Discovering the humanities 3rd by henry m sayre 2016 chapter 09

Discovering the Humanities THIRD EDITION CHAPTER Encounter and Confrontation: The Impact of Increasing Global Interaction Discovering the Humanities, Third Edition Henry M Sayre Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives Discuss the cultures that preceded that of the Aztecs in the Americas, and the Spanish reaction to Aztec culture Describe the impact of the Portuguese on African life and the kinds of ritual traditions that have contributed to the cultural survival of African communities after contact Learning Objectives Outline the ways in which contact with Europe affected Mogul India Assess the impact of contact with the wider world on China and the ways in which the arts reflect the values of the Chinese state Learning Objectives Explain the tension between spiritual and military life in Japanese culture and the importance of patronage in Japanese cultural life Closer Look: The Goddess C oatlicue Document: Different Accoun ts of the Death of Aztec K ing Motecuhzoma Coatlicue Aztec 15th century Basalt Height 8'3" National Museum of Antrhopology, Mexico City De Agostini Picture Library/G Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images [Fig 9.1] Aztec The Moon Goddess Coyolxauhqui, from the Sacred Precinct, Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlán ca 1469 Stone Diameter: 10' 10" Museo Templo Mayor, Mexico City © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis [Fig 9.2] Diego de Durán Aztecs confront the Spaniards from History of the Indies of New Spain.1581 Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain/Bridgeman Images [Fig 9.3] Diego de Durán The Spanish massacre Aztec nobles in the temple courtyard from History of the Indies of New Spain 1581 Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain/Bridgeman Images [Fig 9.4] World Exploration, 1486–1611 [Fig Map 9.1] The Spanish in the Americas • While the Spanish conquistadores realized that the cultures they encountered were as sophisticated as their own, they labeled them uncivilized, because they were different from their own The Muromachi Period (1392– 1573): Cultural Patronage • By 1392, the shogun family Ashikaga had begun to exercise increased authority over Japanese society • They had their headquarters in the Muromachi district of Kyoto • The Ashikaga shogun Yoshimitsu (1358– 1408) associated himself with the arts in order to lend his shogunate authority and legitimacy Kinkakuji (Temple of the Golden Pavilion), Rokuonji, Kyoto, Japan Rebuilt in 1964 after the original of the 1390s Demetrio Carrasco © Dorling Kindersley [Fig 9.33] Soami (attributed to) Garden of the Daisen-in of Daitokuji, Kyoto Muromachi period, ca 1510–25 © Paul Quayle [Fig 9.34] Zen Gardens • The focus in the design of gardens moved from water to rocks and a few carefully groomed plantings as the primary feature • The flow of a pebble stream, from mountaintop to ocean, might be viewed as a narrative, perhaps a metaphor for the passage of time Zen Gardens • The metaphor could also be viewed as the passage of a Zen Buddhist philosopher from the complexity and confusion of early life to simplicity and enlightenment • Gardens were a regular feature of Muromachi Zen temples, especially the karesansui, or "withered" or dry landscape garden The Tea Ceremony • Rules codifying the manner in which tea was to be drunk in Zen temples came to be known as the Way of Tea • Interestingly, it was not at court where the highly refined art of wabicha developed into the classic tea ceremony, but among the rich merchant classes Noh Drama • Noh is a style of drama very different from drama in the West and it incorporates music, chanting, dance, poetry, prose, mime, and masks • Noh means "accomplishment," and it refers to the virtuoso performance of the drama's main character, whose inner conflicts must be resolved before his or her soul can find peace The Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573– 1615): Foreign Influences • In 1573, Nobunaga had driven the Ashikaga out of Kyoto • His victory was aided by the gunpowder and firearms introduced to Japan by the Portuguese traders • During the reign of Nobunaga, the West greatly expanded trade throughout Japan The Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573– 1615): Foreign Influences • The Himeji Castle near Osaka is an example of a castle built to display the power and majesty of the daimyo  Like most other castles of the era, it was built at the crest of a hill topped by a tenshu, a defensible refuge of last resort much like the keep of an English castle The Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573– 1615): Foreign Influences • The presence of foreign traders, mainly Portuguese and Dutch, soon found its way into Japanese painting, particularly in a new genre of screen painting known as namban ("southern barbarian") • The Portuguese served as a conduit in trade between Japan and China Himeji Castle, Hyogo prefecture, near Osaka, Japan Azuchi-Momoyama period, 1581; enlarged 1601–9 Steve Vidler/SuperStock, Inc [Fig 9.35] School of Kano Namban six-panel screen 1593–1600 Kobe City Museum of Namban Art, Japan Photo: Galileo Picture Services LLC, NY [Fig 9.36] The Closing of Japan • The Tokugawa shogunate forbade the Japanese to travel abroad in 1635, and limited foreign trade in 1641 to the Dutch • Japan would remain sealed from foreign influence until 1853, when the American commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Edo Bay Continuity & Change • Once Japan reopened its doors to world trade in 1853, the culture that it had developed over the 11 preceding centuries had an almost immediate impact on the West • Especially appealing to Western sensibilities was Zen Buddhist philosophy, popularized especially in the international Fluxus movement Nam June Paik TV Buddha 1974 Video installation with statue Collection Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam © Estate of Nam June Paik [Fig 9.37] ... Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images [Fig 9.1] Aztec The Moon Goddess Coyolxauhqui, from the Sacred Precinct, Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlán ca 1469 Stone Diameter: 10' 10" Museo Templo Mayor, Mexico City ©... arranged as an image of time The Pyramid of the Moon, looking north up the Avenue of the Dead Francesca Yorke © Dorling Kindersley [Fig 9.8] Mayan Culture • In the south, the culture of the Maya both... detailed grid system conveying a sense of power and mastery • It links two great pyramids, the Pyramid of the Moon and the Sun • As reflected in the total of 365 stairs, the Pyramid of the Sun is arranged