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Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters

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Comparison of antifungal activities of Vietnamese citrus essential oils

Pham Van Hung a , Pham Thi Lan Chi a & Nguyen Thi Lan Phi b a

School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam

b Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HoChiMinh City University of Technology, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam

Version of record first published: 16 Jul 2012

To cite this article: Pham Van Hung , Pham Thi Lan Chi & Nguyen Thi Lan Phi (2013): Comparison of

antifungal activities of Vietnamese citrus essential oils, Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters, 27:4-5, 506-508

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Natural Product Research

2012, 1–3, iFirst

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Comparison of antifungal activities of Vietnamese citrus essential oils y

Pham Van Hunga*, Pham Thi Lan Chiaand Nguyen Thi Lan Phib

aSchool of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam;bFaculty of Chemical Engineering, HoChiMinh City University of Technology,

HoChiMinh City, Vietnam

(Received 11 January 2012; final version received 12 June 2012)

Citrus essential oils (EOs) are volatile compounds from citrus peels and widely used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps and aromatherapy In this study, inhibition of citrus EOs extracted from Vietnamese orange (Citrus sinensis), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) on the growth of plant pathogenic fungi, Mucor hiemalis, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium proliferatum was investigated The EOs of the citrus peels were obtained by cold-pressing method and the antifungal activity of EOs was evaluated using the agar dilution method The results show that the EOs had significant antifungal activity Lime EO was the best inhibitor of M hiemalis and

F proliferatum while pomelo EO was the most effective against P expansum

These results indicate that citrus EOs can be used as antifungal natural products

in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries Keywords: citrus essential oils; antifungal activity; cold-pressing extraction; plant pathogenic fungi

1 Introduction

Citrus fruits grown in Vietnam are diversified and each citrus crop varies with the agro-ecological region Orange (Citrus sinensis), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) are found to be the most popular varieties harvested all over the country (Lan-Phi, 2010) Citrus varieties contain large amounts of essential oils (EOs), which exist especially in peel, flowers and leaves EOs are now widely used in many fields because they posses a wide spectrum of biological activity The antimicrobial abilities of citrus EOs are also shown to be a particularly interesting field for applications within the food and cosmetic industries (Caccioni, Guizzardi, Biondi, Renda, & Ruberto, 1998) The application of citrus EOs for skincare products and for acne control was also investigated (Lertsatitthanakorn, Taweechaisupapang, Aromdee, & Khunkitti, 2006) Although antifungal activities of citrus oils have been widely done all over the world, the variation of antifungal activities of citrus EOs grown in different locations has been observed because of the variation of chemical components in the oils (Caccioni et al., 1998; Kirbaslar, Tavman, Dulger, & Turker, 2009; Viuda-Martos, Ruiz-Navajas, Fernandez-Lopez, & Perez-Alvarez, 2008) Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the antifungal activity of EOs

*Corresponding author Email: pvhung@hcmiu.edu.vn

yThis article is a contribution for the special issue on the 70th birthday of Prof Dr Atta-ur-Rahman

ISSN 1478–6419 print/ISSN 1478–6427 online

� 2012 Taylor & Francis

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2012.706293

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*Corresponding author Email: xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

© 2013 Taylor & Francis

© 2013 Taylor & Francis

*Corresponding author Email: pvhung@hcmiu.edu.vn

†This article is a contribution for the special issue on the 70th birthday of Prof Dr Atta-ur-Rahman

Natural Product Research, 2013

Vol 27, Nos 4–5, 506–508, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2012.706293

extracted from the peels of Vietnamese citrus including C sinensis, C reticulata Blanco, C grandis Osbeck and C aurantifolia Swingle on the growth of Mucor hiemalis, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium proliferatum

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Results

Vietnamese C sinensis EO mainly comprised of monoterpene hydrocarbons with limonene, myrcene, sabinene and �-pinene (90.42%, 2.81%, 0.99% and 0.81%, respec-tively) as the major components (Table S1) The largest component found in the

C reticulata Blanco EO was limonene (91.58%) and other main constituents included the monoterpene group including myrcene (2.79%), �-pinene (0.93%), �-pinene (0.60%),

�-phellandrene (0.53%) and sabinene (0.33%) Limonene was only 70.46% of the total EO

of C grandis Osbeck In addition, �-terpinene of this fruit accounted for 11.09%, higher than that of C sinensis and C reticulata Blanco EOs (occupied lower than 0.01%) Limonene (41.40%) was found as the largest compound of C aurantifolia Swingle EO, but significantly lower than in other citrus fruits �-pinene (18.54%), �-terpinene (7.13%), sabinene (4.52%), �-pinene (2.87%) and myrcene (1.21%) were also major components of

C aurantifolia Swingle EO In addition, geranial (2.92%) and neral (1.87%) were found to

be high contents of the aldehyde group in C aurantifolia Swingle EO

The Vietnamese citrus EOs were found to have high activity in inhibition of the growth

of fungi (Table 1) After 5 days of culturing, the growth of the tested fungi decreased, associated with increase of EO concentration Citrus aurantifolia Swingle EO had the greatest reduction in mycelial growth of M hiemalis at a concentration of 2000 ppm (100% inhibition) The second most effective EO on M hiemalis was from C grandis Osbeck (42.1% inhibition), followed by the EOs of C sinensis and C reticulata Blanco (36.5% and 37.1%, respectively) Citrus grandis Osbeck and C aurantifolia Swingle EOs were found to

be the most effective in reducing mycelium growth of P expansum (53.8% and 52.0% inhibition, respectively) The C sinensis and C reticulata Blanco EOs showed significantly lower reduction than did the C grandis Osbeck and C aurantifolia Swingle (34.9% and 39.3% inhibition) The highest reduction of mycelial growth of F proliferatum was recorded in C aurantifolia Swingle EO (91.5% inhibition) Other citrus EOs also exhibited the high activity on the inhibition of the growth of F proliferatum as the inhibition percentages were 59.5%, 50.9% and 63.0% inhibition for C sinensis, C reticulata Blanco and C grandis Osbeck, respectively As a result, the significant differences in the inhibition

of the tested fungi of Vietnamese citrus EOs were clearly observed in this study

Table 1 Inhibition (%) of Vietnamese citrus EOs (at 2000 ppm) on the growth of M hiemalis,

P expansum and F proliferatum

Citrus variety

Fungi Mucor hiemalis Penicillium expansum Fusarium proliferatum

Note: Values are means of triplicate measurements The same letters in the same column are not significantly different (p5 0.05)

2 P Van Hung et al Natural Product Research 507

2.2 Discussion

The EOs of Citrus varieties show significant ability against fungi The antifungal activity

of EOs was due to the presence of terpenes existing in the EOs This component passes the cell membranes, penetrates into the interior of the cell and interacts with critical intracellular sites (Cristani et al., 2007) Several studies have mentioned that a single major compound or the synergistic or antagonistic of various compounds of citrus EOs may produce antifungal activity (Deba, Xuan, Yasuda, & Tawata, 2007) Other authors reported that the presence of components such asD-limonene, linalool or citral causes the antifungal capacity of citrus EOs (Alma et al., 2004) Citral can form a charge transfer complex with an electron donor to fungal cells, which results in fungal death (Kurita, Miyaji, Kurane, & Takahara, 1981) In addition, other researchers reported that the formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl group of oil phenolics and active sites

of target enzymes induces the antifungal activity of EOs (Daferera, Ziogas, & Polissiou, 2000) Thus, the different antifungal activity observed in this study is due to the different chemical composition existing in the EOs of citrus varieties

3 Conclusions

The EOs of C sinensis, C reticulata Blanco, C grandis Osbeck and C aurantifolia Swingle showed significant antifungal activities against M hiemalis, P expansum and

F proliferatum Citrus aurantifolia Swingle EO is the most effective against M hiemalis and F proliferatum, whereas C grandis Osbeck EO is the best inhibitor of P expansum

Supplementary material

Experimental details relating to this article are available online, alongside Table S1

References

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