The science of nutrition 4th edition thompson manore vaughan chapter 17

Chapter 17 Lecture Chapter 17: Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Pregnancy and the First Year of Life © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition Before Conception • Adequate nutrition is essential for tissue formation, neurological development, bone growth, modeling, and remodeling • Helps to achieve peak physical and intellectual potential in adult life © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition Before Conception (cont.) • Problems related to nutrient deficiency develop early • Neural tube defects: • Related to inadequate folate status • Affects the embryo in the first few weeks • Adequate folate (400 µg daily) before conception can reduce the risks © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition Before Conception (cont.) • Avoid teratogens that cause birth defects: alcohol and illegal drugs • Adopt a healthy lifestyle; consult physician about consumption of caffeine, medications, herbs, supplements • Quit smoking © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition Before Conception (cont.) • A healthful diet and appropriate levels of physical activity before conception • Promote optimal body weight • BMI 19.8 to 26.0: best chance of uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery • Lower risk of negative outcomes such as prolonged labor, cesarean section, gestational diabetes, and hypertension © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition Before Conception (cont.) • A man's nutrition before conception is also important • Sperm number and motility (ability to move) are reduced by alcohol consumption and certain prescription and illegal drugs • Adequate nutrition keeps the immune system strong and promotes fertility © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition During Pregnancy • A balanced, nourishing diet throughout pregnancy provides the nutrients needed and: • Supports fetal growth and development • Provides the mother with the nutrients she needs • Minimizes the risks of excess energy intake © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition During Pregnancy (cont.) • Full-term pregnancy (gestation) lasts 38 to 42 weeks: • Three trimesters lasting 13 to 14 weeks each • Zygote: a single, fertilized cell • Embryo: weeks to after fertilization • Fetus: week to birth © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc First Trimester • Zygote travels through the fallopian tube and implants in the wall of the uterus • Development of organs, limb buds, facial features, placenta • Vulnerable to teratogens during this time • Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) • Placenta provides nutrients via the umbilical cord © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Starting Solid Foods • Declining nutrient stores (iron) and continued growth: complementary (solid) foods are needed around months • Extrusion reflex begins to lessen at or months • Must have muscular control of the head and neck and must be able to sit up (prevent choking) • Sufficient maturity of the digestive and kidney systems © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc What Not to Feed an Infant • Foods that could cause choking: • Corn syrup or honey • Goat's milk • Cow's milk • Large quantities of fruit juices • Too much salt and sugar • Too much breast milk or formula â 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition-Related Concerns • • • • • • • • Allergies Colic Gastroesophageal reflux Failure to thrive Anemia Dehydration Feeding challenges in special populations Nursing bottle syndrome Lead poisoning © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Allergies Many foods can stimulate an allergic reaction Breastfeeding reduces the risk of allergy Delay introducing solid foods until months Every food should be introduced in isolation to identify allergic reaction • Symptoms of allergic reaction: gastrointestinal distress (diarrhea, vomiting), rashes, hives, runny nose, sneezing, difficulty breathing â 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Colic • Relentless crying spells • Tend to occur at the same time of day • Precise cause unknown: overstimulation of the nervous system, feeding too rapidly, swallowing of air, intestinal gas pain • Determine offending food in mother's diet • Change in type of formula • Most cases disappear spontaneously © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Gastroesophageal Reflux • Regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus often results in "spitting up" • Common in preterm infants • Avoid overfeeding, keep infant upright after feeding, watch for choking or gagging © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Failure to Thrive (FTT) • Inappropriate plateau or decline in growth • Weight is below the third percentile • Stunting (low height-for-age) from acute malnutrition results in wasting, low weight-forheight, and chronic malnutrition • Psychosocial factors: poverty, inadequate knowledge, extreme nutritional beliefs, social isolation, domestic violence, and/or substance abuse © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Anemia • Full-term infants are born with enough iron for months • Iron-deficiency anemia causes pallor, lethargy, and impaired growth • Iron sources: iron-fortified formula and rice cereal, pureed meats (for older infants) • Overconsumption of cow's milk remains a common cause © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Dehydration • Extremely dangerous to infants • Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, prolonged fever, or inadequate fluid intake • Physician may recommend pediatric electrolyte solution © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Feeding Challenges in Special Populations • Some infants present unique nutritional and feeding challenges, such as: • Babies with cleft lip or cleft palate • Babies with errors of metabolism • Babies with developmental delays • All cases require careful evaluation by a pediatric dietician to develop individualized feeding plans © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nursing Bottle Syndrome • Infants should never be left alone with a bottle • High-carbohydrate fluids (breast milk, formula, juice) provide an optimal food source for cavitycausing bacteria • Encourage using a cup by months • Wean from bottle by 18 months © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Nursing bottle syndrome â 2017 Pearson Education, Inc Lead Poisoning • Especially toxic to infants since the brain and nervous system are still developing • Can result in decreased mental capacity, behavioral problems, anemia-impaired growth • Allow tap water to run a minute before use to clear pipes of lead-contaminated water • Use only cold tap water for drinking, cooking, and infant formula preparation • Professionally remove lead-based paint © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc ... deprive the fetus of critical nutrients • Birth weight of 5.5 lb is a marker of successful pregnancy © 2 017 Pearson Education, Inc © 2 017 Pearson Education, Inc © 2 017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition. .. fetal growth and development • Provides the mother with the nutrients she needs • Minimizes the risks of excess energy intake © 2 017 Pearson Education, Inc Nutrition During Pregnancy (cont.) •... inches to over a foot long by the end of the second trimester • Some babies born prematurely (the end of second trimester) survive with intensive neonatal care © 2 017 Pearson Education, Inc Third