Volume 6 hydro power 6 09 – hydropower development in iran vision and strategy Volume 6 hydro power 6 09 – hydropower development in iran vision and strategy Volume 6 hydro power 6 09 – hydropower development in iran vision and strategy Volume 6 hydro power 6 09 – hydropower development in iran vision and strategy Volume 6 hydro power 6 09 – hydropower development in iran vision and strategy Volume 6 hydro power 6 09 – hydropower development in iran vision and strategy Volume 6 hydro power 6 09 – hydropower development in iran vision and strategy
6.09 Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy E Bozorgzadeh, Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company (IWPCO), Tehran, Iran © 2012 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved 6.09.1 6.09.2 6.09.2.1 6.09.2.2 6.09.3 6.09.3.1 6.09.3.2 6.09.3.2.1 6.09.3.2.2 6.09.3.2.3 6.09.3.2.4 6.09.4 6.09.4.1 6.09.4.2 6.09.4.3 6.09.4.3.1 6.09.4.3.2 6.09.4.3.3 6.09.4.3.4 6.09.4.3.5 6.09.4.3.6 References Introduction Energy Generation in Iran Energy Flow in Iran Electricity Generation in Iran Considerations and Requirements for Hydropower Developments Requirements Restrictions and Limitations Geographic issue Technical issues Organizational issues Economic and financial issues Potentiality of Hydropower Projects Under Operation Projects Under Construction Projects Under Study Projects Storage hydropower projects Large run-off-river hydropower plants Medium run-off-river power plants Small run-off-river power plants Pumped-storage power plants Synthetic and conclusion 253 253 253 254 256 256 256 256 256 257 257 257 257 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 260 263 6.09.1 Introduction The long-term average precipitation of Iran is around 250 mm, which is nearly one-quarter of the world’s average amount, so Iran is classified as an arid and semi-arid country In addition, the precipitation is not evenly distributed all over the country, so about two-thirds of total run-off flows in one-third of the country at 16 major rivers The total precipitation and renewable water amounts – including surface and groundwater – are 413 and 130 bcm, respectively The total surface water amount is 92 bcm of which around 27 BCM flow into three major basins, namely the Karoun, Dez, and Karkheh river basins, which are located in the south-west of the country over the Zagros mountain chains where the major hydropower projects are located Northern and Northwestern regions have relevant precipitation and pertinent topography to develop medium- and small-sized hydropower plants too So, Iran has been attempting to develop hydropower stations in these areas 6.09.2 Energy Generation in Iran 6.09.2.1 Energy Flow in Iran The latest energy flow diagram was prepared by the Tavanir Company According to this, the total energy sources were equal to 2583.5 million barrels of oil equivalent (MBOE) of which 1052.7 MBOE were consumed in the country at 2008 In addition, the consumption of petroleum and its products reached 85.5 MBOE for energy generation in thermal power plants This means that nearly 75% of petroleum import and its products were consumed for electricity generation in thermal power plants Also, the amount of natural gas consumption to generate electricity was equal to 232.9 MBOE, which was 29% of the country’s natural gas production In addition, the ratio of fossil energy sources, which was consumed in thermal power plants, to the total consumption of energy was about 0.3, whereas this ratio was about 0.01 for hydropower and renewable energy In other words, the contribution of hydropower and renewable energy to generate electricity reached 10.7 MBOE, which was 0.14% of the total productions in 2008 Energy price is one of the outstanding features of the energy section of the country The energy cost is very cheap due to subsidies which are paid by the government Based on the analysis of the annual budget approved by the parliament, the total subsidy paid in energy sections by the government was about 3.6 times the total budget appropriated in civil engineering activities in the country in the financial year of 2005 It seems that more hydro stations should be developed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel sources and to improve budgetary appropriations to better the situation as well Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Volume doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-087872-0.00608-9 253 254 6.09.2.2 Hydropower Schemes Around the World Electricity Generation in Iran The total nominal capacity of power plants reached 52 586 MW in 2008 This shows an increasing rate of 7.1% in comparison with last year At the same time, the total installed capacity of hydropower plants has met 7672 MW Figures and display the contribution of different types of power plants in terms of total installed capacity and energy generation, respectively As demon strated, the contribution of steam power plant, gaseous stations, and hydropower plants are 45.4%, 43.1%, and 14.5%, respectively In other words, the hydropower plants are in the fourth step Recently, because of drought phenomena, hydropower plants contribution was only 2.2% in term of energy generation, whereas their contribution was 9% during 2006–08 The maximum contribution of hydropower plant had been 13% during the last years In order to generate electricity, the thermal power plants have totally consumed 43 412 million cubic meters of gas, 4398 million liters of gas oil, and 8911 million liters of oil in 2008 So their percentages were 76, 16.4, and 7.6 for gas, oil, and gas oil, respectively In Table 1, the pertinent indexes for electrical energy generation have been depicted Figures and show how the nominal capacity and energy generation varied during 1992–2008 and 1966–2008, respectively According to these figures, the diesel power plants’ nominal capacity and energy generation decreased at these periods Diesel 0.1 Hydro 2.2 Wind and Solar 0.1 Gas 25.6 Steam 45.4 C.C 26.6 Figure Contribution of all types of power plants – energy generation (2008) Diesel 0.8 Wind 0.1 Hydropower 14,5 Gas 34.1 Figure Contribution of all types of power plants – capacity (2008) Steam 29.5 C.C 21 Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy Pertinent indexes of electricity networks in 2008 Table Norminal installed capasity (MW) 255 Index Amount Increasing rate in comparison to last year Nominal capacity Average actual capacity Maximum concurrent power capacity Maximum load Power per capita Generation per capita 52 944 MW 47 589 MW 34 270 MW 37 651 MW 738 W 2987 KWh 7.1 6.7 –0.9 7.6 5.9 3.8 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 00 99 20 19 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 Year Steam Gas C.C Hydro Diesel Wind Figure Nominal capacity trends of all types of power plants Wind 250 000 Diesel 200 000 150 000 Hydro 100 000 C.C 50 000 19 67 19 68 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 Gas Year Steam Figure Electricity generation trends of all types of power plants The trends of different sources for electricity generation have been depicted in Figure during 1966–2008 The contribution of hydro power plants has changed from 35.8% to 3.1% in 1966 till 1999, respectively In other words, the hydropower plants contribution has not increased for a long time due to imposed war (Iran–Iraq war) and has enhanced since 2000 so that it reaches 14.5% at present 256 Hydropower Schemes Around the World 100 80 % 60 40 20 C.C 20 03 Hydro 20 07 Gas 20 01 19 99 19 97 Steam 20 05 Year 19 95 19 93 19 91 19 89 19 87 19 85 19 83 19 81 Diesel Wind Figure Trends of different power plants for electricity generation (percentage) 6.09.3 Considerations and Requirements for Hydropower Developments In this section, the considerations, limitations, and requirements for hydropower plant developments are described in point of view of diverse effects such as technical, legal, and organizational issues, and so on 6.09.3.1 Requirements • Obeying and adjusting long-term program and periodic plans such as annual, 5-year development programs and long-term vision of the country, as well as other related rules, regulations, and instructions • Accelerating the exploitation of renewable sources of energies to save opportunity costs • Accomplishing the investigation phases of hydropower projects including master planning, reconnaissance, feasibility studies, and the detailed design stage as soon as possible • Perfect appropriating of actual incomes gained from hydro generation to develop more hydropower projects • Designing hydropower plants to operate at peak hours so that the best combination of diverse power sources is created • Real assessment of all kinds of benefits of hydropower stations including energy generation, frequency control, flood control, irrigation, recreational aspects, and so on, particularly in multipurpose projects • Actualizing the price of energy • Enhancing financial sources to develop more hydropower stations such as securing loans and financial support from donor international institutions such as the World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, CDM, as well as from the private sector • More attention to structural aspects of water and energy resources management in design, construction, and operation stages In this regard, the integrated water resources management issue should be implemented • Concurrent completion of hydro projects and other related projects, such as watershed management to protect those projects against sedimentation problems, executing the irrigation network to gain agricultural benefits in the case of multipurpose projects, and so on • Revising the master planning projects of energy and water resources planning in all major basins to be adjusted with social and environmental constraints and sustainable development goals • Education, documentation, and establishing a robust database 6.09.3.2 6.09.3.2.1 Restrictions and Limitations Geographic issue Hydropower plants require suitable topographic situations and should be adjusted to atmospheric and environmental conditions 6.09.3.2.2 Technical issues • Since Iran has been classified as an arid and semi-arid country owing to the low amount of precipitation, there are usually inconsistencies and conflicts between hydropower projects and inter-basin water transfer projects in particular • Lengthening the construction period of the product • There are no abundant suitable and feasible sites to develop hydropower projects in most parts of the country, particularly conventional ones Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy 257 • Competing with alternative methods to generate the required energy • Adverse environmental impacts and archeological problems • Lack of suitable database 6.09.3.2.3 Organizational issues • There are a lot of stakeholders and institutes which are involved in water issue with diverse interests so that decision-making becomes sometimes either exhausting or impossible • The organization which is chiefly responsible to develop hydropower projects sometimes has not been authorized as much as necessary • Experts and software insufficiency in consultancy companies, clients, and contractors • Existence complexities and ambiguities in water laws and identifying stakeholders needs 6.09.3.2.4 Economic and financial issues • Providing the required investments are sometimes difficult, for example, the large hydropower projects need high amounts of investment cost • Intensive dependency to governmental budgets The private sector has not been involved much due to lack of efficient strategies to encourage them to invest • Existence ambiguities in economic assessment of these projects 6.09.4 Potentiality of Hydropower Projects In recent decades, many projects have been carried out to identify suitable sites to develop hydropower plants all over the country by different consultancy companies Many of the projects identified are either under construction or in operation, and the rest are studied at different phases In this part, the results are reviewed comprehensively and described in the following sections 6.09.4.1 Under Operation Projects The total installed capacity of hydropower projects in the country reached 7733 MW at 2008 Map shows the spatial distribution of large hydropower projects in the country Kalan Hydropower 116 MW Caspian Sea Dez Hydropower 520 MW Karkheh Hydropower 400 MW Masjed solyman Hydropower 2000 MW Karoun1 Hydropower 2000 MW Karun3 Hydropower 2000 MW Mola sadra Hydropower 100 MW Persian Gulf Map Spatial distribution of large hydropower projects 258 Hydropower Schemes Around the World Sardashi Hydropower 120 MW Caspian Sea Darian Hydropower 210 MW Tange mashoureh Hydropower 110 MW Roudbarelorestan Hydropower 450 MW Seymareh Hydropower 480 MW Bakhtiari Hydropower 1500 MW Golvand Hydropower 1500 MW Karun4 Hydropower 1000 MW Khersan3 Hydropower 400 MW Chameshir Hydropower 150 MW Persian Gulf Map Location of large high-pressure processings 6.09.4.2 Under Construction Projects The total capacities of hydropower projects which are under construction are 6037 MW conventional projects and 1040 MW nonconven tional projects All of them would be launched until 2019 Map shows the location of large hydropower projects in the country 6.09.4.3 6.09.4.3.1 Under Study Projects Storage hydropower projects Due to climatic and topographic conditions, this kind of hydropower project has been located mainly in the mountainous regions of the Zagros mountain chains and partly in the Alborz mountain chains In these areas, there are 14 power plants with a total capacity of 4200 MW (Map 3) 6.09.4.3.2 Large run-off-river hydropower plants In total, five large run-off-river power plants with a capacity of 2800 MW were studied in the Dez, Karoon, Karkheh, and Aras basins (Map 4) 6.09.4.3.3 Medium run-off-river power plants According to the studies which were carried out in most parts of the country, this kind of hydropower project could be developed in the mountainous regions of Alborz and Zagros In this case, a number of projects which are feasible, with a total capacity of 1500 MW, were identified over nine main basins (Map 5) 6.09.4.3.4 Small run-off-river power plants Over the Zagros and Alborz mountain chains, there are suitable locations to develop small run-off river In these areas, there are suitable heads and discharges at the rivers All feasible small run-off-river projects have been classified according to their locations and other considerations so that they can be set at 17 packages with a total capacity of 460 MW (Map 6) 6.09.4.3.5 Pumped-storage power plants In order to perform the frequency control and to balance loads and demands in electrical network, the Siah Bisheh 1000 MW pumped-storage project has been constructed In addition, a number of pumped-storage projects have been investigated that have a Peertagh: Installed Capacity 300 MW Qezelozan Basin Namhill: Installed Capacity 495 MW Qezelozan Basin Zalaky: Installed Capacity 466 MW Dez Basin Caspian Sea Paveh Rood: Installed Capacity 258 MW Qezelozan Basin Lirou: Installed Capacity 324 MW Dez Basin Bazoft: Installed Capacity 300 MW Karoon Basin Garsha: Installed Capacity 185 MW Karkheh Basin Kouran Bouzan: Installed Capacity 284 MW Karkheh Basin Karoon-5: Installed Capacity 150 MW Karoon Basin Kersan-1: Installed Capacity 393 MW Khersan Basin Khersan-2: Installed Capacity 682 MW Khersan Basin Kalat: Installed Capacity 150 MW Maroon Basin Chame Bastan: Installed Capacity 150 MW Zohreh Basin Haj Ghalandar: Installed Capacity 120 MW Zohreh Basin Map Spatial distribution of storage high-pressure processings Persian Gulf 260 Hydropower Schemes Around the World Caspian Sea Aras run-off-river PP 263 MW Sazbon run-off-river PP 300 MW Karkheh-2 run-off-river PP 360 MW Dez 1-2-3 run-off-river PP 930 MW Karoon-2 run-off-river PP 1000 MW Persian Gulf Map Spatial distribution of large run-off-river projects Aras Basin 60 MW Caspian Sea Talesh Basin 60 MW Oroumieh Lake 14 MW Mordab-e-Anzali 100 MW Karoon Basin 200 MW Coastal Khazar 500 MW Maroon Basin 136 MW Zohreh Basin 420 MW Shapoor-Dalaky 50 MW Persian Gulf Map Spatial distribution of medium run-off-river projects capacity of 7000 MW Map shows the regions which are under investigation for the development of nonconventional hydropower projects 6.09.4.3.6 Synthetic and conclusion The last situation of under study/construction hydropower is shown in Table in brief, and the planned trend to develop hydropower projects in the future is depicted in Figure Aghchi Package 31 MW Caspian Sea 5th Package Nor th 10 MW 2th Oromieh Package 29 MW 4th Package Nor th 22 MW 1th Oromieh Package 38 MW Golestan Package MW Ardabil Package 10 MW 1th North Package 17 MW 6th North Package 16 MW 2th North Package 31 MW Kermanshah Package MW 3th North Package MW Azad PP 10 MW Lorestan Package 12 MW Dez Regulating Dam 28 MW Charmahal Package 110 MW Kohkiloyeh Package 74 MW Persian Gulf Map Spatial distribution of small run-off-river projects Azabijan Region Needed Install Capacity 400 MW Caspian Sea Tehran-Semnan Region Needed Install Capacity 1300 MW Zanjan Region Needed Install Capacity 750 MW Khorasan Region Needed Install Capacity 400 MW Azad Project Needed Install Capacity 500 MW Kerman-Hormozgan Region Needed Install Capacity 400 MW llam Project Needed Install Capacity 1000 MW Roundbare loresten Project Needed Install Capacity 1000 MW Esfahan Region Needed Install Capacity 850 MW Persian Gulf Map Spatial distribution of regions which are under investigation for pumped-storage projects Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy 263 Table Last situation of under study/construction high-pressure processings (HPPs) Type of hydropower Capacity (MW) Storage HPP Large run-off-river HPP Medium run-off-river HPP Small run-off-river HPP Under construction HPP Pumped-storage HPP Sum 4200 2800 1500 460 7077 6950 Around 23 000 30 000 3000 Install capacity (MW) Cumulative install capacity (MW) 2500 25 000 2000 20 000 1500 15 000 1000 10 000 500 Under operation and construction Pumped-storage Cumulative conventional 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 5000 Under investigation Cumulative conventional and nonconventional Figure Trend in growing installed capacity of hydropower plants until 2025 At present, the total capacities of under construction and study high-pressure processings including conventional and nonconventional projects are around 7000 and 16 000 MW, respectively It is anticipated that the total capacity of hydropower projects would reach 30 000 MW by 2025, if the hydropower development strategies and actual plans were executed in compliance with Figure In other words, the total capacities of conventional and nonconventional hydropower projects would increase 900 and 400 MW yearly It is estimated, based on 2009 unit prices, that the total investment for developing of new projects would reach more than 34 BUS$, that is, 2.13 BUS$ per year References [1] Vision of Islamic Republic of Iran by 2025, IREC, 2003 [2] Fourth 5-year program on economic, social, and cultural development of Islamic Republic of Iran, Government of IR of Iran, 2004 [3] Draft of fifth 5-year program on economic, social, and cultural development of Islamic Republic of Iran, Government of IR of Iran, 2009 [4] Long-term strategy on Water Resources Development, Government of IR of Iran, 2003 [5] Collection of rules, regulations, and instructions submitted by government on water and energy issues [6] Energy balance sheets, Tavanir Company, up to 2008 [7] Dam’s and hydropower’s data bank, Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company (IWPCO) [8] Technical reports and documents of different hydropower projects submitted by domestic and international consultancies and contractors ... large hydropower projects in the country Kalan Hydropower 1 16 MW Caspian Sea Dez Hydropower 520 MW Karkheh Hydropower 400 MW Masjed solyman Hydropower 2000 MW Karoun1 Hydropower 2000 MW Karun3 Hydropower. .. Darian Hydropower 210 MW Tange mashoureh Hydropower 110 MW Roudbarelorestan Hydropower 450 MW Seymareh Hydropower 480 MW Bakhtiari Hydropower 1500 MW Golvand Hydropower 1500 MW Karun4 Hydropower. .. plants – capacity (2008) Steam 29.5 C.C 21 Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy Pertinent indexes of electricity networks in 2008 Table Norminal installed capasity (MW) 255 Index