Managerial economics economic tools for todays decision makers 7th edtion by keat young and erfle chapter 13

Chapter 13 The Multinational Corporation and Globalization Outline • • • • • • • • Globalization Opportunities of international expansion Risks faced by a multinational corporation Exchange rates and exchange rate hedging Foreign direct investment Multinational capital budgeting Repositioning of funds Multinational transfer pricing Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-2 Learning Objectives • Understand how supply and demand are affected in different countries around the world • Define the exchange rate and identify several methods of hedging • Understand multinational capital budgeting and explain how it differs from capital budgeting of a domestic corporation • Show how changing transfer prices can benefit a corporation Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-3 Globalization • One of the main reasons a company wants to operate globally is to take advantage of new growth opportunities – Expand to serve new markets (e.g food products) – Take advantage of new suppliers (manufacturing and back office services) Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-4 Globalization Multinational corporations face the same opportunities and problems as a domestic corporation, but also face additional challenges: – Fluctuations in currencies – Different rules and regulations – Different tax systems – Tariffs and other restrictions – Different costs of production – Different cultures, languages, and business practices Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-5 Globalization The term ‘globalization’ – Results in a closer integration of the countries of the world – especially the increased level of trade and movements of capital – brought on by lower costs of transportation and communication Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-6 Risks Faced by MNCs • Multinational corporation risk: risks that are present only because it transacts business across national borders • Exchange rate risk: results from changes in exchange rates Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-7 Risks Faced by MNCs • Other risks faced by the MNC – blockage of funds and capital controls – differences in cultural and religious philosophies – ownership restrictions – human resource restrictions – intellectual property – discrimination – red tape and corruption – internal and external wars – changes in government Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-8 Exchange Rates • Exchange rate: price of one country’s currency in terms of another country’s May be quoted in terms of the domestic or foreign currency e.g Є1/$1.40 or $1/ Є0.714 • Hedging: various ways that companies can protect themselves from a potential loss from currency fluctuation Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-9 Exchange Rates Hedging techniques: • Offsetting Transactions: export goods of the same amount to the same country from which it imported, in the same period of time • Forward Market: permits a company to buy or sell currency at a specific rate at a specific time, customized to its needs • Futures Market: similar to forwards, but on a standardized public exchange (set amounts, maturing on certain days) Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-10 Exchange Rates Hedging techniques: • Currency Options: give the holder the right to buy or sell an amount of currency at a specified price during a certain period of time • Currency Swaps: companies swap currencies when they expect a offsetting cash flow from other sources in their respective countries Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-11 Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI): acquiring ownership rights in foreign fixed assets or existing firms, or establishing foreign subsidiaries with their own infrastructure Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-12 Foreign Direct Investment • Reasons for FDI – Increase its earning and increase the value of the company – Foreign country may impose import restrictions – Take advantage of economies of scale, as well as lower production and transportation costs Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-13 MNC Capital Budgeting • Similar process as for a domestic company, but must take into consideration several extra variables • intercompany fund flows: cash flows between parent to subsidiary • inflation rates: may differ in the country of the parent and of the subsidiary • exchange rates: exchange rate between the parent and subsidiary country will change during the project period Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-14 MNC Capital Budgeting • Tax differences: many types can differ between countries – Income tax rates – Tax on remittances to the parent’s country – Double taxation on subsidiary profit and remittance to parent, offset by foreign tax credit Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-15 MNC Capital Budgeting Cash flows: cash flows received and recorded by the parent may differ substantially from those in the subsidiary’s country Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-16 MNC Capital Budgeting • Cost of capital: difference in cost of capital for parent and subsidiary • Final project valuation: differences are so significant that a project is acceptable in one country and not in the other Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-17 MNC Capital Budgeting Repositioning of Funds Examples: • royalties and license fees can be used to channel funds to those areas of the company where they may be used most profitably • dividend payments to the parent – tax rates on distributed and undistributed earnings – taxes levied on dividends transmitted to the parent re-invoicing centers Copyright â2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-18 MNC Transfer Pricing • Multinational transfer pricing: prices for products or services that are transferred from the parent company to the subsidiary or among subsidiaries – Can affect a transfer of funds by charging high or low prices – Can affect a company’s profitability Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-19 MNC Transfer Pricing Tax liability due to a change in transfer price DT = (Q · DP · te) – (Q · DP · tm) DT Q DP te Tm = change in total tax bill = quantity of products shipped by E (exporter) to M (importer) = change in the price of the product = tax rate in the exporting country = tax rate in the importing country Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-20 MNC Transfer Pricing • Internal Revenue Code section 482 gives IRS authority to ‘shift around income and expense figures to arrive at what the government considers a more equitable result’ • IRS requires transfer pricing to be done on an ‘arm’s length’ relationship • Developing countries are becoming more active in the area of regulating transfer pricing Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-21 Summary • A multinational corporation must compete not just domestically but worldwide • The firm must consider the demand for their products, the cost of supplies, their productivity, and changes in technology • An MNC must consider economic factors, political factors, and social and cultural factors in their business decisions • Transfer pricing can be used to achieve higher profits, but governments are monitoring this activity more closely Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved 13-22 ... reserved 13- 2 Learning Objectives • Understand how supply and demand are affected in different countries around the world • Define the exchange rate and identify several methods of hedging • Understand... Education, Inc All rights reserved 13- 7 Risks Faced by MNCs • Other risks faced by the MNC – blockage of funds and capital controls – differences in cultural and religious philosophies – ownership... All rights reserved 13- 11 Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI): acquiring ownership rights in foreign fixed assets or existing firms, or establishing foreign subsidiaries