The Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010 Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland 2009 Professor Klaus Schwab World Economic Forum Editor The Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010 Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin Columbia University Chief Advisor of the Global Competitiveness Network The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010 is published by the World Economic Forum within the framework of the Global Competitiveness Network World Economic Forum Geneva Professor Klaus Schwab Executive Chairman All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin Chief Advisor of the Global Competitiveness Network Robert Greenhill Chief Business Officer Copyright © 2009 by the World Economic Forum ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-25-8 ISBN-10: 92-95044-25-8 GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK Jennifer Blanke, Director, Senior Economist, Head of Global Competitiveness Network Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist Irene Mia, Director, Senior Economist Thierry Geiger, Associate Director, Economist, Global Leadership Fellow Ciara Browne, Associate Director Pearl Samandari, Community Manager Eva Trujillo Herrera, Research Assistant Carissa Sahli, Coordinator This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent graphic design and layout We are grateful to Joelle Latina for her invaluable research assistance The terms country and nation as used in this report not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum Contents Partner Institutes Preface v Part 2: Data Presentation 59 xi 2.1 Country/Economy Profiles 61 by Klaus Schwab How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles .63 List of Countries/Economies 65 Country/Economy Profiles .66 Part 1: Measuring Competitiveness 1.1 The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010: Contributing to Long-Term Prosperity amid the Global Economic Crisis 2.2 Data Tables How to Read the Data Tables 335 Index of Data Tables 337 Data Tables 339 by Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Jennifer Blanke, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, and Irene Mia 1.2 The Executive Opinion Survey: Capturing the Views of the Business Community by Ciara Browne and Thierry Geiger 333 Technical Notes and Sources 473 About the Authors 477 Acknowledgments 479 49 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum Partner Institutes Partner Institutes The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, without whom the realization of The Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010 would not have been feasible: Albania Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Artan Hoxha, President Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert and Project Manager Denalada Kuzumi, Researcher Algeria Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD) Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor Yassine Ferfera, Director Argentina IAE- Universidad Austral María Elina Gigaglia, Project Manager Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor Armenia Economy and Values Research Center Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate Australia Australian Industry Group Nicholas James, Economist Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research Heather Ridout, Chief Executive Austria Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Karl Aiginger, Director Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Marketing Society Fuad Aliyev, Executive Director Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator Saida Talibova, Consultant Bahrain Bahrain Competitiveness Council, Bahrain Economic Development Board Nada Azmi, Business Intelligence Specialist, Economic Planning & Development Jawad Habib, Senior Partner, BDO Jawad Habib Rima Al Kilani, Director, International Marketing Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow Kazi Mahmudur Rahman, Senior Research Associate Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director Barbados Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies, University of West Indies (UWI) Andrew Downes, Director Belgium Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Lutgart Van den Berghe, Professor, Executive Director and Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Bieke Dewulf, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Wim Moesen, Professor Benin Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies (MIMAP) Benin Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher Bosnia and Herzegovina MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor Zeljko Sain, Executive Director Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director Botswana Botswana National Productivity Centre Joseph Jonazi, Research Consultant and Statistician Dabilani Buthali, Manager, Information and Research Services Department Thembo Lebang, Executive Director Brazil Fundaỗóo Dom Cabral Carlos Arruda, Executive Director, International Board and Professor and Coordinator of the Competitiveness and Innovation Center Marina Araújo, Economist and Researcher of the Competitiveness and Innovation Center Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC) Cláudio Leite Gastal, Director President Denise Alves, Projects Coordinator Elisa de Araújo, Projects Assistant Brunei Darussalam Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources Pehin Dato Yahya Bakar, Minister Dato Paduka Hj Hamdillah Hj Abd Wahab, Deputy Minister Dato Paduka Hamid Hj Mohd Jaafar, Permanent Secretary Bulgaria Center for Economic Development Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert Burkina Faso lnstitut Supérieure des Sciences de la Population (ISSP), University of Ouagadougou Samuel Kabore, Economist and Head of Development Strategy and Population Research The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum v Partner Institutes Burundi University Research Centre for Economic and Social Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi Richard Ndereyahaga, Head of CURDES Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics & Management Cambodia Economic Institute of Cambodia Sok Hach, President Chan Vuthy, Senior Researcher Poch Kongchheng, Junior Researcher Cameroon Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee) Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary Canada Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity Tamer Azer, Researcher Roger Martin, Chairman and Dean of the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto James Milway, Executive Director Chad Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer vi Chile Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Ignacio Briones, Associate Professor of Economics, School of Government Leonidas Montes, Dean, School of Government Camila Chadwick, Project Coordinator China Institute of Economic System and Management National Development and Reform Commission Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor Chen Wei, Research Fellow Dong Ying, Professor China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics Lu Dong, Professor Jian Wang, Associate Professor Hongye Xiao, Professor Bojuan Zhao, Professor Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor Colombia National Planning Department Alvaro Edgar Balcazar, Entrepreneurial Development Director Carolina Rentería Rodríguez, General Director Mauricio Torres Velásquez, Advisor Colombian Council of Competitiveness Hernando José Gomez, President Côte d’Ivoire Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire Jean-Louis Billon, President Jean-Louis Giacometti, Technical Advisor to the President Mamadou Sarr, Director General Croatia National Competitiveness Council Martina Hatlak, Research Assistant Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow Mira Lenardic, General Secretary Cyprus Cyprus College Research Center Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and Academic Research The Cyprus Development Bank Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, International Banking Services Unit and Business Development Czech Republic CMC Graduate School of Business Tomas Janca, Executive Director Denmark Copenhagen Business School, Department of International Economics and Management Lise Peitersen, Administrative Director Casper Rose, Professor Ecuador ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Elizabeth Arteaga, Project Assistant Virginia Lasio, Acting Director Sara Wong, Professor Egypt The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies Hanaa Kheir-El-Din, Executive Director and Director of Research Naglaa El Ehwany, Deputy Director and Lead Economist Malak Reda, Senior Economist Estonia Estonian Institute of Economic Research Evelin Ahermaa, Head of Economic Research Sector Marje Josing, Director Estonian Development Fund Kitty Kubo, Head of Foresight Ott Pärna, Chief Executive Officer Ethiopia African Institute of Management, Development and Governance Tegegne Teka, General Manager Finland ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Petri Rouvinen, Research Director Pasi Sorjonen, Head of the Forecasting Group Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Managing Director France HEC School of Management, Paris Bertrand Moingeon, Professor and Deputy Dean Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor and Dean Gambia, The Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute (GESDRI) Makaireh A Njie, Director Georgia Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Tamar Tchintcharauli, Executive Director Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Germany WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and International Economics Ghana Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) Carlo Hey, Project Manager Cletus Kosiba, Executive Director Tony Oteng-Gyasi, President The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum Guatemala FUNDESA Edgar A Heinemann, President of the Board of Directors Pablo Schneider, Economic Director Juan Carlos Zapata, General Manager Guyana Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Karen Pratt, Research Associate Clive Thomas, Director Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce David O’Rear, Chief Economist Federation of Hong Kong Industries Alexandra Poon, Director The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce Hungary KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd Ágnes Nagy, Project Manager Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer Iceland Innovation Center Iceland Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources and Services Rosa Signy Gisladottir, Manager, Marketing and Media Relations Thorsteinn I Sigfusson, Director India Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General Tarun Das, Chief Mentor Virendra Gupta, Head, International and Trade Fairs Indonesia Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, University of Trisakti Tulus Tambunan, Professor and Director Iran, Islamic Republic of The Centre for Economic Studies and Surveys (CESS), Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Mines Hammed Roohani, Director Ireland Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics, University College Cork Eleanor Doyle, Professor, Department of Economics Niall O’Sullivan Bernadette Power National Competitiveness Council Adrian Devitt, Manager Caoimhe Gavin, Policy Advisor Gráinne Greehy, Graduate Trainee Israel Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI) Shraga Brosh, President Dan Catarivas, Director Yehuda Segev, Managing Director Italy SDA Bocconi School of Management Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University Francesco A Saviozzi, SDA Assistant Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department Jamaica Mona School of Business (MSB), The University of the West Indies Patricia Douce, Project Administrator Evan Duggan, Executive Director and Professor William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit Partner Institutes Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Michael Mitsopoulos, Coordinator, Research and Analysis Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis Japan Hitotsubashi University, Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy (ICS) in cooperation with Keizai Doyukai Keizai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives) Yoko Ishikura, Professor Kiyohiko Ito, Vice-President and General Manager for Policy Studies, Keizai Doyukai Jordan Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation Jordan National Competitiveness Team Hiba Abu Taleb, Primary Researcher Hussein Abwini, Primary Researcher Kawthar Al-Zou’bi, Primary Researcher Kazakhstan JSC “National Analytical Centre of the Government and the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan” Ayana Manasova, Chairperson Aibek Baisakalov, Expert Analyst Kenya Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Professor Paul Kamau, Research Fellow Dorothy McCormick, Associate Professor Korea, Republic of College of Business School, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology – KAIST Ingoo Han, Senior Associate Dean and Professor Ravi Kumar, Dean and Professor Youjin Sung, Manager, Exchange Programme Kuwait Economics Department, Kuwait University Abdullah Alsalman, Assistant Professor Mohammed El-Sakka, Professor Reyadh Faras, Assistant Professor Kyrgyz Republic Economic Policy Institute “Bishkek Consensus” Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Latvia Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences Helma Jirgena, Director Irina Curkina, Researcher Lesotho Mohloli Chamber of Business Semethe Raleche, Chief Executive Officer Libya National Economic Development Board Entisar Elbahi, Director, Relations and Supported Services Lithuania Statistics Lithuania Ona Grigiene, Head, Economical Survey Division ˘ Algirdas Semeta, Director General Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Franỗois-Xavier Borsi, Attachộ, Economic Department Marc Wagener, Attachộ, Economic Department Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the Managing Board The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum vii Partner Institutes Macedonia, FYR National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC) Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator Zoran Stavreski, President of the Managing Board Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director Montenegro Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP) Maja Drakic, Project Manager Petar Ivanovic, Chief Executive Officer Veselin Vukotic, President Madagascar Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Pépé Andrianomanana, Director Razato Raharijaona Simo, Executive Secretary Morocco Université Hassan II, LASAARE Fouzi Mourji, Professor of Economics Malawi Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Chancellor L Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer Malaysia Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Tan Sri Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Mahani Zainal Abidin, Director-General Steven C.M Wong, Assistant Director-General Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Dato’ Nik Zainiah Nik Abd Rahman, Director General Lee Saw Hoon, Senior Director Mali Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique (GREAT) Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator Malta Competitive Malta - Foundation for National Competitiveness Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator Caroline Sciortino, Research Coordinator viii Mauritania Centre d’Information Mauritanien pour le Développement Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM) Khira Mint Cheikhnani, Director Lô Abdoul, Consultant and Analyst Habib Sy, Analyst Mauritius Joint Economic Council of Mauritius Raj Makoond, Director Board of Investment Dev Chamroo, Director, Planning & Policy Manisha Dookhony, Manager, Planning & Policy Raju Jaddoo, Managing Director Mexico Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Officer Jesús Zurita González, General Director Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO) Gabriela Alarcon Esteva, Economist Manuel J Molano Ruiz, Deputy General Director Roberto Newell Garcia, General Director Ministry of the Economy Felipe Duarte Olvera, Undersecretary for Competitiveness and Standardization Gerardo de la Peña, Technical Secretary for Competitiveness Jose Antonio Torre, Chief of Staff, ProMéxico Trade & Investment Paulo Esteban Alcaraz, Research Director, ProMéxico Trade & Investment Mongolia Open Society Forum (OSF) Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Mozambique EconPolicy Research Group, Lda Peter Coughlin, Director Donaldo Miguel Soares, Researcher Ema Marta Soares, Assistant Namibia Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU) Lameck Odada, Consultant Klaus Schade, Principal Researcher Nepal Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor and Director of Research Menaka Rajbhandari Shrestha, Researcher Santosh Kumar Upadhyaya, Researcher Netherlands Erasmus Strategic Renewal Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam Frans A J Van den Bosch, Professor Henk W Volberda, Professor New Zealand Business New Zealand Marcia Dunnett, Manager, Sector Groups Phil O’Reilly, Chief Executive The New Zealand Institute Rick Boven, Director Benedikte Jensen, Research Director Nigeria Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Felix Ogbera, Associate Director, Research Sam Ohuabunwa, Chairman Chris Okpoko, Senior Consultant, Research Norway BI Norwegian School of Management Eskil Goldeng, Researcher Torger Reve, Professor Oman The International Research Foundation Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman Mehdi Bin Ali Bin Juma, Expert for Economic Research, the Omani Centre for Investment Promotion & Export Development (OCIPED) Pakistan Competitiveness Support Fund Arthur Bayhan, Chief Executive Officer Stephen Manuel, Manager Media & Communication Imran Naeem Ahmad, Communication Specialist Paraguay Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP) Dionisio Borda, Research Member Fernando Masi, Director María Belén Servín, Research Member Peru Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de Industrias Néstor Asto, Project Director Luis Tenorio, Executive Director The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum Philippines Makati Business Club Alberto A Lim, Executive Director Michael B Mundo, Chief Economist Mark P Opulencia, Deputy Director Poland The Economic Institute, The National Bank of Poland Mateusz Pipien, Director Zbigniew Zólkiewski, Deputy Director Piotr Boguszewski, Advisor Management Observatory Monika Nowacka, Projects Director Ireneusz Tomczak, Chairman of the Board Warsaw School of Economics Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor Portugal PROFORUM, Associaỗóo para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia Ilídio António de Ayala Serơdio, Vice President of the Board of Directors Slovenia Institute for Economic Research Peter Stanovnik, Senior Researcher University of Ljubljana Mateja Drnovs˘ek, Professor, Faculty of Economics Ales˘ Vahc˘ic˘, Professor, Faculty of Economics Art Kovac˘ic˘, Senior Researcher, Faculty of Business Sciences South Africa Business Leadership South Africa Friede Dowie, Director Michael Spicer, Chief Executive Officer Business Unity South Africa Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer Vic Van Vuuren, Chief Operating Officer Spain IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness Antoni Subirà, Professor María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate Alessandro Cembalo, Research Assistant Forum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE) Pedro Carmo Costa, Member of the Board of Directors Adilia Lisboa, General Director Sri Lanka Institute of Policy Studies Manoj Thibbotuwawa, Research Officer Ruwan Jayathilaka, Research Officer Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 2000, Inc Suzette M Jimenez, President Francisco Montalvo Fiol, Project Coordinator The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce Harin Malwatte, Secretary General Qatar Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General Ahmed El-Shaffee, Economist Romania Group of Applied Economics (GEA) Anca Rusu, Program Coordinator Liviu Voinea, Executive Director Russian Federation Bauman Innovation Alexei Prazdnitchnykh, Principal, Associate Professor Katerina Marandi, Consultant Stockholm School of Economics, Russia Igor Dukeov, Area Principal Carl F Fey, Associate Dean of Research Saudi Arabia National Competitiveness Center (NCC) Awwad Al-Awwad, Deputy Governor for Investment Khaldon Mahasen, Manager, Investment Performance Assessment Senegal Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), University of Dakar Diop Ibrahima Thione, Director Serbia Center for Advanced Economic Studies (CEVES) Jasna Atanasijevic, Member of the CEVES Council of Directors Dus˘ ko Vasiljevic, Member of the CEVES Council of Directors Singapore Economic Development Board Lim Hong Khiang, Director Planning Chua Kia Chee, Head, Research and Statistics Unit Cheng Wai San, Head, Planning Slovak Republic Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS) Robert Kicina, Executive Director Martin Toth, Researcher Suriname Institute for Development Oriented Studies (IDOS) Ashok Hirschfeld, Qualitative Research John R.P Krishnadath, President Sweden Center for Strategy and Competitiveness, Stockholm School of Economics Christian Ketels, Senior Research Fellow Ưrjan Sưlvell, Professor Switzerland University of St Gallen, Executive School of Management, Technology and Law (ES-HSG) Franz Jaeger, Professor Beat Bechtold, Project Manager Syria Ministry of Economy and Trade Amer Housni Louitfi, Minister of Economy and Trade State Planning Commission Tayseer Al-Ridawi, Head of State Planning Commission Syrian Enterprise Business Center (SEBC) Tamer Abadi, Director Taiwan, China Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan Tain-Jy Chen, Chairman J B Hung, Director, Economic Research Department Chung Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research Department Tajikistan The Center for Sociological Research “Zerkalo” Qahramon Baqoev, Director Ol’ga Es’kina, Researcher Alikul Isoev, Sociologist and Economist Tanzania Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Joseph Semboja, Professor and Executive Director Lucas Katera, Director, Commissioned Research Cornel Jahari, Researcher, Commissioned Research Department The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum ix Data Tables Section XII Innovation 465 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 466 12.01 Capacity for innovation In your country, how companies obtain technology? (1 = exclusively from licensing or imitating foreign companies; = by conducting formal research and pioneering their own new products and processes) | 2008–2009 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE MEAN: 3.3 Japan 5.9 Germany 5.9 Switzerland 5.8 Sweden 5.7 Finland 5.6 United States .5.5 Denmark 5.3 Israel 5.2 France 5.1 Netherlands 4.9 Austria 4.8 Belgium 4.8 Taiwan, China 4.8 Norway .4.8 Korea, Rep 4.7 United Kingdom 4.7 Slovenia 4.5 Singapore 4.4 Luxembourg .4.4 Canada .4.4 Czech Republic 4.2 China 4.2 Iceland 4.2 New Zealand 4.1 Malaysia .4.1 Australia .4.0 Italy 3.9 Brazil 3.9 Azerbaijan 3.9 Ireland 3.8 Saudi Arabia .3.7 Ukraine .3.7 Vietnam 3.7 Spain 3.7 India 3.6 South Africa .3.6 Estonia .3.6 Portugal 3.6 United Arab Emirates .3.5 Cyprus 3.5 Costa Rica 3.5 Russian Federation 3.5 Hong Kong SAR 3.4 Indonesia 3.4 Kenya 3.3 Turkey .3.3 Nigeria 3.3 Hungary 3.3 Sri Lanka 3.3 Kazakhstan 3.3 Tunisia 3.3 Croatia 3.2 Lithuania 3.2 Puerto Rico 3.2 Slovak Republic 3.1 Pakistan 3.1 Poland 3.1 Bahrain .3.1 Thailand 3.1 Chile 3.1 Malta 3.1 Colombia 3.0 Guatemala 3.0 Romania .3.0 Uruguay 3.0 Armenia 3.0 Senegal 3.0 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 Latvia 3.0 Argentina 2.9 Philippines 2.9 Montenegro .2.9 Tajikistan 2.9 Bulgaria 2.9 Jordan 2.9 Lesotho 2.8 Gambia, The .2.8 Barbados 2.8 Cameroon 2.8 Mongolia 2.8 Mexico .2.8 Madagascar 2.8 Serbia 2.8 Burkina Faso 2.8 Peru 2.8 Kuwait 2.7 Macedonia, FYR .2.7 Oman 2.7 Morocco 2.7 Timor-Leste 2.7 Dominican Republic 2.7 Brunei Darussalam 2.7 Cambodia 2.6 Honduras 2.6 Mauritius 2.6 Botswana 2.6 Egypt 2.6 Kyrgyz Republic 2.6 Suriname 2.6 Guyana .2.6 Panama 2.6 Greece .2.6 Benin 2.6 Jamaica 2.6 Uganda .2.6 Mauritania 2.6 Ethiopia 2.6 Nicaragua 2.5 Tanzania 2.5 Qatar 2.5 El Salvador 2.5 Chad 2.5 Malawi .2.5 Namibia 2.5 Ecuador 2.5 Zambia .2.5 Burundi .2.5 Bolivia .2.4 Mozambique 2.4 Georgia .2.4 Albania .2.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.3 Mali 2.3 Bangladesh 2.3 Côte d’Ivoire 2.3 Venezuela 2.3 Nepal 2.2 Ghana .2.2 Syria 2.2 Algeria 2.2 Paraguay 2.2 Trinidad and Tobago 2.2 Zimbabwe 2.2 Libya 2.1 SCORE SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.3 How would you assess the quality of scientific research institutions in your country? (1 = very poor; = the best in their field internationally) | 2008–2009 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE MEAN: 3.9 Switzerland 6.2 United States .6.2 Israel 6.0 United Kingdom 5.9 Germany 5.8 Sweden 5.7 Netherlands 5.7 Belgium 5.7 Denmark 5.7 Australia .5.7 Canada .5.7 Singapore 5.6 Finland 5.6 New Zealand 5.4 Japan 5.3 Ireland 5.3 France 5.2 Taiwan, China 5.2 Czech Republic 5.1 Norway .5.1 Austria 5.1 Korea, Rep 5.0 Hungary 5.0 Iceland 4.9 India 4.9 Slovenia 4.9 Estonia .4.8 Malaysia .4.7 South Africa .4.7 Costa Rica 4.6 Portugal 4.6 Qatar 4.6 Puerto Rico 4.6 Hong Kong SAR 4.4 China 4.4 Luxembourg .4.3 Saudi Arabia .4.3 Barbados 4.3 Azerbaijan 4.3 Kenya 4.3 Brazil 4.2 Russian Federation 4.2 Indonesia 4.2 Spain 4.2 Sri Lanka 4.1 Lithuania 4.1 Montenegro .4.1 Poland 4.1 Tunisia 4.1 Croatia 4.1 Jamaica 4.1 Cyprus 4.1 United Arab Emirates .4.1 Serbia 4.0 Senegal 3.9 Ukraine .3.9 Chile 3.9 Burkina Faso 3.9 Argentina 3.8 Thailand 3.8 Trinidad and Tobago 3.8 Panama 3.8 Oman 3.8 Vietnam 3.7 Mexico .3.7 Latvia 3.7 Uganda .3.7 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 Ghana .3.7 Malta 3.7 Jordan 3.7 Turkey .3.6 Mali 3.6 Botswana 3.6 Tanzania 3.6 Bulgaria 3.6 Uruguay 3.6 Greece .3.6 Gambia, The .3.6 Italy 3.6 Kazakhstan 3.6 Pakistan 3.6 Romania .3.5 Kuwait 3.5 Zambia .3.5 Mauritius 3.5 Slovak Republic 3.5 Colombia 3.5 Tajikistan 3.5 Malawi .3.5 Macedonia, FYR .3.4 Libya 3.4 Côte d’Ivoire 3.3 Namibia 3.3 Burundi .3.2 Benin 3.2 Guatemala 3.2 Brunei Darussalam 3.2 Armenia 3.2 Mozambique 3.2 Morocco 3.2 Egypt 3.2 Philippines 3.2 Venezuela 3.1 Cameroon 3.1 Zimbabwe 3.0 Mongolia 3.0 Cambodia 3.0 Bangladesh 3.0 Madagascar 3.0 Syria 3.0 Algeria 3.0 Bahrain .2.9 Lesotho 2.9 Ethiopia 2.9 Nigeria 2.9 Suriname 2.9 Nicaragua 2.9 Peru 2.9 Honduras 2.8 Guyana .2.8 Dominican Republic 2.8 Chad 2.8 Georgia .2.7 Kyrgyz Republic 2.6 El Salvador 2.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.6 Nepal 2.5 Albania .2.5 Ecuador 2.5 Bolivia .2.5 Mauritania 2.3 Timor-Leste 2.2 Paraguay 1.9 SCORE SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.9 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 12.02 Quality of scientific research institutions 467 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 468 12.03 Company spending on R&D To what extent companies in your country spend on research and development (R&D)? (1 = not spend on R&D; = spend heavily on R&D) | 2008–2009 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE MEAN: 3.3 Switzerland 6.0 Japan 5.9 Sweden 5.9 Germany 5.8 United States .5.6 Denmark 5.5 Finland 5.3 Singapore 5.1 Taiwan, China 5.0 Korea, Rep 4.9 Israel 4.9 Netherlands 4.8 France 4.8 United Kingdom 4.7 Belgium 4.6 Luxembourg .4.6 Austria 4.4 Norway .4.4 Malaysia .4.3 Australia .4.2 Ireland 4.2 Canada .4.2 China 4.2 Iceland 4.1 Czech Republic 4.1 Slovenia 3.9 Vietnam 3.8 Indonesia 3.8 Brazil 3.8 United Arab Emirates .3.8 New Zealand 3.8 Costa Rica 3.8 Hong Kong SAR 3.7 Saudi Arabia .3.6 South Africa .3.6 India 3.6 Kenya 3.6 Cyprus 3.6 Spain 3.6 Nigeria 3.5 Sri Lanka 3.5 Italy 3.4 Tunisia 3.3 Estonia .3.3 Portugal 3.3 Russian Federation 3.3 Thailand 3.3 Lesotho 3.2 Croatia 3.2 Puerto Rico 3.2 Panama 3.2 Lithuania 3.2 Malta 3.2 Egypt 3.2 Slovak Republic 3.2 Chile 3.2 Poland 3.2 Senegal 3.1 Montenegro .3.1 Kazakhstan 3.1 Philippines 3.1 Oman 3.1 Guatemala 3.1 Qatar 3.0 Azerbaijan 3.0 Mauritius 3.0 Barbados 3.0 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 Ukraine .3.0 Uruguay 3.0 Brunei Darussalam 3.0 Madagascar 2.9 Colombia 2.9 Botswana 2.9 Romania .2.9 Argentina 2.9 Turkey .2.9 Jamaica 2.9 Mexico .2.9 Benin 2.9 Pakistan 2.8 Cambodia 2.8 Mali 2.8 Cameroon 2.8 Namibia 2.8 Hungary 2.8 Guyana .2.8 Bahrain .2.8 Tanzania 2.8 Malawi .2.8 Peru 2.7 Chad 2.7 Burkina Faso 2.7 Mozambique 2.7 Bulgaria 2.7 Latvia 2.7 Morocco 2.7 Mauritania 2.7 Trinidad and Tobago 2.7 Algeria 2.7 Kuwait 2.6 Greece .2.6 Suriname 2.6 Uganda .2.6 Timor-Leste 2.6 Dominican Republic 2.6 Gambia, The .2.6 Côte d’Ivoire 2.6 Jordan 2.6 Honduras 2.6 Serbia 2.6 Zimbabwe 2.6 Mongolia 2.6 Zambia .2.6 Macedonia, FYR .2.6 Armenia 2.5 El Salvador 2.5 Nicaragua 2.5 Ethiopia 2.5 Tajikistan 2.5 Ecuador 2.5 Burundi .2.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.4 Venezuela 2.4 Georgia .2.3 Kyrgyz Republic 2.3 Albania .2.3 Nepal 2.2 Paraguay 2.2 Libya 2.2 Bangladesh 2.2 Syria 2.2 Bolivia .2.2 Ghana .2.1 SCORE SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.3 To what extent business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) in your country? (1 = not collaborate at all; = collaborate extensively) | 2008–2009 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE MEAN: 3.6 United States .5.9 Switzerland 5.7 Finland 5.6 Singapore 5.6 Sweden 5.6 Denmark 5.5 United Kingdom 5.4 Belgium 5.3 Canada .5.2 Germany 5.2 Netherlands 5.2 Taiwan, China 5.1 Ireland 5.0 Australia .4.9 Norway .4.9 Austria 4.9 Iceland 4.8 New Zealand 4.7 Luxembourg .4.7 Japan 4.7 Israel 4.6 Malaysia .4.6 China 4.6 Korea, Rep 4.6 South Africa .4.5 Czech Republic 4.4 Hong Kong SAR 4.4 Puerto Rico 4.3 Costa Rica 4.3 Slovenia 4.2 Hungary 4.2 Estonia .4.1 Portugal 4.1 Brazil 4.1 Barbados 4.0 Colombia 4.0 Saudi Arabia .4.0 Qatar 4.0 United Arab Emirates .3.9 Kenya 3.9 Chile 3.9 France 3.9 Indonesia 3.8 Thailand 3.8 Lithuania 3.8 India 3.8 Cyprus 3.8 Russian Federation 3.8 Spain 3.7 Guatemala 3.7 Sri Lanka 3.7 Tunisia 3.7 Oman 3.6 Montenegro .3.6 Azerbaijan 3.6 Senegal 3.6 Malta 3.5 Botswana 3.5 Vietnam 3.5 Jamaica 3.5 Croatia 3.5 Mexico .3.5 Argentina 3.5 Ukraine .3.5 Trinidad and Tobago 3.5 Uruguay 3.4 Turkey .3.4 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 Jordan 3.4 Italy 3.4 Mozambique 3.3 Gambia, The .3.3 Uganda .3.3 Romania .3.3 Zambia .3.3 Brunei Darussalam 3.3 Poland 3.3 Kazakhstan 3.3 Macedonia, FYR .3.3 Tanzania 3.3 Slovak Republic 3.3 Serbia 3.3 Dominican Republic 3.3 Malawi .3.3 Panama 3.2 Burundi .3.2 Latvia 3.2 Nigeria 3.2 Tajikistan 3.2 Philippines 3.2 Greece .3.2 Mauritius 3.2 Pakistan 3.1 Burkina Faso 3.1 El Salvador 3.1 Venezuela 3.1 Egypt 3.1 Madagascar 3.1 Mongolia 3.1 Kuwait 3.1 Mali 3.0 Bahrain .3.0 Bulgaria 3.0 Namibia 3.0 Peru 3.0 Honduras 2.9 Suriname 2.9 Lesotho 2.9 Zimbabwe 2.9 Cambodia 2.9 Ethiopia 2.9 Nicaragua 2.9 Benin 2.8 Morocco 2.8 Armenia 2.8 Libya 2.8 Cameroon 2.8 Guyana .2.7 Ghana .2.6 Chad 2.6 Algeria 2.6 Bolivia .2.5 Georgia .2.5 Syria 2.5 Ecuador 2.5 Bangladesh 2.4 Côte d’Ivoire 2.4 Nepal 2.4 Kyrgyz Republic 2.4 Mauritania 2.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.3 Timor-Leste 2.3 Paraguay 2.3 Albania .2.2 SCORE SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.6 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D 469 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 470 12.05 Government procurement of advanced technology products Do government procurement decisions foster technological innovation in your country? (1 = no, not at all; = yes, extremely effectively) | 2008–2009 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE MEAN: 3.6 Singapore 5.5 United Arab Emirates .5.2 Luxembourg .4.9 United States .4.8 Qatar 4.7 Finland 4.7 Taiwan, China 4.7 Denmark 4.6 Malaysia .4.6 Tunisia 4.6 Vietnam 4.5 Oman 4.5 China 4.4 Sweden 4.4 Korea, Rep 4.4 Azerbaijan 4.3 Portugal 4.3 Bahrain .4.3 Cyprus 4.3 Iceland 4.3 Malta 4.2 Saudi Arabia .4.2 Czech Republic 4.2 Switzerland 4.2 Canada .4.2 Israel 4.2 Gambia, The .4.2 Hong Kong SAR 4.2 Poland 4.2 Norway .4.1 Netherlands 4.1 Brunei Darussalam 4.1 Montenegro .4.1 Indonesia 4.1 Belgium 4.1 Estonia .4.0 France 4.0 Costa Rica 4.0 Senegal 4.0 Botswana 4.0 Mali 4.0 Australia .4.0 United Kingdom 4.0 Colombia 4.0 Germany 3.9 Barbados 3.9 Benin 3.9 Jordan 3.9 Japan 3.9 Panama 3.9 Madagascar 3.9 Sri Lanka 3.9 Burkina Faso 3.8 Chile 3.8 Austria 3.8 Mozambique 3.8 New Zealand 3.8 Thailand 3.7 Ireland 3.7 Brazil 3.7 Slovenia 3.7 Kazakhstan 3.6 Dominican Republic 3.6 Kenya 3.6 Ethiopia 3.6 Spain 3.6 Tajikistan 3.6 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 India 3.6 Russian Federation 3.6 Uruguay 3.5 Malawi .3.5 Egypt 3.5 Mauritius 3.5 Morocco 3.5 Romania .3.4 Cambodia 3.4 Tanzania 3.4 South Africa .3.4 Lesotho 3.4 Albania .3.4 El Salvador 3.4 Honduras 3.4 Burundi .3.4 Mongolia 3.4 Ukraine .3.3 Serbia 3.3 Pakistan 3.3 Côte d’Ivoire 3.3 Turkey .3.3 Puerto Rico 3.3 Greece .3.3 Uganda .3.3 Mexico .3.3 Croatia 3.3 Georgia .3.3 Guatemala 3.3 Bulgaria 3.3 Jamaica 3.2 Libya 3.2 Lithuania 3.2 Zambia .3.2 Latvia 3.2 Namibia 3.2 Peru 3.2 Cameroon 3.2 Macedonia, FYR .3.2 Chad 3.2 Timor-Leste 3.2 Mauritania 3.1 Syria 3.1 Slovak Republic 3.0 Guyana .3.0 Nicaragua 3.0 Kuwait 3.0 Nigeria 3.0 Ghana .3.0 Trinidad and Tobago 2.9 Hungary 2.9 Philippines 2.9 Italy 2.8 Argentina 2.8 Algeria 2.8 Suriname 2.8 Armenia 2.8 Ecuador 2.8 Nepal 2.7 Bangladesh 2.7 Paraguay 2.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.6 Venezuela 2.5 Kyrgyz Republic 2.5 Zimbabwe 2.5 Bolivia .2.3 SCORE SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.6 To what extent are scientists and engineers available in your country? (1 = not at all; = widely available) | 2008–2009 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE MEAN: 4.1 Finland 6.0 Japan 5.9 Sweden 5.6 India 5.6 United States .5.6 Canada .5.5 Taiwan, China 5.5 Iceland 5.4 Tunisia 5.4 Switzerland 5.3 France 5.3 Ireland 5.3 Qatar 5.2 Singapore 5.2 Puerto Rico 5.1 Israel 5.1 Belgium 5.1 Denmark 5.1 Norway .5.1 Greece .5.1 Cyprus 5.0 Netherlands 5.0 Chile 4.9 Czech Republic 4.9 Korea, Rep 4.9 Jordan 4.8 Côte d’Ivoire 4.8 United Arab Emirates .4.7 Costa Rica 4.7 Austria 4.7 Indonesia 4.7 United Kingdom 4.7 Malaysia .4.7 Australia .4.7 Germany 4.6 China 4.6 Spain 4.6 Senegal 4.6 Italy 4.5 Hungary 4.5 Nigeria 4.5 Bahrain .4.5 Syria 4.5 Sri Lanka 4.5 Trinidad and Tobago 4.5 Portugal 4.5 Saudi Arabia .4.5 Russian Federation 4.4 Azerbaijan 4.4 Ukraine .4.4 Turkey .4.4 Slovak Republic 4.4 Egypt 4.3 Thailand 4.3 Kenya 4.3 Romania .4.3 Algeria 4.3 Poland 4.3 New Zealand 4.2 Brazil 4.2 Madagascar 4.2 Vietnam 4.2 Barbados 4.2 Morocco 4.2 Montenegro .4.2 Libya 4.2 Estonia .4.2 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 Slovenia 4.1 Bangladesh 4.1 Lithuania 4.1 Cameroon 4.1 Kuwait 4.1 Benin 4.0 Kazakhstan 4.0 Mongolia 4.0 Zambia .4.0 Serbia 4.0 Hong Kong SAR 4.0 Luxembourg .4.0 Croatia 3.9 Macedonia, FYR .3.9 Malta 3.9 Pakistan 3.9 Argentina 3.9 Mali 3.9 Guatemala 3.9 Uruguay 3.9 Bulgaria 3.9 Colombia 3.8 Panama 3.8 Armenia 3.7 Uganda .3.7 Dominican Republic 3.7 Mexico .3.6 Philippines 3.6 Georgia .3.6 Lesotho 3.6 Ghana .3.6 Burkina Faso 3.5 Botswana 3.5 Peru 3.5 Oman 3.5 Tanzania 3.5 Latvia 3.5 Malawi .3.5 Venezuela 3.4 Mauritius 3.4 Tajikistan 3.3 Honduras 3.3 Brunei Darussalam 3.3 Suriname 3.3 Kyrgyz Republic 3.3 Cambodia 3.3 Chad 3.2 Albania .3.2 Mauritania 3.2 Jamaica 3.2 El Salvador 3.1 Nicaragua 3.1 Gambia, The .3.1 Nepal 3.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.1 South Africa .3.1 Ethiopia 3.1 Mozambique 3.1 Zimbabwe 3.0 Bolivia .3.0 Namibia 2.8 Ecuador 2.8 Guyana .2.8 Burundi .2.8 Paraguay 2.8 Timor-Leste 2.7 SCORE SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum MEAN: 4.1 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers 471 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 472 12.07 Utility patents (hard data) Number of utility patents (i.e., patents for invention) granted between January and December 31, 2008, per million population | 2008 RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 HARD DATA RANK Taiwan, China 279.3 Japan .263.3 United States 250.9 Israel 166.6 Korea, Rep 156.0 Finland .155.5 Switzerland .148.3 Sweden .115.2 Germany 108.1 Canada 102.2 Singapore 88.7 Iceland .85.8 Netherlands .80.5 Denmark .71.1 Australia 61.5 Norway 58.1 Austria 55.1 France 51.1 Luxembourg 50.8 United Kingdom 50.7 Belgium .48.6 Hong Kong SAR 42.6 Ireland 37.3 New Zealand .25.0 Italy .23.0 Slovenia .7.0 Spain .6.8 Hungary .6.6 Malaysia 5.6 Kuwait 5.2 Malta .4.9 Czech Republic .4.7 Puerto Rico 3.5 Lithuania 3.2 Croatia 3.0 Bulgaria 2.1 Greece 2.1 United Arab Emirates 2.0 South Africa 1.9 Oman 1.9 Estonia 1.5 Jamaica 1.5 Poland 1.4 Russian Federation .1.2 Saudi Arabia 1.2 Qatar .1.2 Cyprus 1.2 Portugal 1.0 Slovak Republic 0.9 China .0.9 Costa Rica .0.9 Panama 0.9 Argentina .0.8 Chile 0.8 Trinidad and Tobago 0.8 Uruguay .0.6 Romania 0.6 India 0.5 Brazil .0.5 Mexico 0.5 Macedonia, FYR 0.5 Venezuela 0.5 Namibia 0.5 Ukraine 0.5 Georgia 0.5 Latvia 0.4 Serbia 0.4 COUNTRY/ECONOMY 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 82 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 COUNTRY/ECONOMY HARD DATA Thailand 0.3 Armenia .0.3 Colombia .0.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina .0.3 Azerbaijan 0.2 Guatemala .0.2 Turkey 0.2 Dominican Republic 0.2 Tunisia 0.2 Kyrgyz Republic 0.2 Philippines .0.2 Ecuador 0.1 Morocco 0.1 Kenya 0.1 Bolivia 0.1 Sri Lanka .0.1 Chad 0.1 Kazakhstan 0.1 Egypt .0.0 Indonesia .0.0 Pakistan .0.0 Nigeria 0.0 Albania 0.0 Algeria 0.0 Bahrain 0.0 Bangladesh 0.0 Barbados .0.0 Benin .0.0 Botswana 0.0 Brunei Darussalam 0.0 Burkina Faso 0.0 Burundi 0.0 Cambodia 0.0 Cameroon .0.0 Côte d’Ivoire 0.0 El Salvador 0.0 Ethiopia 0.0 Gambia, The 0.0 Ghana 0.0 Guyana 0.0 Honduras .0.0 Jordan 0.0 Lesotho 0.0 Libya 0.0 Madagascar 0.0 Malawi 0.0 Mali .0.0 Mauritania .0.0 Mauritius .0.0 Mongolia .0.0 Montenegro 0.0 Mozambique 0.0 Nepal .0.0 Nicaragua 0.0 Paraguay .0.0 Peru .0.0 Senegal 0.0 Suriname .0.0 Syria 0.0 Tajikistan 0.0 Tanzania .0.0 Timor-Leste 0.0 Uganda 0.0 Vietnam 0.0 Zambia 0.0 Zimbabwe .0.0 SOURCE: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (June 2009) The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum Technical Notes and Sources Technical Notes and Sources The following section complements the Data Tables by providing additional information and definitions for the hard data indicators that enter the composition of the Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 In the following pages, the number next to the variable corresponds to the number of the Data Table that shows the ranks and scores for all countries/economies on this particular indictor The data used in this Report represent the best available estimates from various international agencies, national sources and data providers at the time the Report was prepared It is possible that some data will have been updated or revised after publication Basic indicators 0.01 GDP valued at current prices Gross domestic product (current prices) in millions of US dollars | 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national sources 0.02 Population Population in millions | 2008 Source: UNFPA, State of World Population 2008; Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009) 0.03 GDP (current prices) per capita Gross domestic product (current prices) per capita in US dollars | 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2008); European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; national sources 2.08 Telephone lines Main telephone lines per 100 population | 2008 A main telephone line is a telephone line connecting the subscriber’s terminal equipment to the public switched telephone network and that has a dedicated port in the telephone exchange equipment Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national sources Section III: Macroeconomic stability 3.01 Government budget balance Government gross budget balance as a percentage of GDP | 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); IMF country reports; European Commission, Eurostat Database (June 2009); European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; African Development Bank; Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009); national sources 3.02 National savings rate National savings rate as a percentage of GDP | 2008 According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, aggregate national savings is defined as public and private sector savings as a percentage of nominal GDP National savings equals gross domestic investment plus the current-account balance Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009); IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources 3.03 Inflation Annual percent change in consumer price index (year average) | 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national sources 0.04 GDP (PPP) as share of world total Gross domestic product (valued at purchasing power parity) as a percentage of world GDP | 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009) Section II: Infrastructure 2.06 Available seat kilometers Scheduled available seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions) | 2009 This variable measures an airline’s passenger-carrying capacity; it is composed of the number of seats available on each flight multiplied by the flight distance in kilometers The resulting variable is an average of the total for all scheduled flights in a week during January (winter schedule) and July (summer schedule) 2009 3.04 Interest rate spread Average interest rate spread (difference between typical lending and deposit rates) | 2008 This measures the difference between the typical short-term lending and deposit rates Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics (June 2009); Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009); national sources 3.05 Government debt Government gross debt as a percentage of GDP | 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); IMF country reports; OECD, OECD Economic Outlook no 85 (June 2009); European Central Bank; European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009); national sources Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser; national sources The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum 473 Technical Notes and Sources Section IV: Health and primary education 4.02 Malaria incidence Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2006 Source: World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2008; national sources 4.04 Tuberculosis incidence Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2007 Source: World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis database (June 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources 4.06 HIV prevalence HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49 years | 2007 Source: UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic; UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008 online database (June 2009); national sources 4.07 Infant mortality Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000 live births | 2006 Source: World Health Organization, WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) (May 2009); national sources 4.08 Life expectancy Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2007 According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, this corresponds to the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary education level Tertiary education, whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources Section VI: Goods market efficiency 6.05 Total tax rate This variable is a combination of profit tax (% of profits), labor tax and contribution (% of profits), and other taxes (% of profits) | 2008 Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business Number of procedures required to start a business | 2008 Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 6.07 Time required to start a business Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2007 Source: World Health Organization, WHO World Health Statistics 2009; The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources 4.10 Primary enrollment 474 5.02 Tertiary enrollment Net primary education enrollment rate | 2007 According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, this corresponds to the ratio of children of official school age (as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); national sources 4.11 Education expenditure Adjusted savings: Public education expenditure as percentage of GNI | 2007 This represents current operating expenditures in education, including wages and salaries and excluding capital investments in buildings and equipment Number of days required to start a business | 2008 Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 6.10 Tariff barriers Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2008 This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world The trade pattern of the importing country’s reference group (2007 data) is used as a weighting Source: International Trade Centre Section VII: Labor market efficiency 7.03 Rigidity of employment Rigidity of Employment Index on a 0–100 (worst) scale | 2008 This index is the average of three subindexes: Difficulty of hiring, Rigidity of hours, and Difficulty of firing The three subindexes have several components and all take values between and 100, with higher values indicating more rigid regulation Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources Section V: Higher education and training 5.01 Secondary enrollment Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2007 According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, this corresponds to the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the secondary education level Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers 7.05 Firing costs Firing costs (in weeks of wages) | 2008 This variable estimates the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 7.09 Female participation in labor force Female-to-male participation ratio in the labor force | 2007 This measure is the percentage of women aged 14–65 participating in the labor force divided by the percentage of men aged 14–65 participating in the labor force Source: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) 5th Edition (March 2009 update) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum 8.06 Strength of investor protection Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2008 This variable is a combination of the Extent of disclosure index (transparency of transactions), the Extent of director liability index (liability for self-dealing), and the Ease of shareholder suit index (shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct) Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 Section X: Market size 10.01 Domestic market size index Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2008 The size of the domestic market is calculated as the natural log of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at PPP plus the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services, minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services Data are then normalized on a 1–7 scale PPP estimates of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP Technical Notes and Sources Section VIII: Financial market sophistication 8.09 Legal rights index Degree of legal protection of borrowers and lenders’ rights on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2008 This index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect borrowers and lenders’ rights and thus facilitate lending Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 Section IX: Technological readiness 9.05 Mobile telephone subscriptions Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2008 According to the World Bank mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, which provides access to switched telephone technology Post-paid and prepaid subscriptions are included This can also include analogue and digital cellular systems but should not include non-cellular systems Subscribers to fixed wireless, public mobile data services, or radio paging services are not included Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national sources 9.06 Internet users Estimated Internet users per 100 population | 2008 Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national sources 9.07 Personal computers Number of personal computers per 100 population | 2007 According to the World Bank, personal computers are selfcontained computers designed to be used by a single individual Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national sources 9.08 Broadband Internet subscribers Source: Authors’ calculation For more details please refer to Appendix A in Chapter 1.1 of this Report 10.02 Foreign market size index Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2008 The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 scale PPP estimates of exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP Source: Authors’ calculation For more details please refer to Appendix A in Chapter 1.1 of this Report 10.03 GDP valued at PPP Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity in millions of international dollars | 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national sources 10.04 Imports as a percentage of GDP Imports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP | 2008 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (July 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; World Trade Organization, Statistics Database (July 2009); IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national sources 10.05 Exports as a percentage of GDP Exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP | 2008 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (July 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; World Trade Organization, Statistics Database (July 2009); IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national sources Section XII: Innovation 12.07 Utility patents Total fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population | 2008 The International Telecommunication Union considers broadband to be any dedicated connection to the Internet of 256 kilobits per second or faster, in both directions Broadband subscribers refers to the sum of DSL, cable modem, and other broadband (for example, fiber optic, fixed wireless, apartment LANs, satellite connections) subscribers Number of utility patents (i.e., patents for invention) granted between January and December 31, 2008, per million population | 2008 Utility patents are recorded such that the origin of the patent is determined by the first-named inventor at the time of the grant Patents per million population are calculated by dividing the number of patents granted to a country in 2008 by that country’s population in the same year Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national sources Source: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (June 2009) The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum 475 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum About the Authors About the Authors Jennifer Blanke Jennifer Blanke is Director, Senior Economist, and Head of the Global Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum Since joining the team in 2002, she has written and lectured extensively on issues related to national competitiveness and has served as lead editor on a number of regional and topical competitiveness reports From 1998 to 2002, she was Senior Programme Manager responsible for developing the business, management, and technology section of the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos Before joining the Forum, Dr Blanke worked for a number of years as a management consultant for Eurogroup, Mazars Group in Paris, France, where she specialized in banking and financial market organization Dr Blanke obtained a Master of International Affairs from Columbia University and an MA and a PhD in International Economics from the Graduate Institute of International Studies (Geneva) Ciara Browne Ciara Browne is Associate Director of the Global Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum, where her responsibilities include coordinating the Executive Opinion Survey process and managing the network of over 150 Partner Institutes worldwide, as well as providing input into The Global Competitiveness Report and several of the Forum’s other benchmarking studies She also works closely with the Forum’s media team in articulating the findings of the various competitiveness reports to the media and the public Before joining the Forum, she served for several years with the International Organization for Migration, where she worked for a mass claims processing program She has a BA (Hons) degree from the University of Manchester Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz is Director and Senior Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum, where she researches and writes on issues of national competitiveness, in particular related to the Arab world, Eastern Europe, and international trade She is lead author or editor of a number of regional and topical reports and papers, including The Global Enabling Trade Report Previously, she oversaw the economic modeling for some of the Forum’s scenario projects and was charged with developing the economics section of the program for the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos Before joining the Global Competitiveness Network, Dr Drzeniek Hanouz worked for several years with the International Trade Centre in Geneva, where she was in charge of relations with Central and Eastern European countries Dr Drzeniek Hanouz received a Diploma in Economics from the University of Münster and holds a PhD in International Economics from the University of Bochum, both in Germany Thierry Geiger Thierry Geiger is Economist and Associate Director within the Global Competitiveness Network and a Global Leadership Fellow at the World Economic Forum His responsibilities include the development and computation of a wide range of indexes as well as analysis for a number of regional and topical projects His main areas of interest include econometrics, trade, and finance, while his geographical focus is Asia He is a co-author of The Global Competitiveness Report, The Global Information Technology Report, and The Global Enabling Trade Report He is also a contributor to The Financial Development Report and co-editor of The Ukraine Competitiveness Report series A Swiss national, Mr Geiger holds a BA in Economics from the University of Geneva with a specialization in monetary and financial economics, and an MA in Economics from the University of British Columbia Prior to joining the Forum, he worked for the World Trade Organization and Caterpillar Inc He is also Co-founder of Procab Studio SA, an IT company based in Geneva Irene Mia Irene Mia is Director and Senior Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum She is also responsible for competitiveness research on Latin America and Iberia She has written and spoken extensively on issues related to national competitiveness, serving as lead author and editor on a number of regional and topical competitiveness papers and reports; notably, she is the co-editor of The Global Information Technology Report series Before joining the Forum, she worked at the headquarters of Sudameris Bank in Paris for a number of years, holding various positions in the international affairs and international trade divisions Her main research interests are in the fields of development, international trade, economic integration (with special reference to the Latin American region), and competitiveness Dr Mia holds an MA in Latin American Studies from the Institute of Latin American Studies, London University, and a PhD in International Economic and Trade Law from Bocconi University The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum 477 About the Authors Xavier Sala-i-Martin Xavier Sala-i-Martin is a Professor in the Department of Economics at Columbia University He was previously Associate Professor at the Department of Economics at Yale University and a Visiting Professor at Universitat Pompeum Fabra His research interests include economic growth, macroeconomics, public finance and social security, health and population economics, monetary economics, poverty, inequality, estimation of the world distribution of income, and measuring competitiveness He is a consultant on growth and competitiveness for a number of countries, international institutions, and corporations Professor Sala-i-Martin is a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research He earned his MA and his PhD in Economics from Harvard University He collaborates closely with the World Economic Forum in his capacity as Chief Advisor to the Global Competitiveness Network 478 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum Acknowledgments The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Africa Commission and FedEx for their invaluable support of this Report The Africa Commission was launched by the Prime Minister of Denmark in 2008 to help Africa benefit more from globalization The Commission consisted of Heads of State and governments, politicians, experts, and representatives from international and regional organizations as well as the business community, civil society and the academic world The majority of the Commissioners were from Africa, which reflected the Commission’s overriding commitment to ensure African ownership of its recommendations and initiatives The Africa Commission presented its findings in the report Realising the Potential of Africa’s Youth, which was published in May 2009 Drawing on existing analyses and best practices, the Africa Commission presented specific policy recommendations and launched five international initiatives aimed at creating jobs for young men and women in Africa through private sector-led growth and improved competitiveness of African economies Special emphasis was given to creating decent jobs, fostering entrepreneurship, and providing greater opportunities through education, skills development and access to finance The Africa Commission is supported by a Secretariat established within the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs For further information about the Africa Commission and the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, visit www.africacommission.um.dk FedEx continues to support the World Economic Forum’s annual Global Competitiveness Report, providing reliable global distribution services FedEx is committed to advancing free trade and driving global commerce and economic development We support the World Economic Forum’s dedication to improving the state of the world by engaging leaders in regulatory, industry, and economic cooperation Recently, FedEx looked deeper into factors impacting the global economy, commissioning a second study by SRI International titled “The Dynamic Force of Access: An Update of the Access Index.” The study provides a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the impact of how people, businesses, and nations “access” ideas, goods, technology, and markets The information gleaned from this study is complementary to the insights in the Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report As FedEx continues to explore Access, we look forward to better understanding how to harness the momentum of the global economy to continue to create positive change around the world FedEx Corp (NYSE: FDX) provides customers and businesses worldwide with a broad portfolio of transportation, e-commerce, and business services With annual revenues of $35 billion, the company offers integrated business applications through operating companies competing collectively and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand Consistently ranked among the world’s most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its more than 280,000 team members to remain “absolutely, positively” focused on safety, the highest ethical and professional standards, and the needs of their customers and communities For more information, visit www.news.fedex.com The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum 479 ... include The Financial Development Report ,The Global Enabling Trade Report ,The Global Gender Gap Report ,The Global Information Technology Report, and The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report, ... Measuring Competitiveness The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness... Forum Editor The Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010 Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin Columbia University Chief Advisor of the Global Competitiveness Network The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010