Three Stages of Science Park Development the Case of Daedeok Innopolis Foundation

■2012 JSPS Asian CORE Program, Nagoya University and VNU University of Economics and Business Three Stages of Science Park Development: the Case of Daedeok Innopolis Foundation Oh, Deong-Sung1, An, Gi-Don2 ABSTRACT : In this paper, we attempt to identify three stages of science park development by analyzing Daedeok Innopolis Foundation for past forty years since 1970s Prior to case study, the types of science park development and their functional structures were reviewed Three steps of science park development are identified: science park, technopolis, and innovation cluster There are main functions(R&D, Business, Management, and Infrastructure We found that The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation has experienced three clear phases of Science Park development The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation played a role of Science Park at the initial stage by functioning as a national hub for development of science and technology It functioned as Technoplois at the middle stage by providing a total system for innovation and technology commercialization It currently functions as Regional Innovation Cluster at the mature stage by providing the center of business excellence on high-tech industry in the global science It has made the great effects on the regional economy We expected this paper to provide the guide line of technical assistance and policy making at preparing the science parks in developing countries Particularly this paper will make a contribution to enhance the future oriented way of sustainable science park development KEYWORDS : Science Park, Technoplois, Innovation Cluster, Regional Economy, Daedeok Innopolis Foundation, Vice President, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea Department of Economics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea intentionally created as an engine of enhancing national Introduction competitiveness of high technology and economic The science park movement, which is concerned with prosperity through the agglomeration of research fostering and institutes in a planned science city It brings together commercialization, has been growing since the 1950s many national and regional development policy efforts Today, this movement includes a variety of projects from the last 40 years to achieve a technology-based that encompass incubators and innovation centers, economic growth and regional innovation In addition, science, research, technology and hi-tech parks, the regional innovation policy targeting for innovative technopolis and science cities, and no doubt other cluster is one of critical instruments to achieve names will emerge in time for similar projects intended sustainable to serve essentially the same process of supporting collaboration between HEI's, research institutes, technology transfer industries and government It is highly evaluated that both technology innovation development through networked The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation is playing a crucial In today's knowledge-based economy, science park is a role as a regional platform for comprehensive approach regional innovation strategy that generates sustained of and propulsive economic activity through the creation sustainable context technology-based regional development in and commercialization of new knowledge These science parks are critical ingredients for successful This paper reviews three stages of science park 'knowledge-based economy' as well as they are development in the case of The Daedeok Innoplis instruments for such innovation-oriented regional Foundation which has 40-year experiences In policy The emphasis on the stimulation of high-tech particular, the functional structure of science park industry through science parks and other initiatives by development will be analyzed in terms of three so many countries around the world is based on the different stages of development: science park, assumption that technological innovation leads to technopolis, and regional innovation cluster Finnally, economic growth (Simmie et al., 1993) There are, in this paper analyzes the effects of The Daedeok Innoplis particular, important issues concerning the dynamics of Foundation on the regional economy their creation and support that need to be addressed and better understood The most important is how effective Concept and Development Types of a science park can be as an instrument of regional Development1 innovation policy and for stimulating technology-led 2.1 Concept economic development Definitions of science park or technopolis development In Republic of Korea, the science park development vary considerably around the world and significant began to gain momentum in the 1970s when the variations occur even within individual countries The Daedeok Science Town(Daedeok Innopolis since essential concept however is one of spatial 2004) established as a national R&D center In particular, The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation were The concept and development types of Science park is rewritten based on Oh(2009)’s paper development where the interface of research with an environment geared toward innovation Capital and commerce and industry is encouraged for the better resources are naturally drawn to such a "milieu of exploitation of advanced technology We use the term innovation" rather than having to be relocated through science park or technopolis in the broadest sense to central planning (Castells & Hall 1994) denote property-based development, sometimes related to urban redevelopment, which has the objective of facilitating and promoting the growth of high-tech firms, through technology transfer and 2.2 The Development Types of Science Parks: Science Park, Technopolis, and Regional Innovation Cluster cross fertilization, in association with higher education institution (HEI) or a research centre (Porter, 1997) In the 1990s, Technopolis(or science city), a land and property-led technology policy concept which aims at Three broad categories of science park development have emerged: science park, technopolis, and regional innovation cluster Science park or technopolis is property-based initiative which; has formal links with a spatially clustering high-tech firms and R&D university or other higher educational and research organizations, have been very popular among both institution (HEI); is designed to encourage the local, regional and national policy-makers to boost formation and growth of knowledge-based businesses regional economic growth In addition, they have given and other organizations normally resident on site; has a hopes to policy-makers in many countries to boost management function which is actively engaged in the regional technology transfer, innovation and hence transfer of technology and business skills to the competitiveness organizations on site The regional innovation cluster can be defined as a specific area(s) with networked Broadly speaking, science park, technopolis or regional location(s), where innovating actors are concentrated innovative cluster aim at achieving three goals First, and interacting, which functions as the source of the most obvious goal is to foster economic innovative activities for the surrounding region, and development High-tech and innovation-led growth is supersedes other areas in terms of innovation regarded as absolutely necessary for maintaining and competitiveness (Yim, 2002) It is a system for increasing competitiveness of firms, regions and innovation composed of actors, process, interaction nations (Malecki 1997) Second, in some countries, mechanism, and culture etc innovation cluster is the particularly those with over-populated and congested unit of competition and has various advantages in urban areas, building an out-of-the-way technopolis in science and technology knowledge production, transfer the countryside is often seen as a way to reduce and utilization regional economic inequalities Economic planners hoped to draw research and development out of the Within this definition of three basic development types, over-burdened capital cities by relocating their national it is also possible to identify several sub-forms which research facilities and universities to new sites in the complement other initiatives designed to stimulate a country and by luring firms with incentives to follow more productive relationship between industry and them there Third, they aim at creating synergy academia Science Park and Technology Parks are between HEIs, PREs and firms in order to foster defined a "larger areas of land suitable for technology hence knowledge-based firms of different sizes and stages of competitiveness In the end, this should lead to creating development, usually, though not necessarily in transfer, innovation and landscaped surroundings" (Currie, 1985) The planning Regional innovation cluster is the unit of competition framework should be sufficiently flexible to permit and has various advantages in science and technology 'light manufacturing' A Science Park is an organization knowledge managed by specialized professionals, whose main aim Innovation networking in cluster aims to enhance the is to increase wealth of its community by promoting innovative capacity and foster the strategic industry for the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its regional and national competitiveness through the associated business and knowledge-based institutions interaction and close linkage among government, R&D To enable these goals to met, a Science Park stimulates center, research institutes, HEIs, high-tech industry, and manages the flow of knowledge and technology partnership amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies and commercialization, marketing and financial support markets; it facilitates the creation and growth of There are five key success factors in innovation cluster innovation-based companies through incubation and as following; specialized professionals to manage, spin-off processes; and provides other value added active community participation in innovation programs, services together with high quality space and facilities regular discussion forums, research and industry production, of transfer universities and and utilization industries, engagement, access to value-added services And also, The technopolis emphasizes the need for a balanced Porter(1998) identified three advantages to locating approach to high technology development Instead of close to one another in cluster First, it can share the only focusing on technology it involves the creation of cost for certain collective resources among several new settlement, complete with research park, new firms, particularly to the cost of establishing the wanted universities, technology centers, housing and cultural infrastructure Second, it can develop a local labor facilities (Tatsuno, 1986) Masser (1991) has pointed market for specialized skills Third, firms can leverage out that technopolises are larger in scale and often their close proximity and reduce costs of inter-firm linked to the development of infrastructure and transactions and shipments, or interaction costs for facilities on the new town model, whereas science co-located trading partners parks are more limited in scope Technopolises also tend to be more production oriented than science parks Table summarizes the key features of science park, and have both national and regional objectives The technopolis, and regional innovation cluster with national and technological objectives are to offer to respect to their nature and physical characteristics And high-tech industries adequate industrial land and an also, the development aspects are summarized with the environment suitable for creative research These structure in relationship and linkage, the activity in resources R&D and the network among heterogeneous R&D have become scarce in the major metropolitan areas Consequently, the regional and activities technological objective is to promote technological development in less developed areas For this purpose, Three Stages of Science Park Development: physical, scientific and institutional infrastructure is Case Study – The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation, developed in a decentralized pattern by a combination Korea of measures taken at the local and regional levels and by national government (Stoehr and Poeninghaus, 1992) 3.1 Framework In this chapter, we attempt to suggest a creative model institutional structure to regulate environmental of science park based on the experience of The pollution, to activate business and R&D activities, and Daedeok Innopolis Foundation Conceptual framework to enhance the convenience of residents should be is necessary to identify the development features of established science park In particular functional structure of components can be analyzed in accordance of different This science park model contains three main functions: development steps: science park, technopois and R&D, Business and Infrastructure Management is innovation cluster only limited to infrastructure-related service In terms of research & development, research and education The analysis consists of four steps: were led by research centered HEIs Training of Firstly, the background and purpose of science park’s experts in basic science was improved Public research development are reviewed institutes focused on conducting national R&D projects Secondly, the functional structure which is and constructing national R&D infrastructure They characterized with each science park model is also focused on the construction of a national identified framework of science and the development of strategic Thirdly, the relationship between each function and industries with a long range vision Private R&D component will be analyzed The components of key institutes formed a hierarchical relationship with their role which can give synergy effect for other mother firms and concentrated on R&D related to their components will be checked mother firms They focused on building R&D Fourthly, the strategy of creative science park infrastructure and R&D activities In this stage, the development will be suggested in conclusion commercial potential of R&D results in basic science or engineering from research centered HEIs promoted the construction of the Science Park: Business 3.2 The initial stage: Science Park model incubation centers and technology exchange centers The development feature of Daedeok Science Town at were built in HEIs and R&D institutes to support the initial stage shows us the model of science park As technology commercialization Collaborative R&D a national hub for development of science and also began R&D experts trained in research technology, main objectives in the initial stage of the concentrated HEIs led technology commercialization Science Park are: activities - Constructing infrastructure: Designing, developing, and managing the Science Park Also includes forming In terms of Business & networked Entrepreneurship, connections regulating the Daedeok Science Park focused on non-industrial development of the Science Park (Regulating green basic science activities in the initial stage Thus areas, building-to-land ratio, floor space index, and etc) entrepreneurship activities were barely present at this - Managing and operating the Science Park: stage Business incubation activities were barely Harmonizing R&D facilities, amenities, and welfare supported in this stage The only business incubation facilities with each other Also includes maintaining the space provided were labs in HEIs Business incubation balance between supply and demand in the Science was limited to business start-ups in labs of HEIs In Park order to support business start-ups, a systemized - with Constructing other cities institutional and infrastructure: An business incubation system is required for example, Pre-Incubation systems, TBI projects in HEIs The management office in Infrastructure function venture capital methods in this stage were mainly Angel Funds, which is a type of Risk Financing Funds 3.3 The middle stage: Technopolis model were mainly provided to venture firms by individual investors (Risk Financing) Thus, venture capital At the middle stage of The Daedeok Innopolis services were barely existent Only lab business Foundation development shows us the technopolis start-ups in research concentrated HEIs were supported model The Technopolis model is a total system for in this stage Administrative networks among public innovation and technology commercialization This research institutes were formed R&D activities were model is operated in the composition of four main mostly conducted with government aid Thus, functions and their components independent networks between institutes were barely existent More networks should be formed among In this stage, HEIs and research institutes actively firms, HEIs, and research institutes to promote R&D supported business incubation activities: containing activities and to support business incubation In this legal support, constructing infrastructure (business stage, technology commercialization and venture incubation center, and etc) Cooperation between the activities were mainly conducted in labs located inside Science Park and the local government, which governs research institutes and HEIs the city where the Science Park is located, is important for collaborative activities In order to expand R&D Main infrastructure in the initial stage, Science Park activities into technology commercialization activities, was limited to R&D related facilities such like R&D R&D capacity of the Science Park was enhanced In center, HEI etc, which did not contain industrial addition industrial areas were expanded next to Science functions Initially this park was designed as a research Park At the same time, As various infrastructures were and education city A legal structure to regulate expanded in the Science Park, a legal structure to land-use should be established The Science Park was efficiently manage and operate the infrastructures was initially built as a national science and technology city, established Venture firms were created and the roles of so business activities were not recognized in the initial HEIs became more important in this stage All HEIs, stage Legal structures or institutes that manage including research centered HEIs and local engineering business facilities did not exist in this stage The HEIs, conducted technology commercialization and function of Science Park Management Office includes collaborative research with firms, research institutes, designing the Science Park, selecting occupying and HEIs institutes of the Science Park, and other management functions Education, research, and residential facilities The main features of Science Park development at were harmonized with each other in the Daedeok initial stage are as follows In terms of Research & Science Town Development, HEIs became more important, since they are the source of venture firm start-ups Various In summery, main functions are R&D, Business local HEIs moved into the Science Park and activities and Infrastructure The management is contributed in collaborative R&D activities with other limited to maintenance service The components of key firms and research institutes HEIs mainly conducted role are HEIs, National R&D Center in R&D function, research projects offered by the government with the Spin-offs of R&D labs in Business function and help from public research institutes With research centered HEIs and local HEIs participating actively, which are developed by public institutes, financial aid R&D activities in the Science Park were enhanced; the for venture firms, marketing services, institutional groundwork for venture firm start-ups was established support, various equipments, facilities, and etc Research projects given by the government were Technology Commercialization was the core topic of conducted by HEIs Public research institutes led education collaborative research projects with industries and technology HEIs, conducted research contracts offered by private commercialization, advertisement of products, and etc firms, and etc Commercialization of research results Financial aid was provided to venture firms in order to began in public research institutes; promoted start-ups help venture firms to settle down and make progress A of venture firms As HEIs' and firms' R&D activities financial aid system that focuses on supporting venture increased and expanded, public research institutes' firms was established by the central government Local functions increased and expanded Public research governments also adhered to the central government's institutes supported the creation of venture firms by policy of supporting venture firms and their growths; establishing business incubation centers, and etc In the functions of business incubation centers established government affiliated research institutes, national R&D by local governments were enhanced to also provide projects and collaborative R&D projects were financial aid An integrated operation and management conducted office was established instead of individual operation In commercialization, the process, technology technology transfer, programs: Technology management, marketing, technology spin-off and management institutes It was an integrated system activities occurred In order to support these activities, that synthesizes the governance of the Science Park support systems such as business incubation systems like management, infrastructure maintenance etc The were established cooperation with local governments was taken for the sustainable development of technopolis In terms of Business & networked Entrepreneurship, a system to utilize research results from research As a function of Infrastructure, industrial space for institutes and HEIs in order to support potential venture firms and R&D facilities was expanded in entrepreneurs and venture firms is necessary Business order to expand early R&D activities to technology incubation activities should be expanded from a small commercialization As various infrastructures in the number of public institutes and HEIs to various local Science Park is expanded, a legal structure was institutes Also, business incubation activities should be necessary to efficiently manage and operate the integrated and diversified to promote regional facilities A structure and the division of roles in R&D development There should be an integrated support facilities, business facilities, management facilities was system for venture firms, which includes customized established Accessibility quality of life enhanced in business incubation, specialized collaborative networks, terms of transportation, land-use, amenities The venture communities, venture capital programs in order integration of culture and society with local residents to support venture firms efficiently and flexibly was emphasized to make best use of mother town’s infrastructure In terms of Management & Globalization, the management and operation of the technopolis should become more professionalized The management and operation services should include education programs 3.4 The mature stage : Innovation Cluster model At the mature stage of development, The Daedeok development of high-tech strategic industries A Innopolis Foundation takes innovation cluster model: a multi-purpose site was established in The Daedeok center of business excellence on high-tech industry in Innopolis Foundation to attract strategic industries, the global science In order to establish an innovative foreign advanced research institutes, and foreign cluster, the collaborative system among firms, HEIs, research centered firms into The Daedeok Innopolis and research institutes are enhanced Regional Foundation An international support infrastructure was innovation cluster of national or local strategical established to enhance global competitiveness industries are created in The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation A specialized science and technology The main features of Science Park development at network is established to maximize innovation of mature stage are as follows science and technology At the end, global marketing As a function of Research & Development, research strategies were enhanced We are trying to attract centered HEIs led R&D activities in national strategic foreign institutes and foreign investment into the industries Core science fields such as IT, BT, and NT Science Park In particular, a cooperation system fields were mainly researched in order to increase among firms, HEIs, and research institutes was national enhanced in strategic industrial fields such as IT, BT, researches among HEIs, research institutes, and and NT As a result, a innovative cluster was build and industries, collaborative R&D is actively conducted in order to conducted HEIs' roles and functions were diversified conduct technology commercialization Numerous In order to maximize the efficiency of technology networks among firms are created in order to support commercialization activities, R&D activities in specific technology commercialization and business activities fields were supported by public research institutes By competitiveness technology Through collaborative commercialization was creating clusters of strategic industries, technology can In this experts in science & technology and integrated be accumulated Continuous R&D activities and the professional training programs are required to build an formation of strategic industry clusters is required for innovative cluster It is important to create clusters of technology innovation related institutes to promote the growth of strategic industries Financial aid and support in specific In terms of Business & networked Entrepreneurship, technologies are also important Cooperation with an institutional system and infrastructure was international innovative clusters and global marketing established to support entrepreneurship activities This strategies induces synergy effects in the development led to the construction of an innovative cluster of science and technology Potential entrepreneurs in strategic industries were discovered and supported to build an industrial cluster In innovation cluster, pleasant residential areas and and a Regional Innovative System Business strategic high-tech industries should be harmonized incubation services, including the provision of space with each other In addition, the cluster was developed and facilities, institutional structures, and etc were into an innovative cluster, which leads local innovation improved As a result, venture firms became more Land-use should be improved to activate high-tech active Professional support services such as business R&BD activities A systematic and integrated structure consulting, technology marketing, and etc were of R&D facilities, business facilities, and management provided as part of business incubation programs facilities are required in order to promote the Business incubation programs were customized and divided into three stages These systemized business commercialization and expert training should be incubation programs efficiently supported the settle expanded A supporting organization should be built to down of venture firms Business incubation programs provide cooperation opportunities among institutes in supported venture firms to settle down and ultimately, the Science Park, technology commercialization, the venture firms contributed to the establishment of an marketing, and consulting Amenities and education innovative cluster facilities should be built to suit residents of the Science Park R&D facilities should be actively provided in In terms of Management & Globalization, a regional order to promote the growth of strategic industries In innovation system should be established by the order to establish an innovative cluster, advanced government An education department should be research institutes and research concentrated institutes, established in the RIS in order to provide a customized which are outside of the country, should be attracted education The into the Science Park by providing them space and customized education programs should focus on facilities(Hutchinson research institutes and other technology commercialization and business incubation facilities for foreign institutes) In order to support Education programs in specific fields or retraining venture firms, a lending program was established to programs should also be diversified lend business incubation space and facilities; The program for different regions Business Hub Center, The Integrated Research and Consistent education programs should be offered by Production Center, and etc The lending programs education institutes such as the University of Science should be flexible to cope with various demands from and Technology, The Technology Management venture firms Graduate School, Patent and Law Graduate School, and etc In order to establish an innovative cluster, financial aid is necessary in high tech fields Technology marketing has to be supported in different The Effects of The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation2 technology clusters Financial aid should be provided to specialized or advanced technologies There are nearly twice as many institutes (1266) in 2010 as those (742) in 2005 Among these, 30 Cooperation among different technology clusters is government-funded research institutes and 1179 necessary Cooperation networks were created among private businesses are operating As Table shows, it is related institutes in the Science Park These networks clear that the growth of private firms has led to increase were built by the management Office of the Science of institutes in DI The number of private firms has Park and local governments Clusters were built inside risen by almost double digits except 2009 year when the Science Park and cooperation between domestic the world economy experienced the global economic clusters and foreign clusters was encouraged crisis > In terms of Infrastructure, Land-use should be more In 2010, the total employment was 55,614 of which specialized and integrated to suit foreign firms and to 24,434 are researchers and engineers and 31,180 are establish an innovative cluster Residential areas and industrial areas should be harmonized in an innovative cluster An infrastructure for technology The effects of the DIF is rewritten based on the paper of Kim & An(2012) working on R&D supporting organizations in DI The Office, 2002b) As a result, the number of ventures number of researchers has increased by 13%, and 19% registered in the Korea Stock Exchange (KSE) has in 2009 and 2010 respectively increased from 11 in 2005 to 24 in 2010 DI is able to > improve an innovative cluster by connecting activities DI has improved the capability of its R&D activities like technology transfers from R&D to production since 2005 when DI was redesigned as DI As a result, activities DI has experienced the rapid increase in high numbers Table Technology Transfers and Fees of domestic and international patents as well as Year Transfers Fees technology transfers The patent has been one of major 2010 778 110,319 driving DI’s 2009 910 109,394 competitiveness as well as bridging commercialization 2008 974 95,723 The number of applied patents increased 488% from 2007 815 77,798 2006 723 61,205 2005 611 52,408 forces in DI by strengthening 1997 to 2002 and that of enrolled patents rose 388% during the same period The reason is that the number of venture firms dramatically rose in DI because the Source: Kim, Sang-Tae, Gi-Don An (2012) government changed the law in 1999 in order to bring venture businesses within DI Even though venture Conclusion businesses started in 1993 around DI, these businesses were not able to be located within the park due to the Law for Daedeok Science Town Management (Park, 2004) Because this law was widely known as resulting in weak spin off effects between R&D and manufacturing, the government changed this law in 1999 in order to bring venture businesses into the park > In this paper, we attempt to identify the creative model of science park development based on the experience which is accumulated in The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation for past forty years since 1970s Prior to case study, the types of science park development and their functional structures were reviewed They are as following: The technology transfers have continually increased since 2005, except when the global economics crisis happened in 2009 The transfer fees have rapidly increased by 111% from 2005 to 2010 Especially, the technology transfers to venture business were 80% of - Three steps of science park development are identified: science park, technopolis, and innovation cluster - main functions(R&D, Business, Management, total technology transfers in DI The increase in the number of venture businesses and technology transfers and Infrastructure) and their detailed components are has been the key factor of growth in DI The number of suggested through the analysis of 11 international venture business which has a venture certificate experiences including The Daedeok Innopolis increased up to 589 in 2010 In addition to new venture Foundation businesses, enlarging industrial contributed to the rapid increase in DI Daejeon metropolitan government has With these consideration in mind, we attempt to built two high-tech based industrial parks near to DI in analyze the case of The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation order to generate spin-off effects from the research Development based on the conceptual framework results of DI (Daedeok Science Town Management including functional structure of creative Science Park developement Three clear phases of Science Park development were identified in The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation Devleopment, Technopolis Review, Vol (2), 12-26 Oh, Deog Seong (2000) Technopolis and the promotion of high-tech venture businesses: The case of Taedok - Science Park at initial stage: a national hub for development of science and technology Research Complex Journal of the Korean Regional Development Association, Vol 12(3), - Technoplois at middle stage: a total system for 44-61 innovation and technology commercialization - Regional Innovation Cluster at mature stage: center of business excellence on high-tech industry in the Porter, M.E 1997 On Competition, Boston: Harvard Business School Press Simmie, J., Cohen, J and Hart, D 1993 ‘Technopole global science planning in Britain, Ireland and France’, Working The detailed analysis according to four main functions Paper 6, Planning and Development Research (R&D, Business, Management and Infrastructure) and Centre University College, London 19 components explains how science park can work together with its own functional structure and which The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation (2010) The Internal Statistical Materials components can play a vital role for successful science The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation (2010) Comprehensive park development and regional innovation Plan and Mid and Long Term Development We expected this paper to provide the guide line of Strategy technical assistance and policy making at preparing the science parks in developing countries Particularly this paper will make a contribution to enhance the future Web sites oriented way of sustainable science park development www.innopolis.or.kr ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Asian CORE Program "Manufacturing and Environmental Management in East Asia" of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) REFERENCE Kim, Sang-Tae, Gi-Don An (2012) A Comparison of Daedeok Innopolis Cluster with the San Diego Biotechnology Cluster World Technopolis Review Vol 1(2), Malecki, E.J 1997 Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Competitiveness Harlow:Addison Wesley Longman Oh, Deog Seong (2009) Creative Model of Science Park Table The Development Types of Science Parks: Science Park, Technopolis, and Innovative Cluster Types Features - Formal links with a university or other higher educational and research institution(HEI) Science Park: - Designed to encourage the formation and growth Property of knowledge-based businesses and other -based Initiative organizations normally resident on site - Management function which is actively engaged in the transfer of technology and business skills to the organizations on site - Emphasizes the need for a balanced approach - Instead of only focusing on technology it involves the creation of new settlement, complete with research park, new universities, technology centers, housing and cultural facilities Technopolis: Urban development (Tatsuno, 1986) - Larger in scale and often linked to the development of infrastructure and facilities on the new town model ⇒ whereas science parks are more limited in scope (Masser, 1991; Oh, 1997) - More production oriented than science parks have both national and regional objectives - To develop a network building of available intellectual, innovative and entrepreneurial resources - To use these resources effectively Innovation Regional Innovation Cluster: Regional networking cluster, that is, a favorable business, social, and political environment, is necessary to effectively utilize the intellectual, innovative, and entrepreneurial resource - Provided with an applicability for development policy and insight to regional competitiveness - Regional and national competitiveness is often decided by the innovation clusters Source: Oh, Deog Seong (2009) Creative Model of Science Park Devleopment Model Figure The Framework of Science Park Source: Oh, Deog Seong (2009) Creative Model of Science Park Devleopment Table Functional Features of Science Park at initial stage Function Main Features - HEIs that lead advanced science technology R&D - Government affiliated research institutes R&D : In order to increase national science and technology capacity, major R&D projects were supported by the government (government affiliated institutes) Business activities/ technology commercialization Key Role HEIs, National R&D Center - Firms that originated from research institutes in advanced science fields - Venture firms that originated from labs in HEIs or research institutes (research centered HEIs) Spin-offs of R&D labs - Management departments in HEIs or research institutes - A special management institute, which is established by the central government, managed and operated the Science Park Infrastructure → An independent management institute is established Management Office - The Science Park should be managed, designed, and developed by the central government Source: Oh, Deog Seong (2009) Creative Model of Science Park Devleopment Figure The framework of Technopolis model Source: Oh, Deog Seong (2009) Creative Model of Science Park Devleopment Table The Functional Features of Science Park at the Middle stage Function R&D Main Features Key Role - Active Collaborative research programs among Collaboration among industries, HEIs, and research institutes firms, HEIs, and - Enhancing local R&D support capacity research institutes - Various business incubation centers were promoted by active technology commercialization and sound Business entrepreneurship activities/ technology - Venture activities and technology commercialization commercialization activities of venture firms or middle sized firms are Various business incubation centers supported by local governments - A multi-functional office take job to cope with the Management expansion of the Science Park -To control the surrounding area of the Science Park, the institute collaborated with the local government to connect the activities of the Science Park with local innovation - The role of the local government was expanded to Infrastructure develop venture firm areas, establish various support institutes and etc for local economic prosperity, to encourage private firm investment and participation Source: Oh, Deog Seong (2009) Creative Model of Science Park Devleopment Figure3 The Framework of Innovation Cluster model Source: Oh, Deog Seong (2009) Creative Model of Science Park Devleopment Local government's support in business activities, R&D activities, management activities/ Multi-functional management institute Table The Functional Features of Science Park at the Mature Stage Function Main Features Key Role - An innovative cluster to be created to promote the growth of strategic industries - The collaborative network among firms, HEIs and research institutes is enhanced R&D Collaboration among firms, HEIs, - Local governments should actively support the creation of and research institutes innovative clusters - Regional innovative projects are conducted by central and local governments - A support system for business incubation activities: in addition to providing business incubation space, technology support, marketing support and other professional support was provided - Clusters of strategic industries are created by the Business activities/ technology commercialization cooperation between science park and local governments Strategic industrial - Business activities such as technology marketing, projects led by local technology commercialization, and technology transaction governments are managed by specific centers of regional innovation - The Techno-park was established as the core of regional platform - The Strategic Industry Planning Team prepared future oriented strategy Management - Integrated education programs to train R&D experts and to Global business infrastructure support professionals: specialized education programs, customized education programs and etc ( management facilities, local - Land-use system to promote business activities and R&D Infrastructure governments, and activities in the innovation cluster: clusters of strategic international industries, multi-purpose sites and etc organizations) Source: Oh, Deog Seong (2009) Creative Model of Science Park Devleopment Table The Performance of The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation total 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 742 843 977 1,059 1,089 1,266 13.6% 15.9% 8.4% 2.8% 16.3% 21 28 28 29 30 0.0% 33.3% 0.0% 3.6% 3.4% 786 898 980 1,006 1,179 14.4% 14.2% 9.1% 2.7% 17.2% 36 51 51 54 57 5.9% 41.7% 0.0% 5.9% 5.6% Growth Rate(%) public research institutes 21 Growth Rate(%) private firms 687 Growth Rate(%) others 34 Growth Rate(%) Source: Kim, Sang-Tae, Gi-Don An (2012) Table The Employment of The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation Researchers(A) Year R&D supporting Employees Total Employment Doctors Masters Others Total (B) (A+B) 2010 9,055 9,736 5,643 24,434 31,180 55,614 2009 7,661 8,191 4,670 20,522 25,004 45,526 2008 6,783 7,253 4,173 18,209 23,429 41,638 2007 6,800 7,669 4,327 18,796 21,542 40,338 2006 6,495 9,145 2,892 18,532 18,692 37,224 2005 6,236 7,561 2,962 16,759 6,799 23,558 Source: Kim, Sang-Tae, Gi-Don An (2012) Table The Research outputs of The Daedeok Innopolis Foundation Patents Applied Year Enrolled Domestic International Total Domestic International Total 2010 10,525 3,854 14,379 4,953 1,535 6,488 2009 8,818 3,917 12,735 3,800 1,359 5,159 2008 8,480 3,894 12,374 4,883 1,098 5,981 2007 7,065 3,246 10,311 5,377 833 6,210 2002 7,447 1,760 9,207 3,630 698 4,328 1997 1,376 262 1,638 746 141 887 1996 1,082 259 1,341 326 129 455 1995 1,115 317 1,432 297 ` 297 Source: Kim, Sang-Tae, Gi-Don An (2012) ... Science Park -To control the surrounding area of the Science Park, the institute collaborated with the local government to connect the activities of the Science Park with local innovation - The. .. institutes in the Science Park These networks clear that the growth of private firms has led to increase were built by the management Office of the Science of institutes in DI The number of private... paper reviews three stages of science park 'knowledge-based economy' as well as they are development in the case of The Daedeok Innoplis instruments for such innovation-oriented regional Foundation