DSpace at VNU: The change of gateway to delta from 12th to 17,h centuries

V N U J O U R N A L O F S C IE N C E , soc SC I , H U M A N , N 01E, 0 T H E C H A N G E O F G A T E W A Y T O D E L T A F R O M 12th T O 17,h C E N T U R IE S Vu M in h G iang'*’ sited at the tim e aro u n d Đ ộc Bộ wharf, the I T H E G A T E W A Y PO SIT IO N O F T H E AREA confluence o f Đ áy river and Đ river This B E T W E E N R E D R IV E R AND ĐÁY RIVER land area m ight be sid e red as the G atew ay to Red River Delta D ue to geological structure and directly subject to Red R iv e r delta structural form ation A djoining the sea, the area from Q u n Các processus, N am Đ ịn h bear in Itself an enough to Ba Lạt estuary w hich c e nter was c ổ Lể particular history and special cultural traditions T o g e th e r with prehistory period, there were su b m a rin e yet areas lands h u n d re d s y ears e m b cin g ago from traces that P agoda site rapidly b e c a m e a trip o f cultural of cross This was nam ed "Keo" - V ietnam ese hieroglyph - in w ords "G iao T huy" (w here time sw eet-w aters and salted w aters crossing each W ithin b e tw e e n 1th century and 14th century o ther at flood-tide), w here fisherm en berthed end, c o rre s p o n d in g to Lý-Trần dynasties, N am after off-shore operations T h e y crow ded and Đ ịn h w a s the im portant g atew ay o f Delta and settled them selves into fish-villages, around all Đai V iệt K ingdom Lý Kings rccognized which, trade activities frequently bustled O n- soon the im p o rta n c e o f this area Until 13th land century, this was w here T rần fam ily rose up and on -w a te rs sceneries created d y n a m is m in e c o n o m ic life and diversity and and its sp e cific im portance relays on that it was a bundance in cultural p h y siognom y likely the seco n d capital thorough T rầ n dynasty 175 y e a rs rule A Lý stele n a m e d "V iên Q u a n g tự bi m inh tính tự (ỊM17*6 T p ĩ ậ Hái T h a n h division (Lộ) o f ứ n g Phong district district Ung Phong Ninh and Prefect N ghĩa included For Stele date, m ost historians suggested that it was produced by 1122 with Lộc VII Bân, Ý Y ên, N am Trực districts and Trực ) o f todav X uan N inh c o m m u n e , X uan T ruong OverallV, this c o rresponded to today's My now ) was rem ained and conserved in N ghĩa X P a g o d a prefect ( P h il) u n d e r Lý d y n a sty part o f :ìfi underlined w ords " ịịỀ Hưng 'f r zL ^r • Lý N hân Tơng King included dynastic titles, two if* ' # Ĩ Ĩ im portant estuaries - Ba Lạt and Đại An Red was the 7,h one prom ulgated in C anh TÍ year (1120), so 1122 was the 3rd year - River ru n s into the sea by Ba Lạt At the time, corresponding to it was situ a te d at aro u n d the flu e n ce where adjoined T rự c N inh and X uân T rường districts H ow ever, a careful study show ed that the Đại A n (o r Đai A c) was Đ áy river estuary, stele text m ight not be edited by this year Professor of Vietnam National University Hanoi 23 Vu Minh Giang 24 Firstly, the stele text eng v e d : M that displaced, years (1 -1 ) If the text w as c a rv e d ju st in A nh T ò n g K in g ’s I s* y ear, it w ould be later than the m e n tio n e d d a te up to 16 years M oreover, the text used his P o s th u m o u s n a m e (Anh T ông), that m e a n s that it sh o u ld be edited after his death, that w ould be s o o n e st bv 1175 settled as by now finally existing m eaned T h i s V iê n Q u a n g P a g o d a w as cre a te d by Lý A n h T ô n g ” Lý A n h T ô n g reig n ed in 38 then, T he initial G ia o Thủy fishing village location u n d e r Lý D y n a s ty m ig h t be nearly R e d R iver bank, b e tw e en N a m T hắ n g village to N a m H o n g village o f to d a v N a m Trực district This c o m p lie s with the te x t o f a n o th e r p a g o d a stele c o n stru c te d latterly b y 2nd year o f Đ ổ n g K h n h (1 8 ) A c c o rd in g t o this stele, this was a big p a g o d a in Lý D y n a s ty consisting o f 36 Secondly, the stele text m e n tio n e d that the buildings, hun d red s o f c o m p a rtm e n ts W h e re King instructed p a g o d a e m b e llis h m e n t in l sl the river stream w as c h a n g e d , the pag o d a was year o f T h iệ u M in h (L ý A n h T ô n g C r o w n ’s threaten o f slide, th en m o v e d to Bát Dương (Vũ title-1137) be P h o n g , V ũ H ợp C o m m u n e , V ũ T h District) w ith the n e w na m e and finally to the e x isting site Bát Dương sited "Vien Q u a n g P ag o d a " (its f o rm e r n a m e w as on the opposite R ed R iver, sym etric to Q u n Dien Phuc Pagoda) Cácm So, c re a tio n understood as restored T hirdly, here shall T he d isp la c e m e n t th ro u g h historic epoches in the text end, a fte r relating inspection trip o f Lý N h â n T o n g ( f n 7^ ) and o f V iên Q u a n g P ag o d a with rem aining Lý Lý A n h T ố n g (Ệ£ 7^-) - P o s th u m o u s nam e, (he e p o c h stele is a reliable e v id e n c e and also a literature (4* £ ) p ro o f sim ilar to K e o P a g o d a ’s displacem ent (existing ruling K ing) W e s u g g e st that this T he P a g o d a w ordy n a m e "T hần Q u a n g Tự" is Stele, in respect o f c o n te n t, m ig h t p ro b ab ly be n o w used in calling the three big pagodas in erected u n d e r Lý C a o T ô n g d y n a s ty (1176- Red 1210) T h e e d ito r w as D ĩn h Đạt d isp la c e m e n t o f p a g o d a related to R ed River carries to K im V ng river down s tre a m a re a (2) The stre a m c h a n g e an d d o w n s tre a m area expansion A ccording to the full sentence engraved under the stele na m e 5c if1 H , /rf* 1Ế M : k ÌẾ 'iip M ĩ ậ Bp ", this w as not the date o f this stele O n ly this fneant a rea so n for continuous carving C tỀ " m e a n in g ) o f a stele processus ju stify the c lo se c o h e re n c e betw een cu ltu re a n d natural conditions T his m eans a critical feature o f this land area H istoric p e rson ag e s w ere generated in this c u ltu ral spa ce w h o se ca re e rs gone into by G iác Hải in 3rd y e a r o f T h iê n Phù D uệ Vũ (1122), m a y be in the tim e o f D iên Phúc Pagoda In o u r op in io n , that w as a n o th e r stele, however, lost ago T h e p a g o d a w as o riginally sited in G ia o T h ủ y fishing village, m a n y tim es ,1’ As recorded in the Rear Stele erected in 9th year of Chính Hồ (1688), Qn Các at the tim e was a commune belonging to Giao Thuỳ district, Thién Trường Prefect, now Nam Thắng communa, Nam Trực District (?1 Hành Thiện Keo Pagoda, Dũng Nhuệ Keo Pagoda (Thải Binh) and Cổ Lẻ Pagoda I X U Journal o f Science, Soc Sci., Human., NoIE, 2002 The change of gateway to delta from 25 leg e n d a ry tales with m ira c u lo u s a c h ie v e m e n ts In covering not only all the N am Đ ịn h land o f Lý com m anded Dynasty but continuing national-size phenomena C h a m p a , pa ssin g a n d re tu rn in g th ro u g h Đại An T hese were B o n /e superious D ương K h ô n g Lộ, estuary A m o n g N gu y ẻ n fro m C h a m p a , w as a C h in e s e Bonze nam ed M inh p ersonages that Không had and G iác Hải, o p p o rtunities to the travel Thảo 1069 Lý the Đường Thánh a rm e d Tông in e x p e d itio n person to fisht the p ris o n e rs brought hack who w as c a rr y in g preaching has it that religion in V tja y a capital H ig h ly appreciating Bonzes Dương K hông Lộ and N g u y ề n M inh an e m in e n t M o n k , T h n h r ô n g appointed him K hông and N g u y ề n M in h K h ô n g fre quently "Q uốc were identical or the s a in e ‘h e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n e w b u d d is h sect in Đai a u in tr v -id e and abroad L egend W ith current analysis, it w ould be difficult to affirm that these w ere two d ifferent individuals, or only o n e -o n e H ow ever, based on the m aterials closest such Lý as epoch "T hicn b ibliographical it yen tậ p anh" ( / 7 , ) , "Lình N am chích qi" (L N C Q ) Dương K hông Lộ and N g u y ê n M in h K h ô n g were two distinct p ersonages A ccording to Tin A, Việt Sư" A nd - (S ta te D ương Bonze) Không and Lộ did c a u se d receive training from Q u ố c Sư Just for this, T U T A n g e d K h ô n g L o in the third g e neration o f T h o Đ n g B u d d ish Sect H o w e v er, as he c o m m itte d to vỏ Ngổn Thông sect, so Buddhist H istory o f this M e d ita tio n Lineage [ A c c o r d i n g to 4,5 a n d 10] K h ô n g L ộ w as a d o m in a n tly talentuous K h ô n g Lộ w as native bonze su p e rio r w ith h ig h a c h ie v e m e n ts in o f I lải T h a n h (i.e N a m Dinh and part o f today e x p a n s io n Thai Binh), with u n k n o w n DO B, a n d died in a m e lio tio n 1119-as a e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a n e w e for c o p p e r casting, a fisherm an family; g ro w n up, after a tim e o f te c h n ic s w ith s ig n ific a n t role in e c o n o m ic and w andering on the w aters, he w illing dev o te d cultural d e v e lo p m e n t not o n ly for N am Định him self to a religion life H e m a k e s friend with but for the w hole Đ i V iệt N a tio n at the time recorded He descended from of c u ltiv a te d and, the lands, m o st cultural important, Bonze superior G iác Hải and receive training with B on/e Hà T rạ ch in M ộc Ngưu S hrine o f Độc Bỏ V illa g e '2\ L e g e n d a r y so u rc e s said that c o p p e r casting and a ls o c o p p e r w e re b r o u g h t ba c k from China by the Bonze superior T y p ic a l products of c o p p e r c a stin g at the tim e in clu d e d pagoda bells a n d big-size ' This confusion may start from Hố Nguyen Tri/ng's "Nam ồn g mông luc", where in "Minh Khỏng thán dị" tale Hố Nguyên Trừng makes identical the two men From this, many books re­ quoted and folklore unified the two into one ' According to TUTA, Hà Trach was a human's name laterly peoples named the pagoda constructed by Bonze superior’s name Đố BỐ village was possibly Độc BÔ at Đáy river estuary in Lý epoch This was one among critical gateways of North Delta at the time I XU Journal o f Science Soc Set., Human., Sn IE, 2002 a n c ie n t pagodas B u d d h a statues M ost of in Nam Đ ịn h with Lv structural s o u rc e w o rs h ip p e d him M oreover, furtherly m o st o f tra d itio n al c o p p e r casting pro fe ssio n a l p laces raised him as Professional A n c e s to r for w o rk -sh ip In N g ũ Xà, a famous Vu Minh Giang 26 copper casting village, a p agoda nam ed "Thần c n g es but o f traditional m edicine, a b le to Quang Tự" (the sam e nam e o f H ành T hien Keo cure stu b b o rn dise a se s W ith a c hievem ent in pagoda, Dũng N huệ Keo p a goda and c ổ Le m edical c a re for K in g Lý T h ầ n Tông, h e was pagoda) a w arded “Q u ố c sư ” T Ư T A book classified him also w orkships Không Lộ as in the 13lh g e n e tio n o f V initaruci M editation Professional Ancestor As the native land o f C opper casting R esto Lineage rator, N am Đ ịnh in L ý e p och had well know n Closely a ttached to K h ố n g Lộ prestigious copper craft centers w hich typical one was nam e was Bonze su perior G iá c Hải Also native T Xá village (now belonging? to Y ên La c om m une, Ý Yên district) Such a copper cauldron was found in Phổ M in h p agoda - N am o f Hải T h a n h subdivision, in a fishm an fam ily, he devoted to religious life at 25-years ago H e was the cre a to r o f D iên Phúc Pagoda (furtherly Định - w hich was ranged in heavy m etal class; Legend has it that it was forged by K hòng Lộ, and for sure, there w ere efforts contributed from talentanous local casting artists c h a n g ed i n to V iên Q u a n g ) U n d e r Ly dynasty, this p agoda also was sited nearly Thần Q u a n g P agoda (K eo P agoda) N guyen M inh K h ô n g was not a native o f L o c a tio n o f ú n g P h o n g O u t e r Palace Nam Định, however, he soon settled there, and his career also got prosperous from G ia o T huy land M inh Không originally was a villager of U n d e r Lý epoch, N am Đ ịnh m eant not Đ àm Xá - Đại H o n g (now belonging to Ninh only the g ate w ay o f all the R ed river Delta but Blnh), initial nam ed N g u y e n C h í Thành, born a critical e c o n o m ic center Lý kings paid a in 1066 and died in 1 i (l) F ro m 11-years age, special interest in this area T hrough hisporic He devoted to religions career, and received c u m e n ts, at least two o u ter palaces were training from Bonze su perior T Đ o Mạnh know to be e rected in a ncient Nam Đ ịn h for with religion nam e M inh K hông R ecognized their tem porary stay in inspection trips The "Chân K hông Bát N h ”, he took c h a ir o f G iao first o uter palace m ig h t be in around Keo Thuy M onk (2) Pagoda a big cultural and eco n o m ic center at He was reputated as a Bonze superior o f thorough c o m p rehension not only o f sutras and the time pertaining H ành T h iệ n C om m une now to X uân T rư n g district had its original n a m e as H n h C u n g (Outer palace) C o m m u n e, ago nearby Q u n Các wharf, of There v^ere very different records on Nguyền Chi Thánh alias Nguyễn Minh Khong's DOB Above birth year IS based on "History o f Ly Tnếu Quốc s ' Pagoda edited by Venetable Thích Bào Nghiém {ĩ) Giao Thuỷ Pagoda means Keo Pagoda Its initial name was Quang Nghiêm Tư, then changed into Than Quang Tư Legend has it that it was erected by Bonze superior Dương Không Lộ, furtherly hold by Nguyễn Minh Khòng Its construction site in Lý epoch corresponds to around today Quán Các N am T h ắ n g Com m une, N a m Trực district W ith river stream c h a n g e s , m ost o f ancient Ly architectural relics w ere drifted away by the river flow a n d peoples o u g h t to migrate to new lands “ H n h C u n g ” L and name also was I XỈ Journal o f Science, Soc Sc*/., Hunan., NolE, 2002 The change of gateway to delta from 27 “d r if te d ” with in h ab ita n ts was the East and its attachm ent to King Lý N hân T ông, the ỉattcrlv bec am e s H n h T h iệ n C o m m u n e identification T h e seco n d O u ter-P alace was ng Phong as anciently and historically of this o u ter palace actual location rem ains a not sim ple issue called R e cording King Lý N h â n T o n g ’s watch Lý K i n g ’s, particularly king Lý N hân Tông got over ploughing by 1117, C i«m g M ục had note usually to c o m e there to watch peoples seeding “ ng Phong belongs to N am Đ ịnh, formerly and harvesting Hiển K hánh district, c h a n g e d into ứ n g Phong history under Lý, then into K iến Hưng under Trần recorded in 19 royal c o rteges at o u te r palaces d ynasty, then into K iến Bình Prefect under the or C hinese M in h rule, latterly into N ghĩa H ung O uter-palace Prefect under L ê d ynasty, i.e N ghĩa Hưng T horo u g h 56 y ears of rule, King 11 tim es w atched harvesting at ứng Phong R ecapitulating recorded plunging inform ations in imperial written histories, one m ay know that in 14 times q u o te d n g Phong o uter palaces, Prefect no w ” [7, T.4,tr.8] A c cording to this citation, V iệt Sử lư ợ c'a translator noted also “ N g h ĩa H ưng district, only two events related to K ing L ý A nh Tổng N am Đ inh P ro v in c e ” [12, tr.20] Đ V S K ỈT ' and one event related to King T rầ n Thái Tông Translators estim a ted that ứ n g Phong O u te r royal trip, w hile the rem a in in g events related to King Lý N h â n T ông Palace was sited in an e n o u g h large area, equivalent to L ê\s N g h ĩa H ưng, i.e including ng N ghĩa Hưng, Ý Y ên and Vụ Bản districts o f Phong Prefect in general and ứ n g Phong O uter N am H Province [6,T l,tr.288] ; while in the Palace in particu la r took an im portant position V olum e II o f the sa m e book, translators noted for Lý D ynasty, especially under N hân Tông that “ ứ n g Phong O u te r palace existed in Lý reign, w h e re took palace m ost o f Đại Việt epoch, country g reat e v e n ts un d e r Lý epoch, such as [6,T.2,tr.20] T hus, up to n ow adays, experts R esistance not unify their opinion on ứ n g Phong outer A bove in fo rm a tio n s war a g ain st show ed the Tống that invader, foundation o f Vãn M iếu (Temple o f Literature), establishm ent University) C onfucianist of and Quốc tử g iám org an isa tio n exa m in atio n of It (National the first was not causeless that the K ing arrived there two, three tim e (by 1117 and 1125) and even there was a royal stay d u rin g up to tw o m o n th s (April to June 1125) pertraps Ý Y ên district territory” palace location There w as an inform ation worth o f interest in D N N T C w hen w riting on N ghĩa Hưng Prefect - N a m Đ ịn h province: “ N ghĩa Hưng Prefect un d e r C hinese H a n ’s rule pertained to G ia o Chi district, originally was Hiển K hánh district N o w T h iê n Bản district includes also tổng Hiển K h n h w hich was c h a n g ed into ứ ng W hile easy to agree with the im portance Phong district under Lý e p o c h ’' T he book also o f ưng P h o n g O u te r palace under Lv epoch and recorded that existed a temple for Lý N hân Tông VNU Journal o f Science, Sot'., Sci., Human., No IE, 2002 Vu Mtnh Giang 28 worship in H iển Khánh comm une ancient horse -serv ice path In respect of terrain, [2,T.3,tr.339] T hese were critical indicators traffic During historic field survey in Vụ Bản district networks and according so u rces, ứng Phong to related O uter P a lac e c om m unes, we paid special interest in M inh determ ined as site d in M in h T h u ậ n and H iển T huận K hánh area s o u n d s re a s o n a b ly appropriate comm une distinctions with com pared its with differently o ther district In respect o f p a la c e n am e, original parts o f rem aining com m u n e s Close to M in h Thuận, M inh T huan C o m m u n e (in c lu d in g Bịch, Phu, rem ained H iển K h n h c o m m u n e w here relics Phú Cốc, Phú L ã o , Phú V in h , H ướng N ghĩa, o f Lý N hân T o n g ’s tem ple w ere conserved Trại Kho villages) un d e r L ê e p o c h and before The site m ight be in ứ n g P hong district center borne the nam e of Hành Cung ( ir 'in u nder Lý epoch or N ghĩa H ưng prefect under c om m une At the tim e, H n h C u n g c o m m u n e Lê epoch A nd relics related to Lý-Trần included Đ iệ n (® ) and L uc villages architecture were recently and continuously c om prising h a m le ts w h ic h w e re developed discovered in M inh Thuận into villages: Bịch, Phu, K ho (Phú Lão), Trại In respect o f terrain and traffic netw ork in Lý epoch, there was no m ore convenient and secured traffic sy stem By l sí y e a r o f M in h M n g (1820) H n h river and Đ y river run from T h ă n g Long to the C ung C o m m u n e s a w its n a m e changed into sea M any historic and g eographical m aterials H n h N hân and Đ iệ n V illage into K ính N ghĩa show n that at the tim e, Đ y river played a m ore w hich then b o rn e H n g N g h ĩa nam e under important role than R ed river For N a m Đ ịnh T h n h Thái reig n (1 8 - 1907) In the early with rivers th century, C o lo n ialist A uthorities had policy connecting these two large rivers played an on division o f c o m m u n e s into sm aller units extrem ely important role T hese w ere Châu Except for the m e r g e o f Bịch and Phil villages Giang, Ninh G iang, Đ o c a n al and Ba Sát river into one, e a c h H n h C u n g C o m m u n e form er (Sắt river), s ắ t river m eant and ancient and village b e c a m c a c o m m u n e , how ever H ành critical one as it liked C hâu G ia n g river with N h a n 's nam e re m a in e d [13, tr.611] ứng P hong, riverways K h ố n g / H ống (P h ú Vinh) Red included than K ho (Phú L ã o c a m p , Đại Lão), G ộ c (Phú Cốc), sm all Đ canal near its estuary Above palace n a m e s so m e w h a t suggested To-day, M inh T h u ậ n c o m m u n e lays on the a land area once em b cin g palaces with cross-road area adjoining the two Ba Sat and serious and rig o ro u s rites Besides, there exist Ninh G iang rivers From there, w aterw ays run ham lets with M ề n , N ến, Dầu n a m e s or little easily along Ninh river to C hau Ciiang river an hills or rise lumps - G ò Ngựa, Đ ống D ọn - the Lý N hân O uter palace, then Sat river to get the nam e being related to long ago rites exerced by sea M inh T huận w as only distant from Hiển the Royal C o u rt a n d m an d arin s, as explained K hánh an earthed road (road 56) w hich was an by local peoples a n d the ancient w h a r f close to l 'NU Journal o f Science, Soc., Sci., Human., No I E, 2002 29 The change of galeway to della from H ng Nghĩa village (Đ iện village - was n a m e d Ben D e n ( T e m p le ’s W arf) lô n g instructed construction of a bridge crossing over Ba Lạt river D V S K ĨT wrote: “Q u ý M ão (1123) winter, in O ctober, the W o rsh ip and cult relies in M inh T huận included specific aspects Firstly, the very cro w d e d de n sity o f relics; only for c o m m unal house, pagoda, shrine, tem p le (exclusive C hristian C hu rc h ) in villages o f ancient Hành K ing arrived in ứ n g Phong O u te r Palace to watch harvest Ba Lạt bridge construction featured this trip.” T he translator noted: “ Ba Lạt river was a R ed river segm ent running to to-day Ba Lạt e s tu a ry ” [6 ,T h tr.2 ] Just for C ung c o m m u n e , one m a y count relics this reason, m an y historians suggested that Lý A subject worth o f interest in that, in all c o m m u n e houses o f Phú Lão, Bịch, Hướng Nghĩa villages, H ậu T ắc ( Ju D ynasty had c a used bridge construction crossing the Red river / G e n i e o f rice) A ccording was worshipped This was not seem in other villages o f the district W h e th e r there once took materials, to though of historic geographical no big such size as palace im portant f a n n in g ritual form alities of existingly, R ed river w n stre a m in Lý epoch - the Royal Court? the segnm ent running along N am Định territory to the sea - m ight not be too small that The discovery o f real kinds related to Ly architecture, such as bricks and tiles, decorating ceram ics, pier stands d e c orated with lotus petals in T em ple w h a rf m o re the b ackground However, the of final above affirm ed suppositions c o n c lu s io n s on the existence o f ứ n g Phong O u te r palace in Lý e na b le bringing with the technics at the time A lso for this event V iệt Sừ lược “ C onstruction o f Phi K iều (Flying recorded: bridge) crossing Bà T hích river’' T he different nam ing o f the river recorded in the historic books m ay be explained as a c onfusion in letter identification - Bà Lạt an d Bà T hích m ay be epoch in M inh T h u ậ n territories o f Vụ Ban confusely inspirited, or there were ways of district need evidence m aterials from C hinese archeological excavations - V ie tn a m e s e transcription of V ietnam ese hieroglyph o f a river on which a W ithin the “ sacred sp a c e " attached to the O uter Palace area, Lý N hân Tông caused bridge was c o n structed by o rd er o f the Lý King The interesting thing was that Việt Sử erection on Chương Sơn M ount (now pertaining lược to Yên Lợi C o m m u n e , Y Yen district) o f "Van translator: “ Bà T h íc h river m ay be the N am Phong T h n h T h iệ n " sacred to w e r which was Bình river that kinks R ed river and runs across inaugurated in 1117 u n d e r his presence There N ghĩa H ưng D istrict.” [12, tr.229] ,i.e another was an im portant event recorded in historic river other than Ba Lạt river (R ed river) A annuals: on the oc e asio n o f his trip to ứ n g detail to be interested in w as that the two above Phong O u te r Palace in 1123, K ing Lý N hán historic volum es q u oted the presence o f royal I \ f Journal oj Science Soc S c i Human SntE, 2002 guessed differently from D V SK JT Vu Minh G iang 30 cortege at ứ n g P h o n g O u te r P alace in this im p a c ts from o c e in waves, m onsoon, w ave recorded event T h e re fo re , the b rid g e m ig h t be landing directional refraction brought m o st c o nstructed ne a rb y the o u te r p a la c e site o f alluvial soils to the South o f N am Đ ịn h In respect o f p h o n e tic s, Ba Lạt o r Bà T h íc h seaw aters So, transgression speed the of S ou th e rn coastal a lu v ia l e m b a n k m en ts t o the m ay be the tw o w a y s o f tra n s c rip tio n o f sắt sea w e re stronger than that in the N orth, river or Ba s ắ t river*0 ru n n in g b e tw e e n V ụ Bản h ow ever, on the ether hand, m ake Red river and Ý Y ên significant districts Such b a c k g ro u n d , g u e s sin g as the had b ridge c o n struction o c c u rre d s o m e y e a rs later after and Đ y river estiaries rapidly shallow, and this positional gateway g radually effaced itself since late 15lh centtry C hư ơng Sơn T o w n e r ’s in a u g u tio n A b ridge linking the O u te r P a lac e territory) w ith a R itu al a re a site (in V ụ Bản In an o th e r respect, L ê D ynasty, m o stly (C h n g Sơn d u rin g H ồng Đức reign paid great interest in T ow er) c o m p lie d m u c h w ith L ý a rc h ite c tu l agricultural cultivated style rapidly T h o ro u g h L ý ep o c h , ứ n g P h o n g alw ays was a strategical territory in all m ilitary, e c o n o m ic a l and cu ltu ral a sp ec ts, w orth o f a so u th e rn g a te w a y o f T h ă n g L o n g capital at the prodiction area Royal agriculture in and extension policies a region of pushed up originally a s su m in g the role o f c o ntact gatew ay A s a result, wilderneis o p e ning up and ag g lo m e tio n fo m a tio n in the coastal area bustled tho ro u g h tie X V th century time A nd in the relations w ith C h a m p a , this T og e th erw ith area took a critical position A n d j u s t w ith this peoples m igration and gatew ay position, fro m there, T r a n ’s fam ily village foundation H Đ ứ c dynasty issued p ow er rose up, and th o u g h T r ầ n e p o c h , this d e c re e s on foundition o f plantations in wild land lands, coastal and river alluvial soils o f N orth was c o n s id e re d as Đ ại V iệt seco n d capital II D I S P L A C E M E N T O F G A T E W A Y T O NORTH D elta in general an! X V ‘h c entury N a m Đ ịn h in particular In the stcond h a lf o f 15th century, on N a m Đ ịn h coastal irea appeared the I s* big size salt dik id in g dike at the tim e, frequently and R ed river flow w ith 122 billion m V y e a r flow m ay e x te n d to N o rth G u l f aro u n d m eters o f alluvial soils per year O n the o th er part, basis N o rth w e st to S o u th E a st flow s plus historically nam ed H ổ n g Đ ứ c dike A ccording to (G eography boo k o f N am Đ ịn h , K iên T ru n g - H L a n dike loock like a prolon;ed earth m o u n ta in ridge H u m a n actiorc w ere pushing up speed o f (1! According to linguists, in Việt language, "S" and "L" phones may be interchangeable, so, “Sắt" may be transcripted into "Liệt" or "Lạt" For example "sức" -> “lực" (ý ] ), “Sen" -> "liên” ( j|f) 'sáp' “lạp'' ( í£), 'sâu'' ''làu" )Now folklore even calls it with script name, as "Sảt" or "Ba s ắ t", which might mean that Ba Lat or Ba Liet river as recorded in historic books is just this river b a n k in g and fillin' o f R e d river and Đ y river estuaries, and the zateway o f Ba Lạt a n d Đại A n estu a rie s gradutlly e ffaced itself Since 16th VNU Journal o f Sciece, Soc., S c i, Human., NftlE, 2002 Hie change of gateway to (Jclta from 31 century, the area o f V a n ú c and Thái Bình b u stling trad e ce n te r U ntil the 17th c entury estuaries s e co n d half, this c e n te r re m a in e d prosperous was b e c o m in g im portant Foreign m erc h an t boats o p e te d trade in P h ố H iế n and ỈTiăng Long (K ẻ C h ợ ) a n d others in D a n g Ngoài (N orthern area) via this Domea size and role in trade time g a te w ay s C h in e s e and South East A s d e s c rib e d by w D a m p ie r, by his tim e, Asian m erchants Just in th ese conditions, M ac there w ere up to a ro u n d 100 h ouses A thing la rn ily uprose in N g h i D ng, and appeared an w orth o f interest w as that in a sa m e paragraph, em inent personage D a m p ie r com prising m ainly in T ru n g A m - N g u y ề n s o m e tim e s Binh K hiêm - w ho “ o n ly w a tc h ed high and ebb s o m e tim e s "City": tide hut k n e w all th in g s at present and in the end, w as pro c e s s u s "? past.” w rote "village" W h e th e r at Dom ea A lso, it in w and 17th c e n tu ry the "urbanisation D a m p ie r d e scription included a sm all but im p o rta n t detail that was By 17Ih C e n tu ry , E u r o p e a n m e rc h a n t boat "the v illa g e la id o n th e b a n k , m u c h c lo s e ly to fleets operating on the East Sea ca u se d the the w a te r lin e so th a t w a v e s w ill b e a t a g a in st whole South East A sia a n d East A sia e n tering the w alls in tide rise" [14, tr 16] T h u s, these period called “T d e tim e" h o u ses po ssib ly w ere c o n s tru c te d in a relatively sou n d w ay, b e c a u s e e a rth e d w alls m a y not As abo v e m e n tio n e d , Đ y river e stuary (also what called im portant filling, c a u se d Độc but Bộ), h in d n c e s som e w ould be w o rth o f a s se rtin g that a street with alluvial 100 h o u se s w a s e q u iv a le n t to a C h in e s e street though s h a llo w from sustain th e m s e lv e s a g a in st tide waves A lso, it to E u ro p e an big in H ộ i A n by 1695 [1, tr 183] E u ro p e an boats in a n out operations A s observed by w m e rc h a n t boats stro n g ly in flu e n c in g o n D o m e a D am pier - an E nglish m e r c h a n t arriving in d e v e lo p m e n t Đ àng N goài in 17th c e n tu ry - R o k b o e stuary India C o m p a n y (V O C ) Intim a te relationships (transcripted from Đ ộc Bộ, Đ y river e stu a ry ) w ere e s ta b lis h e d there, so that they "m ay be was only c o n v e n ie n t for C h in e s e and S iam ese com fortable as a t their hom e" (W D a m p ie r small c o m m e rc ia l boats O n ỉ 7lh- 18th c e n tu ry European n a v ig a tio n m ap s, there w as a Palace nam e w hich in their o p in io n was that o f an important river, that “ m o st of E u ro p e an m erchant b o a ts shall rum t h ro u g h ” This p alace name was D O M E A M ost o f V ie tn a m foreign trade re s e a rc h e s highly app re c ia te d wrote) p e rta in e d H o llan d to N e th e rla n d s sailors instructed East local inhabitants g a rd e n in g a n d h o rtic u ltu re skills to supply sa lad d is h e s to th em It's to o regrettable that we have not o p p o rtu n ity to a p p roach N e th e rlan d s E ast In d ia c o m p a n y d o c u m e n ts now , for m o re in fo rm a tio n Dom ea As important position, not o n ly by its ga te w ay Dom ea linking big u rb a n centers s u c h as T h ă n g L ong, tra n s s h ip m e n t w a s d o n e fro m Phò Hiến, but because the a r e a once b e c a m e a ships to local s m a lle r boats, th en the g o ods IW'U Journal! ofScience Soc Sci., Human., NoIE, 2002 d e s c rib e d really by becam e European a m erc h an ts, Preport, w here big m erc h an t Vu Minh Giang 32 w ere transported to Phô H iến and Kẻ C hợ by only there they co u ld set bases fo r trade" the [8,tr.715] There w as no a n o th e r city d e scribed hired same Also, there appeared co m m e rc ial e xchanges by Richard So, a fter around a century from where D o m e a was cited in his story a b out his Till late 17th century, D o m ea port in and out o p e rations were duly organised: foreign m erch an t ships frequently berthed at around m iles from the estuaries, a sufficient distance trip to Bắc Hà (T o n q u in ) published in 1688, this place was strongly developed so that E uropeans called it a city w here they set bases for trade for visual sight from inland, and can n o n fire o c curred in foggy days Pilot small boats will pilot them ru nning the correct stream Pilots w ere ju st fish m en living on an estuary named "Bat Cha" N ow , in the southeast o f Tiên Lãng district k m from the estuary, a village bears Bạch Sa nam e, pertaining to Bắc Hưng c o m m u n e Peoples there traditionally involve in pilot and port operation career It m ight be "Bat Cha" said about by w D a m p ie r and W ith such a co n tin o u s through centuries developm ent, D o m e a itself an d surroundings substantially influenced o n the ec o n o m y and the culture o f the lands be tw e en Thái Bình and V ãn Uc rivers T h is explained why on world navigation m ap of 17th century E u ro p ean countries, D o m e a w a s recorded as an important place name Where was Domea ? E u ro p ean m erchants In 18th century, Trinh viceroys gradually im p lem e n te d interdiction o f foreigners' entry to the capital and even their c o m m e rc e at Phố Hiến, and international Dom ea b e c am e trade a m ore rendez-vous critical French R ichard in his book described D om ea as the 3rd m ajo r trade city o f D ang Ngoai after T hang Long capital and Phô Hiến: "T h e re w as a city w o rth e n tire ly o f its n a m e "Kc C lif/' site d oil lo n g itu d e N o rth ', th is is the ca p ita l o f the R ealm A fte r the ca pital M ean (P h ô H iến ) is the biggest c ity o f Đ àng N g o i o r m iles fr o m the e stu a ry, th ere w as a city ca lled T his is not a sim p le issue French scholars also c o n su m e d e ffo rts to study its location Ch M a y b o n in 1916 g u e s se d it to be in T ien Lang territory Till 1939, H Bernard suggested more concretely that it w as Đ ô n g X uyên village, now pertaining to D o n L ậ p co m m u n e , Ti£n Lãng district Also, D o m e a was optionally a variant o f ĐÒ M ia place n a m e (H ải Dương) [11] It is regrettable that above guesses only were limited to the red u c tio n from the sim ilarity betw een place nam es In order to d e te rm in e Domea location, we began from a m ap draw n :>y a Britain D o m e a, sm a lle r than P h ố H ie n, b u t very well- navigator, th en re-d raw n by Jacques Nicolas k n o w n f o r fo r e ig n e r s as it la id in a b a y fo r m e d Berlin in 1755 and n a m e d ’Carte du C ours de b y a river flo w to it T h ey (the ia Riviere de T o n k in de p u is C a :h o j u s q u ’a la E u ro p ea n s T h e a u th o r) d r o p p e d a n c h o r a nd m e r ” O u r used m a p w as printec in the "Early o p p o site l X I ' Journal o f Science, Soc., Sci., Hunan., Nfìỉ E, 2002 33 I he change (»i gateway to della f rom M ap o f South Hast Asia" [9| This surely was aro u n d latitude ữ ’4 \ which c o rre s p o n d s now the m a p o f Thái Bình and Vãn Uc estuaries, to T iên Lăng T o w n North because (he tw o place nam es M ũi Mo (Pointe des Tigres) and Đ o N gọc (lie des Pcrles) D uring field survey in som e villages of m ight be defined as pertaining to Đ ổ Sơn - Hải T iê n Lãng district (H ải Phòng) w e paid high Phòng interest in som e villages in Tiên L.ãng district There was a c u m e n t containing critical inform ations for de te rm in in g D om ea location These were detailed d escriptions in the cited book o f w Dam pier the m an on board o f a British m erchant boat arriving in Kẻ C hợ via D àng N goài riverway in around July 1688 The followings shall be taken into North, close to Thái Bình river: this w as A n Ho o f Khởi N ghĩa c o m m u n e T here, "S h ip wreck" novels still hand d o w n and th e s e on trade prosperity and on a tim e o f "riches a nd m oney ab u n d an ce" o f villagers (A n H o m o n e y , Phú K ê feast) still au su bjects o f talks A s to place nam e, local inhabitants nam ed the a re a "Mè" account - The estuary through which vv D am pier's boat run to a place from 20 leagues from R okbo (Đ ộc Bộ) in the North East, i.e over 100 km, was just 17th century T hái Bình river estuary "M è head, ƯC tail" m ean s a word o f T iến Lãng peoples saying about their native land (That m e a n s the place begins by "Me" a n d ends by "Ú c".) Q u ý Cao ferry landing also w a s called " Đ ò M è" (M e W harf) There were tra c e s o f an a ncient river flow from A n H o d o w n to Đoàn - The boat berthed for w aiting pilot at a Lập These m ay be the canal traces o n c e draw n place distant around miles from the estuary o n the m ap O n the other bank o f t h e ancient and o f the sa m e distant from a sm a ll island river was H Đới village Just near che river named lie d e s p e d e s Pearl Island T his is just bank, Đ áo Ngọc (Pearl Island) or Hòn Dấu o f Đ u n d e r Lê period for w orkship of T r n Quốc Sơn On the m ap, this location was o n around Thành, a Trần dynasty g e n e l corresponding to Ỉ06**46' longitude "Pagoda" marked on the map - From there, an inland m ay be clearly seen: this w as Núi Voi (Elephant M o u n t) This was a landm ark as directional orie n tatio n for foreign m erchant ships rem ains a tem ple originally erected A n HỎ village was also nam ed A n Dụ, and till early 19th c e ntury, was a precintt There exists a rising a re a close by Thái B ìn h river dike w here local peoples cultivate ve g e ta b le s, - M erchant boats after running along a and w here rem ain traces with n am es -evoking river of around 2-mile wide would turn o n a c o m m e rc ial dow n smaller ca n al such as C hùa V àng (G olden Pagoda) C ầ u Bạc o f h a lf a mile w ide From towns, trade rendtez-vous anchorago and berthing place for w aiting the (Silver pilot boat, the boat would run o r leagues c e m ic m erchants with dense ceram ic stratas and pass D o m e a village On the m ap, it was on U pon m any ground studies, in the begimning o f I\l Journal o f Science, Sot , S e t, Human , SnlE, 2002 Bridge), and shrines worksihipping Vu Minh Giang íuy 2002, archeoiogic experts had caused Carefully co n sid e red in m an y aspects, ii;ging o f explorative holes (10 m per hole) historic experts and a rc h e o io g is ts supposed that ini quality A n HỔ village took a critical position on the : e a m ic fragm ents (Chu Đ ậu ceram ic, Chinese trade route from T hái B ình estu a ry to P hố H iến :e a m ic ) and architectural ruins relics (brick, and T hăng L ong, an d that D o m e a location lilt, pier stand, terracotta icons ) Before this recorded on E u ro p e an m a p s m ig h t be this land *X)lorative were area It is hoped that a fu rtherly m ore extended prtposed to drain an ancient pond on the field, archeological ex c av a tio n m ay discover m ore wiere we collected m a n y C hu Đ ạu ceram ic sufficient evidences o f the existence o f an frigments, particularly a bowl bottom with a ancient city w hich w as effa c ed aw ay within dn g o n figure su rrounded by scripts determ ined around 00 recent years collected thousands digging, of local high peoples as Thái scripts Som e T hai studies experts Je'ined as: "A d rag o n in the waters Return tine" (To long pay tảy nậm T áy Tao) REFERENCES Cad lère, Les Euroịìéens qui out vu Ic vieux Hue, Thomas Bowyear (1695-1696) BAVH 1920 Đại Nam thống chi (Bản dịch), NXB Khoa học Xã hội, 1971 Hổ Nguyên Trừng, Nam ô n g mộng lục ( Bản chừ Hán), Bác Kinh, 1920 Lè Tắc An Nam Clú Lược ( Bản dịch) Viện Đại học Huế, 1961 Nguyền Lang, Việt Nam Phật Giáo sử luận, NXB Văn hoá, 1992 Ngồ SI Liên sử thần triều Lê, Đại Việt sử kỷ tồn thư (Bản Chính Hồ), NXB Khoa học Xã hội, 1993 Quốc sử quán triểu Nguyền, Việt sử thông giám cương mục (Bàn dịch), NXB Văn-Sử-Đia 1958 Richard, History ofTonquin , (General collection of the voyages and travels in all parts of the world by John Pinkerton) London 1811 R Fell, Early Map o f South-East Asia , Oxford University, Singapore, 1988 1( Thiền Uyển tập anh (Bản dịch Lê Manh Thát), NXB Tp Hổ Chí Minh, 1999 Trần Quốc Vương Phố Hiến - Hưng Yên - Một cách tiếp càn địa - vãn hố, Tạp chí Vàn hoả Nghệ tiìuừt sơ 10 ( 0 ) 11 Việt sứ lươc NXB Vân-Sử-Địa, I960 VQ Minh Hương Nguyền Văn Nguyên, Philippe Papin, Địa danh tài liệu lưu trù làng xã Bấc Kỳ , EFEO 1999 K William Dampier, Voyages and discoveries, Intrcxỉuction and notes by Clennell Winkiason, London, 1931 VNU Journal o f Science, Soc., Sc., Human., NolE, 2002 ... flow from A n H o d o w n to Đoàn - The boat berthed for w aiting pilot at a Lập These m ay be the canal traces o n c e draw n place distant around miles from the estuary o n the m ap O n the other... d peoples o u g h t to migrate to new lands “ H n h C u n g ” L and name also was I XỈ Journal o f Science, Soc Sc*/., Hunan., NolE, 2002 The change of gateway to delta from 27 “d r if te d... Science, Soc Sci., Human., NoIE, 2002 The change of gateway to delta from 25 leg e n d a ry tales with m ira c u lo u s a c h ie v e m e n ts In covering not only all the N am Đ ịn h land o f Lý com