Volume 6 hydro power 6 12 – hydropower in switzerland

Volume 6 hydro power 6 12 – hydropower in switzerland Volume 6 hydro power 6 12 – hydropower in switzerland Volume 6 hydro power 6 12 – hydropower in switzerland Volume 6 hydro power 6 12 – hydropower in switzerland Volume 6 hydro power 6 12 – hydropower in switzerland

6.12 Hydropower in Switzerland B Hagin, Ingénieur-Conseil, Lutry, Switzerland © 2012 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved 6.12.1 Short Recall of Switzerland’s Characteristics 6.12.2 The Drainage Basins of Switzerland 6.12.3 Electricity Production in Switzerland 6.12.3.1 In General 6.12.3.2 Large-Scale Hydropower Plants 6.12.3.3 Small-Scale Hydropower Plants 6.12.3.4 Dams 6.12.4 List of the Dams in Switzerland 6.12.5 New Developments 6.12.6 Dixence, Grande-Dixence, and Cleuson-Dixence Schemes as an Example of Capacity Increase 6.12.6.1 In General 6.12.6.2 First Stage: The Dixence Scheme 6.12.6.3 Second Stage: The Grande-Dixence Scheme 6.12.6.4 Third Stage: The Cleuson-Dixence Scheme 6.12.7 New Hydroelectric Schemes Presently under Construction in Switzerland 6.12.7.1 The Nant de Dranse Scheme 6.12.7.2 The Linthal 2015 Project 6.12.7.3 The Hongrin-Léman Plus Project Relevant Websites 343 343 343 343 345 346 346 347 349 350 350 350 350 351 352 352 353 354 354 6.12.1 Short Recall of Switzerland’s Characteristics Switzerland is a landlocked alpine country in Central Europe The country borders Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east The area of Switzerland is 41 285 km2 with a population of 783 000 inhabitants in 2010 (Figure 1) The Alps cover 65% of Switzerland’s surface area, making it one of the most alpine countries Among this, 9788 km2 or 24% of the territory is above 2000 m elevation and 936 km2 or 2.3% are above 3000 m elevation The highest summit is ‘La Pointe Dufour’, with an altitude reaching 4634 m The glaciers of the Swiss Alps cover an area of 1230 km² (3% of the Swiss territory), representing 44% of the total glaciated area in the Alps (2800 km²) The average annual rainfall is 1456 mm (European annual average is around 790 mm) The area around Sion in Valais, in the Rhône Valley in the south, being the driest zone with an average value of 600 mm yr−1 and the wettest part with 2900 mm yr−1, is around the Säntis mountain in Appenzell, north-east of the country (Figure 2) 6.12.2 The Drainage Basins of Switzerland The south-west side of the Swiss Alps is drained by the Rhône River, flowing to France and then to the Mediterranean Sea The north is drained by the Aar and the Rhine River, flowing to Germany and then to the North Sea The south-east is drained by the Ticino River, flowing to the Pô, through Italy, and then to the Adriatic Sea The extreme east is drained by the Inn River, flowing to the Danube River and then to the Black Sea (Figure 3) Switzerland possesses 6% of Europe’s freshwater and is sometimes referred to as the ‘water tower of Europe’ 6.12.3 Electricity Production in Switzerland 6.12.3.1 In General Thanks to its topography and high levels of annual rainfall, Switzerland has ideal conditions for the utilization of hydropower Toward the end of the nineteenth century, hydropower underwent an initial period of expansion, and between 1945 and 1970, it experienced a genuine boom during which numerous new power plants were opened in the lowlands, together with large-scale storage plants in the Alps Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Volume doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-087872-0.00614-4 343 344 Hydropower Schemes Around the World Figure Map of Switzerland with the main cities and the 26 cantons Figure Topographical map of Switzerland Based on the estimated mean production level, hydropower still accounted for almost 90% of domestic electricity production at the beginning of the 1970s, but this figure fell to around 60% by 1985 following the commissioning of Switzerland’s nuclear power plants, and is now around 56% Hydropower, therefore, remains Switzerland’s most important domestic source of renewable energy In a European comparison, Switzerland ranks fourth in terms of contribution of hydropower toward electricity production, behind Norway, Austria, and Iceland The total number of power plants of a capacity higher than 300 kW is presently equal to 543, representing an installed capacity of 13 480 MW and an annual production of 35 601 GWh The statistics of the hydropower plants are placing them in four categories: The run-of-river power plants with an installed capacity of 3707 MW and a production of 16 611 GWh The storage power plants with an installed capacity of 8073 MW and a production of 17 397 GWh The combined power turbine–pump plants with an installed capacity of 1383 MW and a production of 1594 GWh The pure turbine–pump power plants with an installed capacity of 316 MW Hydropower in Switzerland 345 Rhône basin Aar and Rhine basin Ticino and Pô basin Inn and Danube basin Figure The drainage basins of Switzerland Conventional thermal power plants and miscellaneous Run-of-river power plants 4.9 % Nuclear power plants 24.2 % 39.3 % 31.6 % Storage power plants Figure The electricity production in Switzerland The big hydraulic plants with an installed capacity over 10 MW, produce about 90% of the hydroelectricity of Switzerland (Figure 4) Hydropower plays a major role in Switzerland’s energy production, with a share of around 56% In addition, storage plants are an important factor for power production at short notice and for the changeover of production from summer to winter Thanks to its storage capabilities, Switzerland plays a central role as an electricity supplier in the European networks Hydropower is the most important, CO2-free energy source 6.12.3.2 Large-Scale Hydropower Plants Today, there are 543 hydropower plants in Switzerland, each having a capacity of at least 300 kW, and these produce an average of around 35 600 GWh per annum, 47% of which is produced in run-of-river power plants, 49% in storage power plants, and approximately 4% in pumped-storage power plants The main water sources (feeding 476 power plants) are the Rhine (into which the Aar, Reuss, and Limmat flow) and the Rhône Two-thirds of hydroelectricity are generated in the mountain cantons of Uri, Grisons, Ticino, and Valais, while Aargau and Bern also generate significant quantities Roughly 10% of Switzerland’s hydropower generation comes from facilities situated on bodies of water along the country’s borders In Switzerland’s hydropower plant statistics, a distinction is made between four types of plants: run-of-river plants (3707 MW, 16 611 GWh), storage plants (8073 MW, 17 397 GWh), pumped-storage plants (1383 MW, 1594 GWh), and basic water flow plants (316 MW) Large-scale hydropower plants (capacity >10 MW) account for around 90% of Switzerland’s total hydropower production 346 Hydropower Schemes Around the World 6.12.3.3 Small-Scale Hydropower Plants In Switzerland, the term small-scale hydropower plant refers to facilities that produce a mean mechanical gross capacity of up to 10 MW Small-scale hydropower plants have been around for a long time in Switzerland At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were already around 7000 in operation But with the advent of low-cost electricity from large-scale power plants, many of these ceased production Today, there are more than 1000 small-scale hydropower plants in operation, with an installed capacity of approximately 760 MW and an output of 3400 GWh per annum Electricity production in small-scale hydropower plants is attractive from both an economical and an ecological point of view, and an expansion of output is perfectly feasible, as long as ecological aspects are duly taken into account The potential is estimated at around 2200 GWh per annum Technological innovations and measures to lessen environmental impacts make small-scale hydropower plants inexpensive energy sources that provide renewable energy on an independent basis and help protect the environment In addition to small-scale hydropower plants in rivers and streams, it is now possible to utilize other sources, for example, excess pressure in drinking water systems 6.12.3.4 Dams The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the highest supervisory authority for all dams in Switzerland In practice, however, the SFOE delegates responsibility for the supervision of several hundred small dams to the relevant cantonal authorities, so that it can focus on the country’s larger facilities (195 reservoirs with 217 dams) Eighty-four percent of these are for the production of hydropower One hundred and thirty-four dams take the form of concrete walls (78 gravity dams, 52 curved dams, multiple-curve dams, and pierhead dams), 78 are soil and stonefill constructions, and five are in the form of river weirs Twenty-five are higher than 100 m and four are over 200 m high, namely the Grande-Dixence gravity dam (285 m) and the Mauvoisin (250 m), Luzzone (225 m), and Contra (220 m) curved dams Most of the large-scale dams are located in the Alps The oldest dams date from the nineteenth century, though most of the biggest dams in Switzerland were constructed in the period between 1950 and 1970 (Figure 5) Legende/Legende/Leggenda 10 - < 50 MW (103 Zentralen) 50 - < 200 MW (62 Zentralen) ≥ 200 MW (16 Zentralen) Zentrale elner Internationalen Wasserkraftanlage Centrale o”un Implanto Idroelettrico Internationale Figure Location of the main dams and power plants in Switzerland 347 Hydropower in Switzerland 6.12.4 List of the Dams in Switzerland The list of the main Swiss dams is given hereunder in alphabetic order Name Height (m) Type Year Reservoir volume (mio m3) Location canton Airolo Albigna Alp Dado Arnensee Arniboden Süd Bagnes GD Bannalp Barberine Barcuns Bärenburg Bortelsee Bremgarten-Zufikon Brigels Buchholz Burvagn Carassina Carmena Cavagnoli Chapfensee Nord Châtelard CFF Châtelot Cleuson Contra Croix Curnera Darbola Dixence Egschi Emosson Esslingen Ferden Ferpècle Garichte Garichte Nebenmauer Gebidem Gelmer Giétroz-du-Fond Gigerwald Godey Göscheneralp Göschenerreuss Grande-Dixence Greuel Gries Gübsensee Ost Gübsensee West Hongrin Nord Hongrin Sud Hospitalet Hühnermatt Icogne Illgraben Illsee In den Schlagen Innerferrera Isenthal 20 115 24 17 15 31 37 79 29 64 20 19 18 19 20 39 40 111 20 33 74 87 220 15 53 22 87 40 180 16 67 28 42 18 122 35 15 147 35 155 36 285 17 60 24 17 125 90 21 17 17 50 25 33 28 20 PG/TE PG TE TE TE TE TE PG PG PG ER PG TE PG PG VA VA VA PG TE VA PG VA TE VA PG CB PG VA TE VA VA PG PG VA PG PG VA TE ER PG PG TE PG PG TE VA VA PG TE TE PG PG PG PG PG 1968 1959 1995 1942 1910 1957 1937 1925 1947 1960 1989 1975 1960 1892 1949 1963 1969 1968 1948 1975 1953 1950 1965 1955 1966 1958 1935 1949 1974 1988 1975 1964 1931 1931 1967 1929 1965 1976 1974 1960 1949 1961 1984 1965 1900 1900 1969 1969 1962 1937 1962 1970 1923 1936 1961 1955 0.37 71.00 0.06 10.50 0.24 0.30 1.70 40.00 0.12 1.00 3.66 2.20 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.31 0.30 29.00 0.43 0.25 20.60 20.00 105.00 0.09 41.10 0.11 50.00 0.40 227.00 0.10 1.89 0.10 3.29 3.29 9.20 14.00 0.02 35.60 0.93 76.00 0.10 401.00 0.11 18.60 1.50 1.50 53.20 53.20 0.01 96.50 0.04 0.00 6.60 96.50 0.23 0.03 Ticino Graubünden/Grigioni Graubünden/Grigioni Bern Uri Valais/Wallis Nidwalden Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Graubünden/Grigioni Valais/Wallis Aargau Graubünden/Grigioni St Gallen Graubünden/Grigioni Ticino Ticino Ticino St Gallen Valais/Wallis Neuchâtel/France Valais/Wallis Ticino Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Graubünden/Grigioni Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Valais/Wallis Zürich Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Glarus Glarus Valais/Wallis Bern Valais/Wallis St Gallen Valais/Wallis Uri Uri Valais/Wallis Aargau Valais/Wallis St Gallen St Gallen Vaud Vaud Valais/Wallis Schwyz Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Schwyz Graubünden/Grigioni Uri (Continued) 348 Hydropower Schemes Around the World (Continued ) Name Height (m) Type Year Reservoir volume (mio m3) Location canton Isola Jougnenaz Käppelistutz La Fouly La Luette Lago Bianco Nord Lago Bianco Süd Le Chalet Le Pontet Les Clées Les Esserts Les Marécottes Les Toules Lessoc Limmern List Löbbia Loré Lucendro Luzzone Maigrauge Malvaglia Mapragg Marmorera (Castiletto) Mattenalp Mattmark Mauvoisin Moiry Molina Montsalvens Mühleberg Muslen Nalps Naret I Naret II Oberaar Orden Othmarhang Ova Spin Palagnedra Panix Pfaffensprung Pilgersteg Piora Plan-Dessous Plans Mayens Prä Preda Proz-Riond Punt dal Gall Räterichsboden Rempen Rhodannenberg Robiei Roggiasca Rossens Rossinière Runcahez Rütiweiher 45 21 18 18 15 15 26 15 22 32 20 19 86 33 146 17 26 21 73 225 24 92 75 91 27 120 250 148 54 55 29 29 127 80 45 100 42 20 73 72 53 32 17 27 17 20 20 20 20 130 94 32 30 68 68 83 30 33 22 VA PG PG PG PG PG PG PG PG PG TE MV VA CB VA PG PG TE CB VA PG VA PG TE PG/TE TE VA VA PG VA PG PG VA VA PG PG VA TE VA PG/TE PG VA PG PG PG TE PG VA TE VA PG PG TE PG VA VA PG PG TE 1960 1937 1945 1972 1918 1912 1912 1894 1970 1955 1973 1925 1963 1976 1963 1901 1959 1996 1947 1963 1872 1959 1976 1954 1950 1967 1957 1958 1951 1920 1920 1908 1962 1970 1970 1953 1971 2000 1968 1952 1989 1921 1920 1920 1957 1971 1961 1961 1957 1968 1950 1924 1910 1967 1965 1947 1972 1961 1836 6.50 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.40 18.60 18.60 0.10 0.07 0.74 0.26 0.05 20.15 1.50 93.00 0.04 0.20 0.07 25.00 108.00 0.40 4.60 5.30 60.00 2.10 101.00 211.50 78.00 0.81 12.60 25.00 0.08 45.00 31.60 31.60 61.00 1.67 0.06 7.40 4.26 7.30 0.15 0.07 53.90 0.10 0.13 0.00 0.27 51.00 164.60 27.00 0.50 56.40 6.70 0.52 220.00 2.90 0.48 0.20 Graubünden/Grigioni Vaud Nidwalden Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Graubünden/Grigioni Vaud Vaud Vaud Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Fribourg/Freiburg Glarus Appenzell A.-Rh Graubünden/Grigioni Ticino Ticino Ticino Fribourg/Freiburg Ticino St Gallen Graubünden/Grigioni Bern Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Fribourg/Freiburg Bern St Gallen Graubünden/Grigioni Ticino Ticino Bern Graubünden/Grigioni Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Ticino Graubünden/Grigioni Uri Zürich Ticino Vaud Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Graubünden/Grigioni Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Italia Bern Schwyz Glarus Ticino Graubünden/Grigioni Fribourg/Freiburg Vaud Graubünden/Grigioni St Gallen (Continued) Hydropower in Switzerland 349 (Continued ) Name Height (m) Type Year Safien-Platz Salanfe Sambuco Sanetsch Santa Maria Schiffenen Schlattli Schlundbach Schöni Schräh Schwänberg Secada Seeuferegg Sella Serra Sihl-Höfe Simmenporte Solis Sosto Spitallamm St-Barthélemy B St-Barthélemy C Steinibach Sternenweiher Sufers Tannensee Teufenbachweiher Tobel Totensee Turtmann Ual da Mulin Val d’Ambra Valle di Lei Vasasca Verbois Vieux-Emosson Vordersee Waldialp Nord Wettingen Zen Binnen Zervreila Zervreila A’becken Zeuzier Z’Mutt Zöt 15 52 130 42 117 47 25 22 17 111 15 21 42 36 22 19 20 61 20 114 45 51 28 17 58 25 16 30 20 32 16 32 141 69 34 45 15 15 29 22 151 44 156 74 36 TE PG VA PG VA VA PG VA/PG PG PG VA VA PG PG VA PG PG VA VA VA VA VA PG TE VA TE TE VA PG VA TE TE VA VA PG VA TE TE PG VA VA ER VA VA VA 1957 1952 1956 1965 1968 1963 1965 2000 1961 1924 1916 1982 1932 1947 1952 1961 1908 1986 1963 1932 1975 1984 2000 1874 1962 1958 1895 1989 1950 1958 1962 1965 1961 1967 1943 1955 1986 1961 1933 1953 1957 1957 1957 1964 1967 Reservoir volume (mio m3) 0.24 40.00 63.00 2.80 67.30 65.00 0.36 0.01 0.02 150.00 0.08 101.00 9.20 0.20 0.08 0.25 4.07 101.00 0.15 0.50 0.02 0.10 17.50 3.80 0.23 0.10 2.60 0.80 0.06 0.40 197.00 0.40 12.00 13.80 0.56 0.25 3.35 0.17 100.50 0.14 51.00 0.85 1.65 Location canton Graubünden/Grigioni Valais/Wallis Ticino Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Fribourg/Freiburg Schwyz Luzern Uri Schwyz Appenzell AR/St Gallen Ticino Bern Ticino Valais/Wallis Schwyz Bern Graubünden/Grigioni Ticino Bern Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Luzern Zürich Graubünden/Grigioni Obwalden Zürich Uri Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Ticino Graubünden/Grigioni Ticino Genève Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Schwyz Aargau Valais/Wallis Graubünden/Grigioni Graubünden/Grigioni Valais/Wallis Valais/Wallis Ticino PG/TE, Concrete gravity and fill dam; PG, concrete gravity dam; TE, earth dam; ER, rockfill dam; VA, arch dam; CB, butress dam; MV, multiple arch dam Source: For more details on each dam, see http://www.swissdams.ch/Dams/damList/ 6.12.5 New Developments The federal government wants to promote the use of hydropower to a greater extent through a variety of measures In order to exploit the realizable potential, existing power plants are to be renovated and expanded while taking the related ecological requirements into account The instruments to be used here include cost-covering remuneration for feed-in to the electricity grid for hydropower plants with a capacity up to 10 MW and the measures aimed at promoting hydropower included in the ‘Renewable energy’ action plan In terms of quantity, the goal is to increase the mean estimated production level by at least 2000 GWh versus the level recorded in the year 2000 by renovating existing hydropower plants and constructing new ones 350 Hydropower Schemes Around the World 6.12.6 Dixence, Grande-Dixence, and Cleuson-Dixence Schemes as an Example of Capacity Increase 6.12.6.1 In General Situated in the Canton of Valais in the Val des Dix, a contributory of the Rhône River, the Grande-Dixence scheme is well known for its concrete gravity dam, the highest concrete dam in the world, at 285 m high It is an example of several extensions to improve its capacity and especially the production of peak energy This scheme was developed in three stages 6.12.6.2 First Stage: The Dixence Scheme The first stage is the Dixence scheme with the Dixence dam, a 80 m high vault-gravity concrete dam with a storage capacity of 50 000 000 m3 built in the period from 1930 to 1935 It collects the water of the Val des Dix and later on receives the water pumped from the Cleuson buttress dam, which has a storage capacity of 20 000 000 m3 built in the period from 1948 to 1950 in a lateral valley The water head was 1747 m (a world record at that time) with a discharge of 10 m3 s−1 to the 120 MW Chandoline Power House located in Sion, in the Rhône Valley (Figure 6) 6.12.6.3 Second Stage: The Grande-Dixence Scheme The second stage is the construction of the Grande-Dixence gravity concrete dam, 285 m high, downstream of the Dixence dam It has a storage capacity of 400 000 000 m3 and it is filled by collecting the water on a drainage basin of 350 km2, located above 2000 m in altitude and extending to the East, up to Zermatt and the Matterhorn The drainage basin contains 35 glaciers, and the water is collected through 75 water intakes and 100 km of galleries, four pumping stations, with altogether 18 pumps There are four compensating reservoirs, made by the Z’Mutt arch dam, the Stafel Basin, both above Zermatt, and the reservoir of the Ferpècle arch dam and the underground storage basin of the Arolla pumping station in the Val d’Hérens (Figures 7–9) Figure The Dixence dam, now inside the Grande-Dixence lake Profil en long Adductions Accumulation Production Q max 80 m3/sec 2186 CLEUSON Figure Schematic view of the Grande-Dixence scheme 1883 m FIONNAY 1486 1008 m 1835 Prises d’edu FERPECLE Galeries d’amenee a 2400 m Galeries d’amenee a 2000 m Galeries et conduites sous pression Usines de pompage Usines de production Ouvrages propriete d’ eos Cleuson-Dixence 878 m 165 m 2009 AROLLA Z’MUTT 2364 2240 1747 m 2180 STAFEL 212 m 312 m 212 m 470 m 2496 CHANDLINE 493 NENDEZ 478 Hydropower in Switzerland 351 Figure Panoramic view of the Grand-Dixence scheme with the collecting galleries Figure The Dixence dam and the Grande-Dixence dam in April at low reservoir The total water head of the Grande-Dixence scheme is 1886 m, with water discharge of 45 m3 s−1 The water is turbined in two steps: at first in the intermediate power house of Fionnay, with a water head of 878 m, and then in the lower step in the Nendaz power house, in the Rhône valley, with a water head of 1008 m The total capacity of the two power houses is 680 MW (Figure 10) The total installed capacity of the Grande-Dixence scheme together with Chandoline is therefore 800 MW, with a total water discharge of 55 m3 s−1 With a storage capacity of 400 000 000 m3 and an annual inflow of about 520 000 000 m3, the whole Grande-Dixence scheme produces energy for about 2000–2200 h a year, mainly in the winter time and during the strong demand periods 6.12.6.4 Third Stage: The Cleuson-Dixence Scheme The Cleuson-Dixence scheme was built during the period from 1993 to 1998, with the view to increase the installed capacity from 800 to 2000 MW in order to produce super peak energy on the base of 1000 h a year, to be injected on demand on the Swiss and the European electrical network 352 Hydropower Schemes Around the World Figure 10 The Grande-Dixence dam, 285 m high It consists of a new water intake in the Grande-Dixence dam, a new pressure gallery, a new penstock, and a new power house in the Rhône Valley, the Bieudron power house The water head is 1883 m (a world record) with 75 m3 s−1, and the Bieudron power house is equipped with three Pelton turbines of 400 MW each (also a world record) (Figures 11 and 12) 6.12.7 New Hydroelectric Schemes Presently under Construction in Switzerland Several projects to increase the installed capacity, and especially for producing peak energy, are presently under construction in Switzerland Among them, the three main ones are the following 6.12.7.1 The Nant de Dranse Scheme The Nant de Dranse scheme is a development of the Emosson high head storage scheme Figure 11 The general layout of the Dixence, the Grande-Dixence, and the Cleuson-Dixence schemes, high head galleries, and penstocks Hydropower in Switzerland 353 Figure 12 Longitudinal section of the Cleuson-Dixence high head gallery and penstock Emosson arch dam is located on the Swiss-French border in the Canton du Valais, between Martigny and Chamonix Its extension is called the ‘Nant de Dranse 600 MW Project’ It connects the reservoir of the ‘Vieil Emosson’, a concrete gravity dam which has a reservoir capacity of 11 400 000 m3 situated at elevation 2205 m, with the reservoir of the Emosson arch dam, having a reservoir capacity of 210 000 000 m3 at elevation 1930 and with adding an underground power house equipped with four Francis pump–turbine of 150 MW each, to produce peak energy by pumping during the low-demand energy and then to turbine during the peak hours (Figure 13) 6.12.7.2 The Linthal 2015 Project The Linthal 2015 project is a development of the Linth-Limmern high head storage scheme by extending with a pump–turbine power house with a capacity of 1000 MW The storage capacity of the natural lake of Mutt will be increased from 12 000 000 to 25 000 000 m3, from elevation 2446 to 2474 m, by building a gravity dam which is 35 m high Reservoir de Vieux Emosson Niveau max 1930.00 NM ΔH = 250 m Niveau 2180.00 NM es et de Puits vertical ’acc Galerie d tion la ventila ’amenee Galerie d -ΔH = 180 m 1695 NM* Cavernes Galerie d’ac ces principa te Figure 13 Schematic view of the Nant de Dranse project ΔH = 375 m Niveau 1830.00 NM 354 Hydropower Schemes Around the World 10 Project de Linthal 2015 en coupe Lac de Mutt Volume utile = 25 mio m3 Cote d’accumulation = altitude 2474 m Cote de decharge = altitude 2417 m 2400 m altitude Lac de Mutt Lac de Limmen Húenderbúel Conduite forcée Cheminee d’equilibre Galerie sous pression Centrale en cavenne; altitude ev 1700 m Galerie immergée Prise d’entrée/sortie bassin superiéur Prise d’entrée/sortie bassin inferieur 2200 m altitude Lac de Limmern Volume utile = 92 mio m3 Cote = altitude 1857 m d’accumulation Cote = altitude 1750 m de decharge 2000 m altitude 1800 m altitude 1600 m altitude 0,0 km 0,5 km 1,0 km 1,5 km 10 2,0 km Figure 14 Schematic view of the Linthal 2015 scheme The water of the lower reservoir of the Linth-Limmern arch dam at elevation 1857 will therefore be pumped during the low-demand hours to the upper reservoir, 600 m higher, and turbined during the peak hours The installed pump capacity, as well as the turbine installed capacity, will be 1000 MW The work should be completed by 2015 (Figure 14) 6.12.7.3 The Hongrin-Léman Plus Project The ‘Hongrin Léman Plus’ project is an extension of the Hongrin-Léman high head storage and pump–turbine scheme between the Hongrin reservoir made by the two Hongrin arch dams at elevation 1255 m and the lake of Geneva at elevation 377 m, corresponding to 878 of water head in one step The power house is presently equipped with four Pelton turbines, � 60 MW, and four pumps, also � 60 MW, with pump and turbine on the same axis The total capacity of 240 MW will be increased by 180 to 420 MW by adding a new underground power house with pumps and turbines, connected to the existing penstock The work should be completed by 2013 Relevant Websites http://www.alpiq.com – Alpiq; Forces Motrices Hongrin-Léman S.A (FMHL) http://www.axpo.ch – Axpo Hydro Energy http://www.hydro-exploitation.ch – Cleuson-Dixence http://www.grande-dixence.ch – Grande Dixence http://www.swissdams.ch – Swiss Committee on Dams (CSB in French, STK in German) http://www.bfe.admin.ch – Swiss Federal Office of Energy (OFEN in French, BFE in German) ... turbine–pump power plants with an installed capacity of 3 16 MW Hydropower in Switzerland 345 Rhône basin Aar and Rhine basin Ticino and Pô basin Inn and Danube basin Figure The drainage basins... around 90% of Switzerland s total hydropower production 3 46 Hydropower Schemes Around the World 6. 12. 3.3 Small-Scale Hydropower Plants In Switzerland, the term small-scale hydropower plant refers... 1952 19 56 1 965 1 968 1 963 1 965 2000 1 961 1924 19 16 1982 1932 1947 1952 1 961 1908 19 86 1 963 1932 1975 1984 2000 1874 1 962 1958 1895 1989 1950 1958 1 962 1 965 1 961 1 967 1943 1955 19 86 1 961 1933 1953