Location Map of Survey Cities Figure Schematic overview of sanitation systems encountered in the study cities 14 Figure 4: Assumed FS Accumulation Rates used in FS calculations, by Survey Location (m3/ cap/ year) 18 Figure 5: Pit Emptying Frequencies by Survey City 20 Figure 6: Impact of FS Transfer Distance on Costs 21 Figure 7: Access to Water Supply by JMP classification by Survey City, sorted by Country 24 Figure 8: Percentage HHs in Survey Cities with On-Site Sanitation (connected/ not connected to drains/ sewers) 25 Figure 9: HHs that would require on-site sanitation under a scenario of enforcement 26 Figure 10: FSM Stakeholder Mapping 31 Figure 11: Flow of money chart for FSM transactions at Hanoi URENCO (public company) 34 Figure 12: Typical flow of money chart for FSM transactions at private enterprise 34 Figure 13 Average income per Capita per day in the selected survey areas (in USD) 35 Figure 14 Access to water supply in the survey areas in % of the total population 36 Figure 15 Distribution of on-site and off-site facilities in the survey areas 37 Figure 16 Distribution of different types of sanitation facilities in the surveyed areas 38 Figure 17 Comparison of % households in the surveyed areas that theoretically need emptying services and those who actually use services 40 Figure 18 Percentages of households using manual, mechanical and self-emptying to empty their pits/ tanks 41 Figure 19 Tank/ pit emptying frequencies of households in the survey areas 42 Figure 20 Acceptance rate of FS emptying services 43 Figure 21 Cost of emptying per service in USD 44 Figure 22 Primary consideration in selecting FS emptying services (in % of households) 45 Regional Report Asia: FSM Landscape Analysis & Business Model Assessment Figure 23 Average expense of services as percentage of the average monthly income 45 Figure 24 Distribution of private FS businesses according to the number of trucks 47 Figure 25 Percentage of revenue from different sources for the different businesses 49 Figure 26 Cost structure for different businesses 50 Figure 27 Profit as percentage of revenue (before tax) 52 Figure 28 Trips per year (in 2010) and profit as % of revenue 53 Figure 29 The number of trips/truck/year of different companies 53 Figure 30 Breakeven point and current trips/truck/year in relation to number of trucks 54 Figure 31 FS production under the scenario of emergency and timely emptying (in m3/year) 57 Figure 32 Volume FS emptied according to households and businesses in m3 / year 58 Figure 33 Percentage of the produced volume of FS not collected 58 List of Boxes Box 1: Snapshot on Asian FSM Box 2: Malaysia’s FSM situation 34 Regional Report Asia: FSM Landscape Analysis & Business Model Assessment List of Acronyms ADB BMFG CIBD DJB DOE DOSH DPWT DWASA FS FS E&T FSM FSTP HCMC HIES HP SADCO IWK IWK-KL JICA JMP KWASA MCD MIME MoE MoF MoH MoLMUP MoUD MoWRAM MPI MPWT NA ND NUSP PPC PUSPACOM PV SPAN ST STP SV URENCO VIP WASA WHO WSIA WSSCC WTP WWTP Asian Development Bank Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Construction Industry Development Board Delhi Jal Board Department of Environment (Malaysia) Department of Occupational Health and Safety (Malaysia) Provincial Department of Public Work and Transport Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Fecal sludge Fecal sludge emptying and transport Fecal sludge management Fecal sludge treatment plant Ho Chi Minh City Household Income and Expenditure Survey Hai Phong Sewerage and Drainage Company Indah Water Konsortium (Malaysia) Indah Water Konsortium of Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Japanese International Cooperation Agency Joint Monitoring Program Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Municipal Corporation Delhi Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (Cambodia) Ministry of Environment Ministry of Finance Ministry of Health Ministry of Land Management and Urban Planning (Cambodia) Ministry of Urban Development (india) Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (Cambodia) Ministry of Planning and Investment (Cambodia) Ministry of Public Works and Transport not applicable no data National Urban Sanitation Policy (of India) Provincial People’s Committees (Vietnam) Road transport department (Malaysia) pit volume National Water Services Commission (Malaysia) Septic tank Sewerage treatment plant septic tank volume Urban Environmental Company (in Vietnam) Ventilated Improved Pit latrine Water Supply and Sewerage Authority World Health Organization Water Services Industry Act (Malaysia) Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council Willingness to pay Waste water treatment plant Regional Report Asia: FSM Landscape Analysis & Business Model Assessment INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE OF THE STUDY The link between unsafe sanitation and disease is widely recognized and published, in particular its impact on child mortality and the global disease burden Examples of diseases transmitted through water contaminated with human waste are diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis A Poor hygiene, sanitation and unsafe drinking water together are responsible for 88% of diarrheal disease infections (WHO, 2011) Progress made in urban sanitation appears positive In South and Southeast Asia, 65% of the 788 million people living in urban areas, has access to improved sanitation and a further 16% use shared facilities Improved sanitation, in the JMP definition, is defined as facilities that “ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contract” (JMP 2010)1 However this picture is too optimistic Toilets alone not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact Several sources suggest that the vast majority of urban coverage in South and Southeast Asia is either stand-alone on-site sanitation or a combination of onsite/ off-site facilities All these facilities need to be emptied, once again posing a risk of human contact with feces Box 1: Snapshot on Asian FSM The rapid assessment of septage management in Asia done for countries by AECOM, Sandec, Eawag Usaid Eco-Asia in 20101, suggests that sewerage connections in urban areas range from 2.3%-40% (with exception of Malaysia) Furthermore, less than 14% of this sewage is treated and only 0-30% of human waste from septic tanks is treated (with the exception of Malaysia where 100% is treated) (source: USAID ECO-Asia, AECOM, Sandec, Eawag, January 2010) ADB’s sanitation databook (2009) on 27 cities in Asia, mentions Moreover, the information suggests that that while 15 cities have central sewerage, 11 of those only very little of the human waste coming cover