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Lecture Notes in Computer Science Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Alfred Kobsa University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Germany Madhu Sudan Microsoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany 6872 Maiga Chang Wu-Yuin Hwang Ming-Puu Chen Wolfgang Müller (Eds.) Edutainment Technologies Educational Games and Virtual Reality/ Augmented Reality Applications 6th International Conference on E-learning and Games, Edutainment 2011 Taipei, Taiwan, September 7-9, 2011 Proceedings 13 Volume Editors Maiga Chang Athabasca University School of Computing and Information Systems Edmonton, AB, Canada E-mail: maiga@ms2.hinet.net Wu-Yuin Hwang National Central University Graduate Institute of Network Learning Technology Jhongli City, Taiwan E-mail: wyhwang1206@gmail.com Ming-Puu Chen National Taiwan Normal University Graduate Institute of Information & Computer Education Taipei, Taiwan E-mail: mpchen@ntnu.edu.tw Wolfgang Müller University of Education Weingarten, Germany E-mail: mueller@md-phw.de ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349 ISBN 978-3-642-23455-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-23456-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23456-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934447 CR Subject Classification (1998): K.3.1, H.5.2, I.2.6, H.4, I.3.7, H.5.1 LNCS Sublibrary: SL – Information Systems and Application, incl Internet/Web and HCI © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The new subject area “edutainment” has been widely employed and explored in research, industry and learning Experts around the world have made an effort to promote “edutainment”, which is the integration of education and entertainment With the help of advanced technologies - mobile devices, computers, software, games and augmented/virtual Reality applications – edutainment has been quickly accepted by the public as an effective way of learning The 6th International Conference on E-Learning and Games (Edutainment 2011) was held in Taipei, Taiwan during September 7–9, 2011 The first conference in the series was Edutainment 2006, held in Hangzhou, China Following the success of the first event, Edutainment 2007 was held in Hong Kong, China, Edutainment 2008 in Nanjing, China, Edutainment 2009 in Canada, and Edutainment 2010 in Changchun, China The main purpose of the Edutainment conferences is to provide an outstanding forum for participants to exchange results and present the-state-of-the-art in research and practice of edutainment The conference covers pedagogical principles as well as design and technological issues related to edutainment From the pedagogical viewpoint, multi-touch systems, computer graphics, multimedia and augmented/virtual reality applications may offer a new angle on design for learning Technologically, education and entertainment employ advanced computing, multimedia and Internet technology along with embedded chips and sensors that are used with wireless, mobile and ergonomic technology This year, we received around 130 submissions from 15 different countries and regions including Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Korea, Singapore, The Netherlands, Taiwan, UK, USA and Vietnam A total of 42 full papers were selected after peer review for this volume Six related workshops were also held jointly: Game-Assisted Language Learning, Learning with Robots and Robotics Education, e-Portfolio and ICT-Enhanced Learning, Game-Based Testing and Assessment, Trends, Development and Learning Processes of Educational Mini Games, and VR and Edutainment We are grateful to the Program Committee for their great efforts and hard work to get all the papers reviewed in a short period of time We are grateful to the Organizing Committee for their support of this event We would also like to show our great appreciation to the attendees who came from all over the world since, without their enthusiastic participation and significant contributions, Edutainment 2011 would not have been such a success VI Preface The financial support from many governmental agencies and research organizations in Taiwan also contributed to the success of the conference They all deserve our sincere gratitude for the time and energy they devoted to making Edutainment 2011 a technically and pedagogically worthwhile and enjoyable event for all participants September 2011 Maiga Chang Ming-Puu Chen Wu-Yuin Hwang Wolfgang Mueller Organization Organizing Committee Honorary Chairs Tak-Wai Chan Kuo-En Chang Kinshuk Fong-Lok Lee Zhigeng Pan Demetrios G Sampson Chin-Chung Tsai National Central University, Taiwan National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan Athabasca University, Canada The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Zhejiang University, China University of Piraeus , Greece National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Advisory Chairs Chien Chou Yueh-Min Huang Gwo-Jen Hwang Shian-Shyong Tseng Stephen Jenn-Hwa Yang National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Asia University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan Conference General Chairs Gwo-Dong Chen National Central University, Taiwan Nian-Shing Chen National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan Michitaka Hirose The University of Tokyo, Japan Jimmy Ho-Man Lee The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Program Chairs Maiga Chang Ming-Puu Chen Wu-Yuin Hwang Wolfgang Mueller Athabasca University, Canada National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan University of Education Weingarten, Germany Local Organization Chairs Guo-Li Chiou Huei-Tse Hou Ji-Lung Hsieh National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan VIII Organization Exhibition Chair Mu-Chun Su National Central University, Taiwan Panel Chair Ju-Ling Shih National University of Tainan, Taiwan Poster Chair Rustam Shadiev National Central University, Taiwan Workshop Chair Eric Zhi-Feng Liu Chun-Yi Shen National Central University, Taiwan Tamkang University, Taiwan Workshop Organizers Gwo-Dong Chen Huei-Tse Hou Chung-Yuan Hsu Eric Zhi-Feng Liu Chin-Feng Lai Minoru Nakazawa Zhigeng Pan Vincent Ru-Chu Shih Shian-Shyong Tseng Chin-Yeh Wang Tosh Yamamoto National Central University, Taiwan National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan National I-Lan University, Taiwan Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Japan Zhejiang University, China National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Asia University, Taiwan National Central University, Tiwan Kansai University, Japan Program Committee Wilfried Admiraal Vincent Aleven Chee Siang Ang Taeko Ariga Inmaculada Arnedillo-S´anchez Juha Arrasvuori Roger Azevedo Youngkyun Baek Ryan Baker Anup Basu Catherine Beavis University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Carnegie Mellon University, USA University of Kent, UK Doshisha Women’s College, Japan Trinity College, Ireland Nokia Research, Finland University of Memphis, USA Korea National University of Education, Korea Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA University of Alberta, Canada Griffith University, Australia Organization Tony Brooks Martin Brynskov Leah Buechley Daniel Burgos Winslow Burleson Nergiz Ercil Cagiltay Yiyu Cai Marc Cavazza Keith Chan Ben Chang Chun-Yen Chang Maiga Chang Kuo-En Chang John P Charlton Chao-Hsiu Chen Chiu-Jung Chen Gwo-Dong Chen Hao-Jan Chen Ming-Chung Chen Ming-Puu Chen Sherry Y Chen Zhi-Hong Chen Yi-Chia Cheng Guey-Shya Cheng Shu-Chen Cheng Chien Chou Chryso Christodoulou Carol H.C Chu Tsung-Yen Chuang Douglas Clark Angela Colvert Sue Cranmer Giuliana Dettori Yi-Luen Do Yuqi Dong Jayfus T Doswell Been-Lirn Duh Simon Egenfeldt-Nielsen Michael Eisenberg Jessica Enevold Guangzheng Fei Russell Francis Sara de Freitas Seth Giddings Ashok K Goel IX Aalborg University Esbjerg, Denmark University of Aarhus, Denmark MIT Media Lab, USA ATOS Origin, Spain Arizona State University, USA Atilim University, Turkey Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Teesside University, UK Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong National Chiayi University, Taiwan National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan Athabasca University, Canada National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan University of Bolton, UK National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan National Chia-Yi University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan National Chiayi University, Taiwan National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan Tamkang University, Taiwan National Taichung University of Education, Taiwan Southern Taiwan University, Taiwan National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan Digipro Computer Consultants Ltd., Cyprus Soochow University, Taiwan National University of Tainan, Taiwan Arizona State University, USA Roehampton University, UK Futurelab Education, UK The Institute for Educational Technology, Italy Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Northeast Normal University, China The Juxtopia Group, USA National University of Singapore, Singapore IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark University of Washington, USA Lund University, Sweden Communication University of China, China Oxford University, UK Coventry University, UK University of the West of England, UK Georgia Institute of Technology, USA X Organization Peter Goodyear Mark D Gross Toshihiro Hayashi Carrie Heeter Jia-Sheng Heh Jan Herrington Makoto Hirayama Paul Hollins Huei-Tse Hou Sherry Hsi Hsien-Sheng Hsiao Yu-Chen Hsu Yueh-Min Huang Pi-Hsia Hung Fu-Kwun Hwang Gwo-Jen Hwang Wu-Yuin Hwang Chiaki Iwasaki Mingfong Jan Carsten Jessen Stine Liv Johansen Lewis Johnson Bn-Shyan Jong Helle Skovbjerg Karoff Yoichiro Kawaguchi Kinshuk Hwa-Wei Ko Rob Koper Bor-Chen Kuo Chen-Wo Kuo Ching-Hwa Kuo Rita Li-Ping Kuo Harushige Kusumi Lam-For Kwok Ah-Fur Lai Chih-Hung Lai Yu-Ju Lan H Chad Lane Fang-Ying Yang Jie-Chi Yang Stephen Jenn-Hwa Yang The University of Sydney, Australia Carnegie Mellon University, USA Kagawa University, Japan Michigan State University, USA Chung-Yuan Christian University, Taiwan Murdoch University, Australia Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Japan Institute for Educational Cybernetis, UK National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan University of California, Berkeley, USA National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan National University of Tainan, Taiwan National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan Kansai University, Japan National Institute of Education, Singapore The Danish University of Education, Denmark Aarhus University, Denmark University of Southern California, USA Chung-Yuan Christian University, Taiwan The Danish University of Education, Denmark The University of Tokyo, Japan Athabasca University, Canada National Central University, Taiwan Open University of the Netherlands, The Netherlands National Taichung University of Education, Taiwan National Palace Museum, Taiwan Tamkang University, Taiwan Mingdao University, Taiwan Kansai University, Japan City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Taipei Municipal University of Education, Taiwan National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan University of Southern California, USA National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan Organization Yao-Ming Yeh Fu-Yun Yu Pao-Ta Yu Li Zhang Xiaopeng Zhang Yongjiang Zhong Fong-Lok Lee Jimmy Ho-Man Lee Silvia Wen-Yu Lee James Lester Chun-Te Li Tzu-Chien Li Jyh-Chong Liang Anthony Y H Liao Fanny Lignon Robin Chiu-Pin Lin Xiao Zhong Liu Eric Zhi-Feng Liu Pei-Lin Liu Tzu-Chien Liu Daniel Livingstone Rosemary Luckin Rikke Magnussen Noboru Matsuda Jane McGonigal Genaro Rebolledo Mendez Ling-Fu Meng David Metcalf Marcelo Milrad Akiyuki Minamide Makoto Miura Yishay Mor Elena Moschini Yasunori Motomura Minoru Nakazawa Richard Noss Hiroaki Ogata Yoshihiro Okada Claire O’Malley XI National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan University of Teesside, UK Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Northeast Normal University, China The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan North Carolina State University, USA National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Asia University, Taiwan University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France National Hsinchu University of Education, Taiwan Northeast Normal University, China National Central University, Taiwan National Chia-Yi University, Taiwan National Central University, Taiwan University of the West of Scotland, UK University of London, UK University of Aarhus, Denmark Carnegie Mellon University, USA University of California at Berkeley, USA Serious Games Institute, Coventry University, UK Chang Gung University, Taiwan University of Central Florida, USA Linnaeus University, Sweden Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Japan Kansai University, Japan University of Haifa, UK London Metropolitan University, UK Kansai University, Japan Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Japan University of London, UK The University of Tokushima, Japan Kyushu University, Japan The University of Nottingham, UK A Group-Based Load Balancing Approach 545 step Assume server Sk is selected as the next load balancing server Then Si sends Load Balance Notification (LBN) message to Sk step When Sk receives LBN, it runs the whole load balancing process to make a local balance and then forward this to next server as Si did Experiments and Discussions In our simulation, the virtual environment is 450×450 cells There are NO virtual objects and NA avatars, with the proportion of dynamic objects p% The complete VE is partitioned into NS regions and distributed by each server, where NS

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