Essentials of understanding psychology 11th feldman

Essentials of understanding psychology 11th feldman Essentials of understanding psychology 11th feldman Essentials of understanding psychology 11th feldman Essentials of understanding psychology 11th feldman Essentials of understanding psychology 11th feldman Essentials of understanding psychology 11th feldman Essentials of understanding psychology 11th feldman

E s sentials of Understanding Psychology ROBERT S FELDMAN 11e ELEVENTH EDITION Essentials of Understanding Psychology ROBERT S FELDMAN University of Massachusetts Amherst ESSENTIALS OF UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY, ELEVENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121 Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Previous editions © 2013, 2011, and 2008 No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States This book is printed on acid-free paper DOW/DOW ISBN 978-0-07-786188-9 MHID 0-07-786188-4 Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L Strand Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Vice President, Content Design & Delivery: Kimberly Meriwether David Managing Director: William Glass Executive Director: Krista Bettino Brand Manager: Krista Bettino Marketing Managers: Ann Helgerson and AJ Laferrera Lead Product Developer: Dawn Groundwater Senior Product Developer: Sarah Colwell Director, Content Design & Delivery: Terri Schiesl Program Manager: Debra B Hash Content Project Manager: Debra B Hash Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy Design: David Hash Content Licensing Specialists: Ann Marie Jannette (text); Keri Johnson (image) Cover Image: Caiaimage/Paul Bradbury/Getty Images Compositor: Aptara®, Inc Printer: R R Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Robert S (Robert Stephen), 1947– Essentials of understanding psychology / Robert S Feldman.—11th ed pages cm ISBN 978-0-07-786188-9 (alk paper) —ISBN 0-07-786188-4 (alk paper) Psychology I Title BF121 F337 2015 150—dc23 2014023693 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites www.mhhe.com Dedication To Jon, Leigh, Alex, Miles, Josh, Julie, Sarah, and Kathy About the Author ROBERT S FELDMAN is Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Deputy Chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst A recipient of the College Distinguished Teacher Award, he teaches psychology classes ranging in size from 15 to nearly 500 students During the course of more than two decades as a college instructor, he has taught undergraduate and graduate courses at Mount Holyoke College, Wesleyan University, and Virginia Commonwealth University in addition to the University of Massachusetts Professor Feldman, who initiated the Minority Mentoring Program at the University of Massachusetts, also has served as a Hewlett Teaching Fellow and Senior Online Teaching Fellow He initiated distance-learning courses in psychology at the University of Massachusetts A Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science, Professor Feldman received a BA with High Honors from Wesleyan University and an MS and PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison He is a winner of a Fulbright Senior Research Scholar and Lecturer Award and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Wesleyan He is on the Board of the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (FABBS) and the president-elect of the FABBS Foundation, which advocates for the field of psychology He has written and edited more than 200 books, book chapters, and scientific articles He has edited Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Children, Applications of Nonverbal Behavioral Theory and Research, Improving the First Year of College: Research and Practice, and co-edited Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior He is also author of P.O.W.E.R Learning: Strategies for Success in College and Life His textbooks, which have been used by more than million students around the world, have been translated into Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, German, Italian, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese His research interests include deception and honesty in everyday life, work that he described in The Liar in Your Life, a trade book published in 2009 His research has been supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute on Disabilities and Rehabilitation Research Professor Feldman loves music, is an enthusiastic pianist, and enjoys cooking and traveling He has three children and two young grandsons He and his wife, a psychologist, live in western Massachusetts in a home overlooking the Holyoke mountain range v Brief Contents Preface xxiii CHAPTER Introduction to Psychology MODULE MODULE MODULE MODULE CHAPTER Neuroscience and Behavior 48 MODULE MODULE MODULE CHAPTER MODULE MODULE 10 MODULE 11 Sensing the World Around Us 89 Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye 94 Hearing and the Other Senses 103 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World 116 States of Consciousness 130 MODULE 12 MODULE 13 MODULE 14 CHAPTER Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior 51 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating Within the Body 60 The Brain 68 Sensation and Perception 86 MODULE CHAPTER Psychologists at Work A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future 14 Research in Psychology 26 Critical Research Issues 40 Sleep and Dreams 133 Hypnosis and Meditation 146 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness 153 Learning 168 MODULE 15 MODULE 16 MODULE 17 Classical Conditioning 171 Operant Conditioning 179 Cognitive Approaches to Learning 192 viii Brief Contents CHAPTER Memory 202 MODULE 18 MODULE 19 MODULE 20 CHAPTER Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 236 MODULE 21 MODULE 22 MODULE 23 CHAPTER MODULE 25 MODULE 26 MODULE 28 MODULE 29 MODULE 30 Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental  Issue 327 Infancy and Childhood 337 Adolescence: Becoming an Adult 356 Adulthood 366 Personality 380 MODULE 31 MODULE 32 MODULE 33 CHAPTER 11 Explaining Motivation 287 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring 295 Understanding Emotional Experiences 312 Development 324 MODULE 27 CHAPTER 10 Thinking and Reasoning 239 Language 255 Intelligence 264 Motivation and Emotion 284 MODULE 24 CHAPTER The Foundations of Memory 205 Recalling Long-Term Memories 217 Forgetting: When Memory Fails 227 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality 383 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality 393 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive 406 Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and  Well-Being 416 MODULE 34 MODULE 35 MODULE 36 Stress and Coping 419 Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being 431 Promoting Health and Wellness 437 Brief Contents CHAPTER 12 Psychological Disorders 446 MODULE 37 MODULE 38 MODULE 39 CHAPTER 13 Treatment of Psychological Disorders 486 MODULE 40 MODULE 41 MODULE 42 CHAPTER 14 Normal Versus Abnormal: Making the Distinction 449 The Major Psychological Disorders 459 Psychological Disorders in Perspective 478 Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and  Cognitive Approaches to Treatment 489 Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, and  Group Approaches to Treatment 500 Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to  Treatment 509 Social Psychology 520 MODULE 43 MODULE 44 MODULE 45 MODULE 46 Attitudes and Social Cognition 523 Social Influence and Groups 532 Prejudice and Discrimination 540 Positive and Negative Social Behavior 546 McGraw-Hill Psychology’s APA Documentation Style Guide Glossary G-1 References R-1 Credits C-1 Name Index I-1 Subject Index I-21 ix www.downloadslide.com Name Index Staub, A., 32 Staud, R., 110 Steblay, N., 223 Steele, C M., 541 Steele, J D., 513 Stegerwald, F., 308 Steiger, A., 136 Stein, L A R., 409 Steinberg, L., 362 Steiner, J., 491 Steiner, M., 335 Steiner, R D., 333 Steinhardt, M A., 419 Steketee, G., 461, 463 Stemler, S E., 268 Stenbacka, L., 75 Stenklev, N C., 371 Stephenson, R., 112 Steptoe, A., 429 Sterling, D., 522, 556 Stern, E., 471 Stern, R M., 107 Sternberg, R., 268, 269f, 548 Sternberg, R J., 198, 253, 265, 268, 270, 276, 279, 329, 418, 548 Sternson, S M., 297 Stettler, N., 299 Stevens, G., 15 Stevens, M J., 10 Stevens, P., 512 Stevens, S S., 187 Stevenson, H W., 530 Stewart, A J., 369 Stewart, D., 504 Stewart, P J., 226 Stey, P C., 359 Stickgold, R., 140 Stickley, T., 464 Stifter, C A., 317 Stillman, T., 304 Stix, G., 427 Stocks, E., 553 Stockton, R., 503 Stolorow, B A., 315 Stolorow, R D., 315 Stone, J., 471 Stopa, L., 460 Storm, L., 126 Stouffer, E M., 194 Stowell, J R., 425 Strange, D., 224 Strathern, A., 226 Strayer, D L., 210 Striano, T., 339, 340 Striegel, R H., 300 Striegel-Moore, R., 300 Strong, T., 503 Struckman, C K., 534 Stuart, S P., 505 Sturgeon, R D., 398 Sue, D., 491, 506 Sue, D W., 491, 506 Sue, S., 23, 491 Suh, E M., 441 Suhail, K., 441 Suizzo, M.-A., 345 Sullivan, A., 267f Sullivan, E., 550 Sullivan, E L., 300 Sullivan, J., 29 Summers, M., 462 Summers, R., 63 Sung, R Y T., 296 Super, C M., 352 Surette, R., 195 Susser, E S., 420f Sutin, A R., 224 Sutton, R M., 523 Suzuki, L A., 277, 278 Svarstad, B., 438 Swahn, M H., 363 Swain, P I., 300 Swain, R A., 70 Swaminathan, V., 218 Sweeny, K., 529 Swencionis, J K., 221 Switzer, J., 344 Sykora, M., 122 Szasz, T., 451 Szasz, T S., 457 Szegedy Maszak, M., 467 Szmalec, A., 210 T Tadmor, C T., 262 Taijfel, H., 542 Takahashi, M., 142 Taki, Y., 80 Takizawa, T., 428 Tal-Or, N., 530 Talajic, M., 433 Talarico, J., 220, 221 Talbot, N., 464 Talmi, D., 214 Talukdar, S., 345 Tam, H., 209 Tam, T W., 158 Tamini, B., 547 Tammaro, E., 81 Tan, G., 112 Tan, L., 209, 211, 259 Tan, Ü., 112 Tanaka-Matsumi, J., 440 Tandon, R., 470 Tangney, J., 31 Tanner, J M., 357, 357f Tasker, F., 307 Tavernise, S., 434 Taylor, A., 429 Taylor, B., 346 Taylor, F., 138 Taylor, G J., 432 Taylor, S., 427 Taylor, S E., 424, 426, 429, 437, 440 Tcheremissine, O V., 162 te Pas, S F., 100 Teague, R., 389 Tees, R C., 333 Tellegen, A., 401, 401f, 404f Tenenbaum, H R., 37 Teodorov, E., 306 Tepper, B J., 108 Terzaghi, M., 135 Terman, L., 277 Tewes, U., 433 Thachil, A F., 511 Thanos, P K., 298 Tharp, R G., 197 Thase, M E., 492 Thatcher, D L., 160 Theorell, T., 425 Theoret, H., 194 Thomas, O., 148 Thomas, P., 470 Thomas, S., 493 Thompson, C P., 224 Thompson, D M., 229 Thompson, L F., 552 Thompson, R F., 70 Thompson, S S., 229 Thompson, W W., 371 Thompson-Brenner, H., 505 Thoresen, C E., 428 Thorkildsen, T A., 260 Thorndike, E L., 179–180, 180f Thornton, A., 305 Thorpe, K., 295 Thrash, T M., 309 Thurman, S M., 187 Tierney Lindsey, K., 142 Tiggemann, M., 224 Tippin, J., 141 Tirri, K., 266 Todorov, A., 543 Toft, A., 51 Tokutsu, Y., 513 Tolman, E C., 192, 193f Tomaka, J., 426 Tomm, K., 503 Tommasi, L., 78 Tonigan, J S., 504 Tononi, G., 132 Tooby, J., 188 Toribio, I., 162 Toth, J P., 219 Toth, N., 261 Touhara, K., 108 Tracy, J L., 313 Tramontana, J., 148 Tranter, L J., 266 Travis, F., 149, 151 Treger, S., 305 Tremblay, A., 298 Tremblay, R E., 475 Treur, J., 247 Trevino, M., 133 Triesch, J., 54 Triscari, M., 493 Tropp, L R., 544 Trujillo-Pisanty, I., 181 Trull, T J., 474 Trullas, R., 511 Tsai, D., 524 Tsai, S., 451 Tsaousis, I., 440 Tsarnaev, D., 4, 46 Tseng, W S., 479, 482, 507 Tsenkova, V., 298 Tsukasaki, T., 260 Tsunoda, T., 80 Tuerk, P W., 494 Tuerlinckx, F., 309 Tugay, N., 112 Tulving, E., 211, 229, 230 Tunstall, B J., 176 Turk, D C., 111 Turkewitz, G., 78 Turkheimer, E., 329, 473 Turnbull, O., 389 Turner, J C., 542 Turner, M., 536 Turner, M E., 534 Turner, S M., 463 Tuszynski, M H., 514 Tutwiler, S., 265 Tversky, A., 246 Twenge, J., 398 Twenge, J M., 398, 399, 532 Tydgat, I., 211 Tyler, J M., 544 Tynelius, P., 298 U Ubell, E., 144 Uhl, G., 188 Umphress, E E., 547 Underwood, A., 112, 159 Unsworth, N., 210 Updegraff, K A., 360 I-17 www.downloadslide.com I-18 Name Index Urbina, S., 272 Ursprung, W W., 434 Utsey, S O., 542, 544 Uylings, H B M., 333 Uzelac, S., 362 V Vaccaro, D., 51 Vaillant, C O., 368 Vaillant, G E., 368 Vaish, A., 340 Vaitl, D., 317 Valencia, R R., 278 Valentijn, A M., 372 Valenza, E., 339 Vallortigara, G., 78 Valois, R F., 363 Valsecchi, M., 119 Van Belle, V., 246 Van De Graaff, K., 214f van den Berg, P T., 252 van den Bos, K., 532 Van den Wildenberg, W P M., 353 van der Helm, E., 136 van der Helm, P A., 117 Van der Molen, M W., 353 van der Smagt, M J., 100 Van der Zee, E A., 57 van Deusen, A., 82 van Dijk, W W., 314 Van Hiel, A., 289 van Hooren, S A H., 372 van Marle, K., 352 van Nieuwenhuijzen, M M., 275 van Oort, R., 231 Van Overwalle, F., 525 Van Petegem, P., 362 van Soelen, I C., 278 van Wei, E., 361 van Wesel, F., 28 Vanasse, A., 434 Vandell, D L., 346 Vandervert, L R., 70 Vandierendonck, A., 210 Vanheule, S., 468 Vanni, S., 75 Varma, S., 248 Vasquez, G., Vassalli, A., 288 Västfjäll, D., 372 Vecchi, T., 372 Vecchione, M., 395 Vedhara, K., 418 Vega, C P., 29 Vegas, R., 189 Velentzas, K., 239 Vella-Brodrick, D A., 440 Vellacott, J., 347 Veltman, M W M., 256 Veniegas, R C., 306 Ventura, D., 253 Verdejo, A., 162 Verdon, B., 309 Verendeev, A., 176 Verfaellie, M., 231 Vernon, P., 64, 328 Verona, E., 550 Vesely, A K., 269 Vessal, R., 150 Vettor, R., 162 Vicari, S., 276 Victor, S B., 307 Vieira, E M., 501 Vikan, A., 217 Villanacci, V., 51 Villemure, C., 111 Vincus, A A., 155 Viskontas, I V., 215 Visser, P S., 543 Vitak, J., 29 Vitaro, F., 329 Vitello, P., 105, 105f Vitiello, A L., 112 Vitousek, K M., 300 Vlaeyen, J S., 495 Vlassova, A., 206 Vleioras, G., 360 Vogt, D., 427 Volkow, N D., 153 Volterra, V., 257 von Helmholtz, H., 100 Von Känel, R., 421 Von Schedvin, H., 427 Vonasch, A J., 22 Voruganti, L P., 510 Voss, J., 219 Vrieze, S I., 155 Vujic, V., 58 Vygotsky, L., 353–354 W Wacher, D P., 184 Wachs, T D., 401 Waddell, J., 77 Wade, K A., 224 Wade, N J., 120 Wagemans, J., 117 Wager, T D., 58, 313 Wagner, A D., 344 Wagner, H J., 249 Wagner, H L., 314 Wagner, R K., 268 Wagner, S H., 529 Wagstaff, G., 147 Wagstaff, G F., 147 Wahlheim, C N., 211 Wain, H J., 438 Waite, S., 503 Wakefield, J C., 454 Wald, G., 101 Wald, M L., 534 Walker, E E., 513 Walker, L., 360 Walker, L J., 553 Walker, M P., 136, 140 Walker, W., 112 Walker, W R., 224 Walkey, E H., 440 Wall, T L., 159 Wallace, L S., 438 Waller, B., 27 Waller, B M., 261 Wallerstein, J S., 370 Wallin, A., 194 Wallis, J D., 23 Walsh, B T., 510 Walsh, R., 150 Walsh, V., 113 Walton, G M., 545 Wang, A., 463 Wang, F F., 77 Wang, M C., 550 Wang, M T., 184 Wang, O., 225 Wang, P S., 478, 479 Wang, Q., 226, 530 Wang, X., 106, 524 Ward, G., 209, 211 Ward, L M., 118f, 132, 542 Ward, W C., Ward-Baker, P D., 369 Warden, C A., 524 Wark, B., 92 Washburn, M F., 15 Wasserman, E A., 173 Waterhouse, J., 142 Waters, G., 76 Watson, C S., 106 Watson, J B., 17f, 18, 174 Watson, J C., 500 Watson, M., 433 Watson, P J., 420 Watters, E., 481, 482 Waxman, S., 259 Weber, A L., 546 Wechsler, D., 272 Wechsler, H., 158 Weck, F., 463 Weeks, M., 543 Wegner, D M., 211 Wehrle, R., 140 Weinberg, M S., 306 Weinberg, R A., 279 Weiner, I B., 410 Weiner, R D., 512 Weinstein, L., 334 Weinstein, M., 421 Weisberg, J N., 111 Weisner, C., 158 Weiss, A., 441 Weiss, M R., 534 Weiss, W M., 534 Weiss-Gerlach, E., 434 Weissman, M., 501 Weissman, M M., 479 Welkowitz, L A., 478 Wells, R., 132 Welsh, M., 246 Wen, M., 248 Wenk, G L., 232 Wenzel, A., 218, 305, 461 Werhane, P H., 538 Werker, J F., 333 Werner, J S., 99 Wershba, R., 419 Wertheimer, M., 15, 116 West, D S., 298 West, J F., 151 West, R., 196 West, R L., 373 West, S L., 155 Westen, D., 505, 506 Wester, A J., 231 Westerhausen, R., 118 Westerterp, K R., 297 Wetter, D W., 433 Whaley, B B., 438 Wheatcroft, J M., 147 Whisman, M., 305 Whitbourne, S., 368 Whitbourne, S K., 361, 438 White, K., 220 White, L., 258 White, N M., 194 Whitebread, D., 345 Whitehouse, W G., 148 Whitfield, K E., 277 Whitney, P G., 345 Whorf, B L., 259 Wicherski, M., 9f Wickelgren, E A., 121 Widaman, K., 333 Widiger, T., 420 Widiger, T A., 457, 474 Widmeyer, W N., 527 Wiebe, J S., 426 www.downloadslide.com Name Index Wielgosz, A T., 430 Wiesel, T., 17f, 98 Wieth, M., 143 Wiggins, J S., 395 Wildavsky, B., 262 Wilde, D J., 389, 390 Wilgoren, J., 346 Wilkin, L., 371 Wilkinson, H A., 513 Wilkinson, L., 198 Willander, J., 107 Willard, J., 540 Williams, A., 42 Williams, C J., 306 Williams, C L., 409 Williams, G C., 20 Williams, J E., 432 Williams, S., 51, 171 Williams, S J., 141 Williamson, P., 276 Willis, C., 223 Willis, G L., 57 Willis, S., 372 Willis, S L., 372 Willoughby, G., 245 Wills, K., 438 Wills, K E., 334 Wills, T., 434 Willyard, C., 10 Wilson, A., 239 Wilson, B., 207 Wilson, D., 540 Wilson, D J., 533 Wilson, G D., 306 Wilson, K S., 147 Wilson, P J., 108 Wilson, T D., 221, 541 Wilson, T G., 300 Winerman, L., 551 Wingate, L R., 172 Winkielman, P., 543 Winner, E., 277 Winocur, G., 231 Winograd, E., 219 Winson, J., 140 Winstead, B A., 363 Winter, D G., 309, 310, 369 Winters, B D., 57 Wise, E H., 41 Wiseman, R., 126 Wismar, K., 420 Witelson, S., 306 Withey, S B., 441f Witnauer, J E., 185 Witt, C M., 112 Wittchen, H., 461 Wittenbrink, B., 544 Wixted, J T., 227 Wolf, R., 81 Wolf, Y., 288 Wolf, 224 Wolfe, M S., 373 Wolff, N., 515 Wolitzky, D L., 491 Wolman, D., 50 Wolpert, E A., 140 Wong, N., 460 Wood, J P., 98 Wood, W., 523 Woodruff, S I., 435 Woodruff, N., 276 Woods, S C., 296, 297 Woodson, S R J., 317 Woody, E Z., 147 Woolf, V., 267f Woollett, K., 214 Worthen, B., 344 Worthen, J B., 209 Wren, A M., 297 Wright, B., 497 Wright, K., 142 Wright, R A., 289 Wrosch, C., 374 Wrzesniewski, K., 425 Wu, L.-T., 163 Wu, R., 507 Wu, W Y., 524 Wu, Y., 219, 370 Wuensch, K L., 552 Wuethrich, B., 158 Wundt, W., 14–15, 14f, 16f Wurtz, R H., 75 Wynn, K., 352 Wyra, M., 232 X Xiao, Z., 464 Xu, M., 296 Y Yager, L M., 175 Yamada, R., 527 Yancey, C., 195 Yang, A C., 451 Yang, D., 345 Yang, L., 510 Yao, S.-Q., 274 Yapko, M D., 141 Yardley, L., Yates, A., 450, 450f Yazdani, S., 547 Yeager, D., 420 Yechiam, E., 552 Yeomans, M R., 108 Yesilyaprak, B., 420 Yim, D., 262 Yonas, A., 120 Yoo, H., 543 Yoshino, K., 195 Young, K M., 411 Young, T., 100 Young-DeMarco, L., 305 Youngentob, S L., 108 Yumru, M., 509 Z Zack, M M., 371 Zacks, J., 239 Zacks, R., 143 Zaitsu, W., 223 Zajonc, R B., 312, 546 Zaragoza, M S., 223 Zaslavsky, O., 248 Zatorre, R., 75 Zautra, A J., 419 Zayas, V., 172 Zebrowitz, L A., 547 Zebrowitz-McArthur, L., 530 Zeigler, D W., 160 Zelenski, J M., 440 Zeng, L., 252 Zenisky, A L., 406 Zepf, F D., 389 Zepf, S., 389 Zetocha, K., 218 Zevon, M., 433 Zhang, 181 Zhang, D., 276 Zhang, F., 298 Zhang, G., 547 Zhang, Y., 247 Zhou, Y., 102 Zhou, Z., 104, 108 Zhour, Y.-H., 274 Zians, J., 309 Ziegler, M., 266 Zigler, E., 276 Zika, S., 421, 422f Zimbardo, P., 535 Zimbardo, P G., 23, 535 Zimmerman, R R., 343 Zimmermann, U S., 161 Zinkhan, G M., 218 Zito, J M., 512 Zlotnick, C., 475 Zolotor, A., 184 Zuckerman, M., 290f Zuger, A., 439 Zullig, K J., 363 Zupancic, M., 394 Zvyagintsev, M., 99 I-19 www.downloadslide.com Subject Index Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures A AA See Alcoholics Anonymous A-B-C model, 496, 497f Abnormality behavioral perspective on, 452, 453f cognitive perspective on, 452, 453f definitions of, 449–450 as deviation from average, 449 as deviation from ideal, 449 humanistic perspective on, 452–453, 453f as inability to function effectively, 450 as legal concept, 450 medical perspective on, 451, 453f psychoanalytic perspective on, 451–452, 453f as sense of personal discomfort, 449–450 sociocultural perspective on, 453–454, 453f Absolute threshold(s), 90, 129 Accommodation, visual, 96 Accountability, and goal attainment, 298 Accutane, effects on fetus, 335f Acetylcholine (ACh), 57, 57f ACh See Acetylcholine (ACh) Achievement, need for, 308–309, 323 Acid (drug) See Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Acrophobia, 459, 461f Action potential(s) definition of, 53 movement of, along axons, 53, 53f, 54f Activation information modulation (AIM) theory, 140–141 Activation-synthesis theory, of dreaming, 139f, 140–141 Activity theory of aging, 374 Acupuncture, 111f, 112 Adaptation, sensory, 92, 92f, 129 Adaptive learning, computer-based, 187 Adaptive testing, 275 Addictive drugs, 153–155, 161–162 ADHD See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Adolescence, 379 definition of, 356 development in, 356 duration of, 356 physical development in, 356–358 stormy, myth of, 361–362 suicide in, 362–364 Adolescent egocentrism, 362 Adrenal gland(s), 65f Adulthood, 379 early, 366 physical changes in, 367 emerging, 366, 367f late, 371–375, 379 See also Aging cognitive changes in, 372 memory in, 372–373 physical changes in, 371 social world of, 374 middle, 366 physical changes in, 367–368 physical development in, 367–368 social development in, 368–369 Affiliation, need for, 309, 323 Afterimage, 101–102, 101f Age, maternal, and pregnancy outcomes, 334, 335f Age of viability, 332 Aggression, 557 definition of, 549 instinct approaches to, 549–550 media violence and, 31, 32f, 195–196, 551 observational learning and, 551 physical punishment and, 183 as reaction to frustration, 550–551 real-life violence and, 196 as release, 549–550 television watching and, 31, 32f, 195–196 video games and, 195–196 Aggressive cues, 551 Aging See also Adulthood, late activity theory of, 374 disengagement theory of, 374 genetic programming theories of, 371 wear-and-tear theories of, 371 Agoraphobia, 460f, 461 Agreeableness, and personality, 394–395, 395f AIDS, effects on fetus, 335f Ainsworth strange situation, 343 Alcohol, 158–161 abuse See also Alcoholism signs of, 163–164 binge drinking of, 158, 159f consumption cultural differences in, 159 in pregnancy, 334, 335f rates of, 158 sex differences in, 158 effects of, 159–160, 160f Alcohol dependence, prevalence of, 478 Alcoholics, 160 Alcoholics Anonymous, 164, 504 Alcoholism, 157f, 160–161 and adolescent suicide, 363 among adolescents, 153 Alcohol use disorders, 475 Algorithm(s), 242 All-or-none law, 52 Alprazolam, 512 Alternation model, of bicultural competence, 262 Altruism, 553, 554 Alzheimer’s disease, 57, 77, 231, 373, 476 American Anorexia Bulimia Association, 301 American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for research, 40 website of, 20 Amitriptyline (Elavil), 510f Amnesia, 231 See also Dissociative amnesia anterograde, 231 retrograde, 231 source, 221 Amok, 481 Amphetamines, 156, 157f Amplitude, of sound waves, 105 Amygdala, 72–73, 73f activation of, in viewing black faces, 543 and emotions, 318, 318f and memory, 214, 214f and personality characteristics, 402 sleep deprivation and, 137 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 71 Analogy(ies), 253 Anal stage, of personality development, Freudian theory of, 385f, 386 Androgen(s), 302–303 Anger, management of, 554 Animals communication by, 260–261 in research, 42–43, 43f Anorexia nervosa, 300, 476, 481 Antianxiety drugs, 510f, 512 Antidepressant drugs, 510–511, 510f effectiveness of, 514 tricyclic, 510, 510f Antipsychotic drugs, 509–510, 510f atypical, 509–510, 510f Antisocial personality disorder, 473–474 Anvil, of inner ear, 103, 104f Anxiety drug therapy for See Antianxiety drugs free-floating, 461 Freudian theory of, 386–387 neurotic, Freudian theory of, 387 Anxiety disorders, 455f, 459–461 causes of, 463 APA See American Psychological Association Aphasia, 76 Apparent movement, perception of, 121–122 Archetypes, 389–390, 390f Archival research, 28–39, 36f Arousal approaches to motivation, 289, 292, 293f Arrangement problem(s), 244f–245f, 245 Artificial intelligence, 238, 243 ASD See Autism spectrum disorder Association area(s), 74, 74f, 75–76, 85f Assumed-similarity bias, 529 Ataque de nervios, 481 Attachment assessment of, 343 definition of, 341 development of, 341–343, 343f father-child, 344 mother-child, 343 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 475 adult, diagnostic criteria for, in DSM-5, 455 Attitude(s), 523–526, 557 and behavior, 525–526 definition of, 523 Attitude communicator, 523 I-20 www.downloadslide.com Subject Index Attribution biases, 528–530 culture and, 530 Attribution theory, 528, 557 Auditory area, 75, 106 Auditory association area, 74f Auditory canal, 103, 104f Auditory nerve, 104f Authoritarian parents, 346–347, 347f Authoritative parents, 346–347, 347f Autism, 183 Autism spectrum disorder, 20, 475, 475f in DSM-5, 455 Autobiographical memory, 224–225, 224f, 235 Autonomic division (involuntary), of peripheral nervous system, 61f, 62, 85f Autonomic nervous system divisions of, 61f, 62 activation of, 62 functions of, 62, 63f Autonomy, as need, 292 Availability heuristic, 242 Aversive conditioning, 493 Avoidant coping, 426 Axon(s), 51–52, 52f, 55f, 56 action potential movement along, 53, 53f, 54f B Babble, 256 Babinski reflex, 338 Background stressor(s), 421, 421f Balance, 103, 106–107 Barbiturates, 157f, 161 Basilar membrane, 103–104, 105–106 Bath salts, 156 Behavior, 5, 68 abnormal See also Abnormality behavioral treatment approaches to, 492 definition of, 450–451 attitudes and, 525–526 biological foundations of, conscious versus unconscious determinants of, 21–22, 21f deterministic view of, 399 environmental factors affecting, 327 evolution and, 8–9 hereditary factors affecting, 327 normal versus abnormal, 449–451 observable, versus internal mental processes, 21f, 22 Behavioral assessment, 411 Behavioral genetics, 7f, 9, 64, 328, 331 Behavioral neuroscience, 6, 7f, 16 Behavioral neuroscientist(s), 50 Behavioral perspective, 17f, 18, 21–22, 21f, 47f on psychological disorders, 452, 453f Behavioral treatment approaches, 492–495, 492f, 519 criticisms of, 495 successes of, 495 Behavior analysis, 189 Behavior analyst, 189 Behaviorist approach, to personality, Skinner’s, 396–397, 404f Behavior modification, 189–190 Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein & Murray), 278–279 Bell-shaped distribution, 271, 271f Benzedrine, 157f Benzodiazepines, 510f Bereavement support group, 503 Beta amyloid, 231, 373 Bias(es) assumed-similarity, 529 attribution, 528–530 confirmation, 251 experimental, 43–44, 47f self-serving, 529 Biculturalism, 262 Big Five personality traits, 394–395, 395f Bilingual education, 261–262 Bilingualism, advantages of, 262 Binge drinking, 158, 159f Binge eating disorder, 481 Binocular disparity, 119 Biofeedback, 81–82 for pain management, 112 Biological and evolutionary approaches to personality, 399–402, 404f, 415 Biomedical therapy, 488, 509, 519 advantages and disadvantages of, 514 Biopsychologist(s), 50 Bipolar cell(s), in retina, 97, 97f Bipolar disorder, 467, 467f drug therapy for, 511–512 Bisexuality, 306 Blindness, technology for, 98 Blind spot, 95f, 97, 98f Body mass index (BMI), 295–296, 296f Boomerang children, 362 Borderline personality disorder, 474 Boston Marathon massacre, 4, 46 Bottom-up processing, 118, 129 Brain, 50, 60–62, 61f, 65, 85f abnormalities, in schizophrenia, 471, 472 areas of, related to depression, 468 cognitive-behavioral therapy and, 498 diversity and, 79–80 divisions of, 70f See also Central core; Cerebral cortex (“new brain”) evolution of, 64 functions of, 68 major structures of, 72f neural connections in, 60 neuroplasticity and, 76–78, 85f and personality characteristics, 401, 402 physical properties of, 68, 68f sex differences in, 79–80 size, sex differences in, 80 stimulation, for pain management, 112 structure of, sexual orientation and, 306 top- and bottom-brain systems of, 79 Brain fag, 481 Brain scan(s), 68–69, 69f Broca’s aphasia, 76 Broca’s area, 74f Bulimia, 300, 476 Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban), 510 C Caffeine, 155–156, 155f Cancer, psychological aspects of, 431, 432–433, 445 Cannabis, 157f Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, 315–316, 316f, 323 CAPS See Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS) theory Case study(ies), 30, 36f Castration anxiety, Freudian theory of, 386 Cataclysmic events, 420 Categorization, culture and, 241 Catharsis, 550 Cathinone, 156, 157f Cell phone conversations, distraction caused by, 150 Central core, of brain (“old brain”), 70–72, 70f, 85f Central executive, in working memory, 210, 210f I-21 Central nervous system (CNS), 60–62, 61f, 85f Central route processing, 524–525, 524f Central trait(s), 527 Cerebellum, 70, 72f Cerebral cortex (“new brain”), 70f, 72f, 73–76, 74f, 85f and emotions, 317 Chantix, 434 Child care, outside the home, 345–346, 345f Childhood, psychological disorders affecting, 475 Child-rearing styles, and social development, 346–347, 347f Children See also Cognitive development; Neonate(s) injuries to, parental distraction and, 344 language development in, 256–257 memory reliability in, 223–224 physical development of, 341, 342f Chlorpromazine, 509, 510f Chromosome(s), 330–331, 331f Chunk(s), of information, 208, 208f, 235 Cingulotomy, 513 Circadian rhythms, 142–143, 167 Classical conditioning, 171–177, 201 in behavioral treatment, 492–494, 519 challenges to, 177 and human behavior, 174–175 and operant conditioning, comparison of, 188–189, 188f principles of, 172–174 Claustrophobia, 459 Client-centered therapy, 500–501 Clinical mental health counselor(s), 489f Clinical neuropsychology, 7f, 9, 17f Clinical psychologist(s), 489f Clinical psychology, 7f, Close relationships, 546 Closure, in perception, 117, 117f Clozapine (Clozaril), 510f CNS See Central nervous system (CNS) Cocaine, 156–158, 157f Cochlea, 103–104, 104f, 105–106 Cognition(s), 452 See also Social cognition versus emotion, 312–313 need for, 524–525, 524f Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS) theory, 398 Cognitive appraisal, 497 Cognitive approaches to motivation, 289–291, 292, 293f Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 496–498 brain changes caused by, 498 Cognitive complexity, of creativity, 253 Cognitive development, 348–354 concrete operational stage of, 350 continuum of, 352 culture and, 353–354 definition of, 349 formal operational stage of, 351–352, 358 information processing and, 352–353 Piaget’s theory of, 349–351, 379 preoperational stage of, 350 sensorimotor stage of, 349–350 Vygotsky’s view of, 353–354 Cognitive dissonance, 525–526, 526f Cognitive function(s) age-related changes in, 372–373, 373f circadian rhythms of, 143 Cognitive learning theory, 192, 201 Cognitive map(s), 193–194, 193f Cognitive perspective, 17f, 19, 21f, 22, 47f on psychological disorders, 452, 453f Cognitive psychology, 6, 7f, 177, 238 Cognitive restructuring, for pain management, 113 www.downloadslide.com I-22 Subject Index Cognitive treatment approaches, 496–498, 519 criticisms of, 497 successes of, 497 Cohort, definition of, 330 Collective unconscious, 389–390 Collectivistic orientation, 530 Color blindness, 100, 100f Color vision, 96, 99–102, 129 opponent-process theory of, 101–102 trichromatic theory of, 100–102 Coming of age, culture and, 364–365 Communication, with health-care providers, 438–439 Community psychology, 514–515, 519 Comorbidity, 478 Companionate love, 547, 548f Competence, as need, 292 Compliance, 535–537, 557 Compulsion(s), definition of, 461 Computerized tests, 275 Concept(s), 240–242 Concept cells, and memory, 215 Conception, 330, 331f Conditional positive regard, 403 Conditioned response (CR), 172–174, 173f acquisition of, 175, 175f extinction of, 175–176, 175f spontaneous recovery of, 175f, 176 Conditioned stimulus (CS), 172–174, 173f Cone(s), 96, 97, 97f, 101 Confederate(s), of experimenters, 35–36 Confirmation bias, and problem solving, 251 Conformity, 532–533, 557 See also Groupthink to social roles, 534–535 Conscientiousness, and personality, 394–395, 395f Conscious experience, Freudian theory of, 383–384, 384f, 415 Consciousness, 132 altered states of, 132 cross-cultural routes to, 151 divided, hypnosis and, 147 drugs and, 132 experience of, across cultures, 151 states of, 167 See also Sleep waking, 132 Conservation, principle of, 350, 351f Consolidation, of memory, 214–215 Constructive processes, in memory, 221–225, 235 Contingency contracting, 495 Control group, 33 Convergent thinking, 252, 253 Conversion disorder, 463–464, 464f Coping avoidant, 426 definition of, 425 effective strategies for, 429 emotion-focused, 426 proactive, 429 problem-focused, 426 with stress, 425–426, 445 Coping styles, 427 Cornea, 95, 95f Coronary heart disease, psychological aspects of, 431–432, 445 Corpus callosum, 72f, 81f sex differences in, 80 Correlation versus causation, 31, 32f negative, 31 positive, 30–31 Correlational research, 30–31, 32f, 36f Correlation coefficient, 30 Cortisol, 427 Cosmetic surgery, psychological aspects of, 396 Counseling, nondirective, 501 Counseling psychologist(s), 489f Counseling psychology, 7f, Counselor(s) clinical mental health, 489f licensed professional, 489f CR See Conditioned response (CR) Crack (cocaine), 156–158 Creativity, 251–252 circadian rhythms of, 143 cognitive complexity of, 253 definition of, 251 divergent thinking and, 252, 253 intelligence and, 253 Crisis center(s), 515 Critical period See also Sensitive period(s) for language development, 256, 333 Critical thinking, 253 Cross-cultural psychology, 7f, Cross-sectional research definition of, 329 limitations of, 329–330 Crystallized intelligence, 266, 269f, 283 CS See Conditioned stimulus (CS) Cue(s) aggressive, 551 monocular, 119–120 retrieval, 217, 229, 235 Cue-dependent forgetting, 229, 235 Culture See also Biculturalism and attribution biases, 530 and brain lateralization, 80 and categorization, 241 and child rearing, 347 and cognitive development, 353–354 and coming-of-age ceremonies, 364–365 and eating habits, 298 and emotions, 313–314 and expression of emotion, 319–320, 319f and learning, 197–199 and memory, 225–226 and moral development, 359 and pain, 111 and perception, 124, 124f, 125f and psychological disorders, 479–482 Culture-fair IQ test, 278 Curiosity, 288 D Daily hassles, 421, 421f, 422f D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education), 155 Dark adaptation, 96 Date-rape drug See Rohypnol Daydreams, 143–144 Death adjustment to, 375–376 stages of, 376 Decay, of memory, 228–229, 235 Decibels, 105 Declarative memory, 211, 212f, 235 Defense mechanisms, 426, 490 Freudian theory of, 386–388, 387f, 415 Deinstitutionalization, 515, 519 Delusions, in schizophrenia, 470 Dendrite(s), 51–52, 52f, 55f, 56 Denial, as defense mechanism, 387f Depakote, 510f, 511 Dependence on drugs, 161–162 physiological, 153 prevalence of, 478 psychological, 153 on technology, psychological, 154 Dependent variable(s), 33 Depressants, 157f, 158–161, 167 Depression See also Major depressive disorder; Seasonal affective disorder causes of, 468 drug therapy for See Antidepressant drugs electroconvulsive therapy for, 512–513 Internet-based treatment of, 497 normal, versus major depression, 466 prevalence of, 478 sexual orientation and, 307 signs and symptoms of, 466, 466f transcranial magnetic stimulation for, 513 in women, 466, 468–469 Depth perception, 118–120, 119f, 129 DES See Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Descriptive research, 28–31, 36f, 47f Desipramine (Norpramin), 510f Desyrel See Trazodone (Desyrel) Determinism, 19, 21f, 22 Development, 326, 378 See also Cognitive development; Language development; Moral development; Psychosocial development; Social development prenatal, 330–335, 379 Developmental disability, 476 Developmental psychology, 6, 7f, 21, 326, 327–328 Developmental research adoption studies in, 329 animal studies in, 329 cross-sectional, 329–330 longitudinal, 330 sibling studies in, 329 techniques for, 329–330, 379 twin studies in, 329 Deviation IQ scores, 271 Devil’s tuning fork, 124, 124f Dexedrine, 156, 157f Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), 454 changes seen in, 454–455 as descriptive system, 455–456 limitations of, 457 major diagnostic categories in, 454, 455f social and cultural context of, 479–482 DID See Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Diethylstilbestrol (DES), effects on fetus, 335f Dieting, weight-loss, guidelines for, 301–302 Difference threshold(s), 91–92, 129 Diffusion of responsibility, 552 theory of, 27, 32 Discrimination, 540, 557 effects of, reducing, 544–545 measurement of, 544 in operant conditioning, 186–187 Discriminative stimulus, 187 Disengagement theory of aging, 374 Displacement, as defense mechanism, 387f Dispositional causes, 528–530 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 480 Dissociation, hypnosis and, 147 Dissociative amnesia, 465 Dissociative disorders, 455f, 464–465 Dissociative fugue, 465 Dissociative identity disorder (DID), 464, 481 Divergent thinking, 252, 253 Diversity, 23 and brain, 79–80 of research subjects, 41, 42 Divorce, 369 DMD See Duchenne muscular dystrophy DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 331, 331f Door-in-the-face technique, to gain compliance, 536 www.downloadslide.com Subject Index Dopamine, 57–58, 57f, 77 cocaine high and, 156–158 in reinforcement, 181 Dopamine hypothesis, of schizophrenia, 471 Double-blind study, 44 Double standard, 305 Down syndrome, 276, 334, 335f Dream(s), 135, 138–141 activation-synthesis theory of, 139f, 140–141 daydreams and, 144 dreams-for-survival theory of, 139f, 140 explanation of evolutionary, 139f, 140 neuroscientific, 139f, 140–141 psychoanalytic, 138–140, 139f function and meaning of, 138–141, 167 interpretation of, 490 latent content of, 138–139, 139f, 490 manifest content of, 138–139, 139f, 490 themes in, 138, 138f unconscious wish fulfillment theory of, 138–140, 139f Dreams-for-survival theory, 139f, 140 Drive(s) definition of, 288 primary, 288 secondary, 288 Drive-reduction approaches to motivation, 288, 289, 293f Driving and cell phone use, 210 and texting, Drug(s) abuse and adolescent suicide, 363 signs of, 163–164 addiction to, 153–155, 161–162 classical conditioning and, 175, 176 addictive, 153–155, 161–162 mechanism of action of, 153, 154f prenatal exposure to, 333, 334, 335f psychoactive, 153 use of, 153, 167 among adolescents, 153, 154f reasons for, 154–155 Drug dependence, 161–162 physiological, 153 prevalence of, 478 psychological, 153 Drug therapy, 509–512, 519 DSM-5 See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 330 Dystrophin, 330 E Ear(s), 103, 104f, 129 Eardrum, 103, 104f Eating See also Hunger culture and, 298 motivation behind, 295–301, 323 social factors affecting, 297–298, 323 Eating disorder(s), 295, 300–301, 323, 476 neuroscience of, 300, 301 e-cigarettes, 434 Eclectic approach, 488, 506 ECoG See Electrocorticographic (ECoG) implant Ecstasy (drug), 157f, 163 ECT See Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Educational psychology, 7f EEG See Electroencephalography (EEG) Ego, Freudian theory of, 384–385, 384f, 415 Egocentric thought, 350 Egocentrism, adolescent, 362 Elaborative rehearsal, of information in short-term memory, 209 Elavil See Amitriptyline (Elavil) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 512–513, 519 Electrocorticographic (ECoG) implant, 71 Electroencephalography (EEG), 68–69, 69f Electronic cigarettes, 434 Electrophobia, 459 Embryo, 332 Emerging adulthood, 366 Emotion(s), 286, 322, 323 Cannon-Bard theory of, 315–316, 316f, 323 versus cognition, 312–313 culture and, 313–314 definition of, 312 disordered, in schizophrenia, 470 expression of culture and, 319–320, 319f facial-affect program and, 320 facial-feedback hypothesis and, 320 functions of, 313, 323 hierarchy of, 313–314, 314f James-Lange theory of, 315, 316f, 323 multiple perspectives on, 318 neuroscience of, 317–318 physiological effects of, 314–316 in pregnancy, 334 range of, 313–314 recognition of, by infants, 339–340 Schachter-Singer theory of, 316–317, 316f, 323 Emotional insulation, 426 Emotional intelligence, 268–269, 269f, 283 Emotional stability, and personality, 394–395, 395f Emotion-focused coping, 426 Empathy, 553 mirror neurons and, 54–55 in person-centered therapy, 501 Employment, areas of, for psychologists, 9–10, 9f, 11, 12f Encoding, of memory, 205, 205f, 228 Endocrine system, 64–66, 85f definition of, 64 glands of, 64–65, 65f and nervous system, 64 Endorphins, 57f, 58, 112 English immersion programs, 262 Engram, 214 Entrapment, 534 Environment and behavior, 327 and development, 329 and personality characteristics, 402 Environmental psychology, 7f Environmental stimuli, distraction caused by, 150 Epilepsy, 71, 73 Episodic buffer, in working memory, 210, 210f Episodic memory, 212, 212f, 235 Eskimos, words for snow, 259 ESP See Extrasensory perception (ESP) Estrogen(s), 303 Ethics, of research, 40–41 Ethologist(s), 549 Eustachian tube, 104f Evidence-based psychotherapy practice, 506 Evolutionary psychology, 7f, 8–9, 17f, 64 Excitatory messages, 56 Executive functions, 76 Experiment(s), 32, 34, 35f Experimental bias, 43–44, 47f Experimental group(s), 33 assignment of participants to, 34 Experimental manipulation, 32 Experimental psychology, 6, 7f Experimental research, 32–37, 36f, 47f I-23 Explicit memory, 219, 235 Expressed emotion, and schizophrenia, 472 Extinction, of conditioned response, 175–176, 175f, 184, 201 Extramarital sex, 305 Extrasensory perception (ESP), 125–126 Extraversion Eysenck’s theory of, 394, 394f and personality, 394–395, 395f Extrovert(s), 401, 402 Eye(s), 94, 95f, 129 cells of, 96, 97f structure of, 95–99 Eyewitness testimony, 20, 223 F Face(s), recall of, 88 Faceblindness, 88 Facebook addiction to, 170, 200 adolescents’ use of, 362 Facial-affect program, 320 Facial expression(s), discrimination of, by neonate, 339, 339f, 340 Facial-feedback hypothesis, 320 Factor(s), 394 Factor analysis, 394 FAE See Fetal alcohol effects Familial retardation, 276 Familiarity heuristic, 242 Family therapy, 503 FAS See Fetal alcohol syndrome Father-child attachment, 344 Fear(s), 312–313, 320 hierarchy of, 494 memories of, altering, as treatment for PTSD, 428 physiological effects of, 314–315 Fearless Peer, 495, 495f Feature detector(s), 98 Feminine archetype, 390 Fetal alcohol effects, 334 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 276, 334 Fetus, 332, 332f genetic factors affecting, 333–334 Fixations, Freudian theory of, 385–386 Flashbulb memories, 220–221, 220f, 235 Flooding, 494 Fluid intelligence, 266, 269f, 283 in late adulthood, 372 Fluoxetine (Prozac), 510f, 511 fMRI See Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional Foot-in-the-door technique, to gain compliance, 535–536 Forebrain, 70 Forensic psychology, 7f Forgetting, 227, 235 cue-dependent, 229, 235 decay and, 229, 235 interference and, 229–230, 235 processes of, 228–229 time frame of, 227, 228f Formal thought disorder, 469–470 Fovea, 95f, 96, 97f Fractionation, 253 Free association, 490–491 Free will, 19 versus determinism, 21f, 22 Frequency theory of hearing, 106 Freudian slip, 383 Frontal lobe(s), 73f, 74, 74f Frustration-aggression theory, 550–551 www.downloadslide.com I-24 Subject Index Functional fixedness, 250 Functionalism, 15, 16f Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 68, 69, 69f Fundamental attribution error, 529–530 G g or g-factor, 265, 283 GABA See Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Gag reflex, 337 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 57, 57f Gamma knife surgery, 513 Ganglion cell(s), in retina, 97, 97f, 98 GAS See General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Gate-control theory of pain, 111–112 Gender dysphoria, 456 in DSM-5, 455 Gender role(s), media portrayals of, 197 Gene(s), 331, 331f and personality, 401–402 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 423–424, 424f, 445 General Aptitude Test Battery, 407 Generalization, in operant conditioning, 186–187 Generalized anxiety disorder, 461, 462f Gene therapy, 514 Genetic programming theories of aging, 371 Genetics, 330–331, 379 See also Heredity and aging, 371 behavioral, 7f, 9, 64, 328, 331 characteristics influenced by, 328, 328f and intelligence, 277–278 and personality, 399–402 of schizophrenia, 470–471, 471f and smoking, 433–434 Genitals, 302–303, 303f Genital stage, of personality development, Freudian theory of, 385f, 386 German measles, 334, 335f Germinal period, 332 Gestalt laws of organization, 116–117, 117f, 129 infants’ perception of, 340 Gestalt psychology, 15, 16f Ghrelin, 297 Glial cell(s), 51 Glove anesthesia, 464, 464f Glutamate, 57, 57f, 510–511 Google effect, 211 Grammar, 255–256 Ground, of figure, 116 Group(s) See also Experimental group(s) definition of, 532 Group therapy, 503–504, 503f, 519 Groupthink, 533–534, 557 Gustation, 108 H Habituation, 171, 339 Hagaii, 314 Hair cells, of inner ear, 104, 106–107 Haldol See Haloperidol (Haldol) Hallucination(s), 162 in schizophrenia, 470, 471 Hallucinogens, 157f, 162–163, 167 Halo effect, 529 Haloperidol (Haldol), 510f Hammer, of inner ear, 103, 104f Happiness, 20, 440–441, 445 money and, 441–442 set point for, 441 Hardiness, 427 Hashish, 157f Hash oil, 157f Hassles, daily, 421, 421f, 422f Health care, 437 Health-care providers, communication with, 438–439 Health psychology, 6, 7f, 418 Hearing, 103, 129 age-related changes in, 105, 105f frequency theory of, 106 neonatal, 340 place theory of, 106 Heart disease, psychological aspects of, 431–432, 445 Helping process, 552–553, 552f Hemisphere(s), of brain, 78, 81f interdependence of, 78, 80 lateralization of, 78–79, 85f specialization of, 78–79, 80 Hemispherectomy, 79 Heredity, 16, 21 See also Genetics and behavior, 327–328 characteristics influenced by, 328, 328f and development, 329 Heritability, definition of, 278 Hermaphrodite(s), 308 Heroin, 157f, 161–162 Heterosexuality, 304–305 Heuristic(s), 242, 247, 253 availability, 242 familiarity, 242 Hierarchy of fears, 494 Hindbrain, 70 Hippocampus, 72–73, 73f and emotions, 318 and memory, 214, 214f Hoarding, 481 Homeless people, psychological disorders in, 515 Homeostasis, 72 definition of, 288 maintenance of, 288 Homosexuality, 306–307 attitudes toward, 307 Hormone(s), 64, 65 and sexual orientation, 306 Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 65 for menopausal symptoms, 367–368 Hot lines, 515 HRT See Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Human Genome Project, 331 Humanistic approaches, to personality, 403–404, 404f, 415 Humanistic perspective, 17f, 19, 21f, 22, 47f on psychological disorders, 452–453, 453f Humanistic therapy, 500–501, 519 Hunger motivation behind, 295–301 regulation of, biological factors in, 296–297, 323 Hyperthymestic syndrome, 204 Hypnosis, 132, 146–148, 166, 167 athletic, 148 as divided consciousness, 147–148 legal applications of, 148 for pain management, 112 therapeutic applications of, 148 value of, 148 Hypothalamus, 64, 65, 65f, 72, 72f and food intake, 297 Hypothesis (pl., hypotheses), 27–28, 32 IIAT See Implicit Association Test (IAT) iBrain, 71 Id, Freudian theory of, 384–385, 384f, 415 Identification, Freudian theory of, 386, 388f Identity, definition of, 360 Illness, in pregnancy, 334 Illness anxiety disorder, 463 Immersion programs, 262 Immune system, 418 stress and, 424–425, 424f, 425f Implicit Association Test (IAT), 544 Implicit memory, 219–220, 235 Impression formation, 527–528 Imprinting, 342 Incentive(s), definition of, 289 Incentive approaches to motivation, 289, 293f Independent variable(s), 33 Individual differences versus universal principles, 21f, 22 Individualist orientation, 530 Industrial/organizational psychology, 7f, 536–537 Ineffability, 151 Infant(s) development of movement in, 338, 338f perceptual skills of, 339–341 Inferiority complex, 391 Information processing in children, 352–353 definition of, 352 Informed consent definition of, 40 of research subjects, 40–41 Ingroups, 542 Inhibitory messages, 56 Inner ear, 103–104, 104f Insanity, legal definition of, 450 Insight, 247–248, 248f Insomnia, 141 management of, 144 Inspiration, and goal attainment, 298 Instinct(s), 287–288, 293f definition of, 287 Insulin, 297 Intellectual disability(ies), 275–276, 283 causes of, 276 in DSM-5, 454 mainstreaming of individuals with, 276 Intellectually gifted, 276–277, 283 Intelligence, 238, 264–265 See also Artificial intelligence analytical, 268 assessment of, 270–275, 283 bodily kinesthetic, 267f creative, 268 and creativity, 253 crystallized, 266, 269f, 283 in late adulthood, 372 definition of, 265 emotional, 268–269, 269f, 283 environment and, 277–278 existential, 266 fluid, 266, 269f, 283 in late adulthood, 372 genetics and, 277–278 group differences in, 277–278 interpersonal, 267f intrapersonal, 267f in late adulthood, 372 linguistic, 267f logical-mathematic, 267f multiple forms of, Gardner’s theory of, 266, 267f, 269f, 283 musical, 267f naturalist, 267f practical, 268, 269f, 283 spatial, 267f theories of, 265–269, 269f, 283 www.downloadslide.com Subject Index Intelligence quotient (IQ), 271, 271f, 283 and intellectual disability, 275 and intellectual giftedness, 276 Intelligence test(s), 266, 271–272, 283 culture-fair, 278 definition of, 270 historical perspective on, 270 practical, 268, 269f racial and cultural differences and, 277–278 traditional, 268 Interactionist approach, to language development, 259 Interference in memory, 229–230, 235 proactive, 229, 230f retroactive, 230, 230f Internet addiction disorder, 476 Internet-based therapy, 506 for depression, 497 Interpersonal attraction, 546 Interpersonal intelligence, 267f Interpersonal therapy (IPT), 501–502, 519 Intersexism, 308 Intoxication, 158 Intrapersonal intelligence, 267f Introspection, 14–15 Ion(s), in nerve transmission, 52–53, 54f I/O psychology See Industrial/organizational psychology IPT See Interpersonal therapy (IPT) Iris, of eye, 95, 95f JJames-Lange theory of emotion, 315, 316f, 323 Just noticeable difference, 91–92, 129 K Kanzi (chimp), 261 Ketamine, 510–511 Keyword technique, for memorizing, 232 Koro, 481 Korsakoff’s syndrome, 231 L Labeling, stigma of, 456–457 La belle indifférence, 464 Language, 238, 255 See also Bilingualism mirror neurons and, 54–55 production of, 256–257 and thinking, 259–260 use by animals, 260–261 Language development, 256–257, 340–341, 350 critical period for, 256, 333 interactionist approach to, 259 learning-theory approach to, 257–258, 283 nativist approach to, 258 Lanugo, 337 Latency period, of personality development, Freudian theory of, 385f, 386 Latent learning, 192–194, 193f, 201 Lateralization, 78, 85f culture and, 80 sex differences in, 79 Law of effect (Thorndike), 179–180, 180f Learned helplessness, 426–427 and depression, 468 Learning, 73, 170, 171 See also Cognitive learning theory adaptive, computer-based, 187 biological constraints on, 187–188, 188f culture and, 197–199 dreaming and, 140 latent, 192–194, 193f, 201 observational, 194–196, 194f, 196f, 201, 397 and aggression, 551 in behavior therapy, 495, 495f of stereotypes/prejudices, 542, 542f prenatal, 332 Learning approaches, to personality, 396–399, 404f, 415 Learning styles, 198–199 analytical, 198, 198f relational, 198, 198f Learning theory, of sexual orientation, 306–307 Learning-theory approach, to language development, 257–258, 283 Leptin, 298 Levels-of-processing theory, 218, 235 Licensed professional counselor(s), 489f Life Orientation Test, 409f Life review, 375 Light refraction of, 95 visible spectrum of, 94, 94f Light adaptation, 96 Light therapy, for pain management, 112 Liking, 546–547, 557 Limbic system, 72–73, 73f, 85f and anxiety, 463 and memory, 214, 214f Linear perspective, 119f, 120 Linguistic-relativity hypothesis, 259–260 Lithium, 510f, 511–512 Lithonate See Lithium Little Albert, 174, 176 Lobe(s), of cerebral cortex, 74, 74f Longitudinal research, 330 Long-term memory, 206, 206f, 211–215, 212f, 235 memory modules in, 211–212 Long-term potentiation, 214 Love, 547–549, 557 decision/commitment component of, 548, 548f intimacy component of, 548, 548f passion component of, 548, 548f types of, 547–548, 548f LSD See Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 157f, 163 M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional, 23 Mainstreaming, 276 Major depressive disorder, 465–466 causes of, 468 in children and adolescents, 475 incidence of, culture and, 479 prevalence of, 478 signs and symptoms of, 466, 466f Male archetype, 390 Mania, 467, 467f Manic-depressive disorder See Bipolar disorder Mantra, 148 Marijuana, 157f, 162 adverse effects of, 162 medical uses of, 162 use of, by adolescents, 162, 162f Marital sex, 305 Marriage, 369 Marriage partner, desired characteristics of, 548–549, 548f Masturbation, 304 I-25 Maturation, 328 MDMA, 157f, 163 Media copycats, 195 Medical advice compliance with, increasing, 439–440, 445 creative nonadherence to, 437 noncompliance with, 437–438, 445 Medical perspective, on psychological disorders, 451, 453f Medical student’s disease, 482 Medication(s), for pain management, 112 Meditation, 148–150, 167 Medulla, 70, 72f Memory, 73, 204, 235 autobiographical, 224–225, 224f children’s, age-related changes in, 353, 353f constructive processes in, 221–225, 235 cross-cultural differences in, 225–226 declarative, 211, 212f, 235 definition of, 205 dreaming and, 140 dysfunctions of, 230–232 echoic, 206 emotions and, 222, 222f episodic, 212, 212f, 235 explicit, 219, 235 and eyewitness testimony, 223 failure of, 227, 235 false, 222, 224 iconic, 206 implicit, 219–220, 235 improving, strategies for, 232 in late adulthood, 372–373 levels-of-processing theory and, 218, 235 long-term, 206, 206f, 211–215, 212f, 235 memory modules in, 211–212 at neuron level, 214–215 neuroscience of, 214–215 nondeclarative See Memory, procedural odor and, 107 perfect, 204, 231–232, 234 procedural, 211, 212f, 235 processes of, 205, 205f reliability in children, 223–224 of witnesses, 223, 223f repressed, 224, 465 semantic, 211, 212f, 235 sensory, 206–207, 206f, 235 short-term, 206, 206f, 207–209, 211, 235 three-system approach to, 205–206, 206f working, 209–210, 210f Memory loss, 230–231, 235 See also Forgetting decay and, 229, 235 interference and, 229–230, 235 Memory modules, 211–212 Memory traces, 229 Men, roles of, 370 Menopause, 367–368 Mental age, 270, 283 Mental illness [term], 451 Mental images, 239, 240f Mental processes, Mental retardation, 275–276 classification, by severity, 275 Mental set, 250, 250f Message(s) fear-producing, 523 positively framed versus negatively framed, 439–440, 445 target of, 523 two-sided versus one-sided, 523 Meta-analysis, 37, 505 Metabolism, 297 www.downloadslide.com I-26 Subject Index Metacognition, 353 Methadone, 161–162 Methamphetamine, 156 Midbrain, 70 Middle ear, 103, 104f Midlife transition, 368 Mind pops, 222 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), 408–409, 410f Minority groups, psychologists from, 10–11 Mirror neurons, 54–55, 194 MMPI-2-RF See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Mnemonics, 209 Model(s), 551 in observational learning, 194 Modern racism, 540 Molly (drug) See MDMA Money, and happiness, 441–442 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 510, 510f Monocular cues, 119–120 Mood(s), circadian rhythms of, 142–143 Mood disorders, 455f, 465–469 causes of, 468 Mood stabilizers, 510f, 511–512 Moral development Gilligan’s theory of, 359–360 Kohlberg’s theory of, 358–359, 359f in women, 359–360 Morphine, 157f, 161–162 Mother archetype, 389–390 Mother-child attachment, 343 Motion, sense of, 103 Motion parallax, 119 Motion perception, 121–122, 129 Motivation, 286, 292, 293f, 322, 323 See also Need(s); Sexual motivation arousal approaches to, 289, 292, 293f cognitive approaches to, 289–291, 292, 293f definition of, 287 drive-reduction approaches to, 288, 289, 293f for eating, 295–301 extrinsic, 289–291 hunger and, 295–301 incentive approaches to, 289, 293f instinct approach to, 287–288, 293f intrinsic, 289–291 Motor area(s), 74–75, 74f, 85f Motor (efferent) neuron(s), 62 Movement(s), development of, in infant/child, 338, 338f Müller-Lyer illusion, 123, 124f Multimodal perception, 113 Multiple personality disorder See Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Music, as distraction, 122 Musu, 314 Myelin sheath, 52, 52f Myers-Briggs personality test, 390 N Narcissism, 398–399 Narcissism Personality Inventory, 398 Narcissistic personality disorder, 474 Narcolepsy, 141 Narcotics, 157f, 161–162, 167 Narcotics Anonymous, 164, 504 Nardil See Phenelzine (Nardil) National Council on Alcoholism, 164 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 164 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 164 Nativist approach, to language development, 258 Natural disasters, 420 Naturalistic observation, 29, 29f, 36f Nature-nurture issue, 171, 327–328, 378, 379 interactionist position on, 328–329 research approaches to, 329 Nature versus nurture, 21, 21f Necker cube, 116f Need(s) for achievement, 308–309, 323 for affiliation, 309, 323 Maslow’s hierarchy of, 291–292, 291f, 293f for power, 309–310, 323 Nefazodone (Serzone), 510, 510f, 511f Negative correlation, 31 Negative reinforcer(s), 181–182 Nembutal, 157f, 161 Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, 389–391, 415 Neonate(s), 337, 379 appearance of, 337 perceptual skills of, 338–339 reflexes of, 337–338, 337f vision of, 338–341 Nerve stimulation, for pain management, 112 Nervous system, 50, 51, 60–64, 61f, 85f and endocrine system, 64 evolution of, 63–64 hierarchical organization of, 64 Neurocognitive disorders, 455f, 476 in DSM-5, 454 Neurodevelopmental disorders, in DSM-5, 454 Neurofeedback, 81–82 Neurogenesis, 77 Neuron(s), 60, 68, 85f See also Motor (efferent) neuron(s); Sensory (afferent) neuron(s) definition of, 51 firing of, 52–55 rate of, 53–54 functions of, 52–55, 85f and memory, 214–215 mirror, 54–55 renewal, in adulthood, 76–77 resting state of, 52 speed of transmission by, 53–54 structure of, 51–52, 52f, 85f Neuroplasticity and brain, 76–78, 85f definition of, 76 Neuropsychology, clinical, 7f, 9, 17f Neuroscience, social, 23 Neuroscience perspective, 16–17, 17f, 21f, 22, 47f Neuroscientist(s), 50 Neurosis [term], 388, 456 Neurotic [term], 455–456 Neurotic anxiety, Freudian theory of, 387 Neuroticism Eysenck’s theory of, 394, 394f and personality, 394–395, 395f Neurotransmitter(s), 55f, 85f definition of, 56 and depression, 468 effects/functions of, 56–58, 57f Neutral stimulus, 172, 173f, 174 Nicotine, 156 addictiveness of, 434 use in pregnancy, 335, 335f Nicotine replacement therapy, 434–435 Nightmares, 138, 141 Night terrors, 141 Night vision, 96 Noise, 90–91, 91f Nondirective counseling, 501 Norepinephrine, and depression, 468 Norms, 274, 532 for psychological tests, 406–407 race/ethnicity and, 407 Norpramin See Desipramine (Norpramin) Not-so-free sample, to gain compliance, 536 Nutrition, in pregnancy, 334 O Obedience, 537–538, 557 Obesity, 20, 108, 295–296 causes of, 298–300 Object permanence, 349–350 in primates, 352 Observational learning, 194–196, 194f, 196f, 201, 397 and aggression, 551 in behavior therapy, 495, 495f of stereotypes/prejudices, 542, 542f Obsession(s), definition of, 461 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 461–462 causes of, 463 psychosurgery for, 513 Occipital lobe(s), 74, 74f, 75 OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Oedipal conflict, Freudian theory of, 386, 389 Olanzapine, 509, 510f Olfaction, 107–108 Olfactory cells, 107f, 108 Openness to experience, and personality, 394–395, 395f Operant conditioning, 179–190, 201 in behavioral treatment, 494–495, 519 and classical conditioning, comparison of, 188–189, 188f definition of, 179 discrimination in, 186–187 generalization in, 186–187 principles of, 180–188 reinforcement in, 181 Operational definition, 27–28, 32 Opponent-process theory of color vision, 101–102 Optic chiasm, 98, 99f Optic nerve, 95f, 97–98, 99f Optogenetics, 70 Oral stage, of personality development, Freudian theory of, 385–386, 385f Orgasm, 62 Otoliths, 106–107 Outer ear, 103, 104f Outgroups, 542 Oval window, 103, 104f, 106 Ovary(ies), 65f, 303, 303f Overattention, and schizophrenia, 472–473 Overgeneralization, 257 Overlearning, 232 Overweight, 295–296 Ovulation, 303 Oxycodone, 157f, 162 OxyContin See Oxycodone Oxytocin, 65 P Pain, 109–111 gate-control theory of, 111–112 management of, 112–113 phantom limb, 77 Pain control, hypnosis and, 148 Paliperidone, 509 Panbanisha (chimp), 260f Pancreas, 65f www.downloadslide.com Subject Index Panic attacks, 460–461, 463 Panic disorder, 460–461, 463 prevalence of, 478 Paralysis, 71 Paraphilic disorders, 476 in DSM-5, 455 Paraplegia, 62 Parasympathetic division, 85f of autonomic nervous system, 61f, 62, 63f Parathyroid gland(s), 65f Parenting styles, and social development, 346–347, 347f Parents authoritarian, 346–347, 347f authoritative, 346–347, 347f permissive, 346–347, 347f uninvolved, 346–347, 347f Parietal lobe(s), 74, 74f, 75 Parkinson’s disease, 57, 57f, 77 Parnate See Tranylcypromine (Parnate) Parthenon, 122–123, 123f Participant(s), in experiments, 33–34 Passionate (romantic) love, 547, 548f Patient-physician communication, 438–439 Penis envy, Freudian theory of, 386, 388, 390 Perception, 88, 89, 116, 129 See also Depth perception; Extrasensory perception (ESP); Motion perception; Subliminal perception culture and, 124, 124f, 125f development of, in neonate/infant, 339–341 multimodal, 113 Perceptual constancy, 120–121, 120f, 129 Perceptual disorders, in schizophrenia, 470 Perceptual illusions, 122–123, 123f, 124f, 129 Peripheral-nerve stimulation, for pain management, 112 Peripheral nervous system, 61f, 62, 85f Peripheral route processing, 524–525, 524f Peripheral vision, 96 Permissive parents, 346–347, 347f Personal fables, adolescents’, 362 Personality, 382, 414 approaches to, comparison of, 404–405, 404f Big Five traits and, 394–395, 395f biological and evolutionary approaches to, 399–402, 404f, 415 consistency in, 397–398 development of, Freudian theory of, 385–386, 385f Eysenck’s theory of, 394, 394f, 404f Freudian theory of, 384–385, 384f, 404f genetic factors in, 399–402 Horney’s perspective on, 390–391, 404f humanistic approaches to, 403–404, 404f, 415 inherited roots of, 400–401, 401f Jungian perspective on, 389–390, 404f learning approaches to, 396–399, 404f, 415 modifiability of, 397–398, 404f psychodynamic approaches to, 383, 404f self-report measures of, 408–409, 409f, 410f Skinner’s behaviorist approach to, 396–397 social cognitive approaches to, 397, 415 stability of, 397–398, 404f structure of, Freudian theory of, 384–385, 384f, 415 trait-based approaches to, 393–395, 404f, 415 variance, with situational changes, 397–398 Personality disorders, 455f, 473–474 Personality psychology, 6, 7f Personality test(s) See also Behavioral assessment; Self-report measures evaluation of, 412 Myers-Briggs, 390 projective methods, 409, 410–411, 411f, 415 standardization of, 409 Personal stressor(s), 420 Person-centered therapy, 500–501 Persuasion, 523–526, 557 routes to, 524–525, 524f PET See Positron emission tomography (PET) Phallic stage, of personality development, Freudian theory of, 385f, 386 Phantom limb pain, 77 PhD, 11 Phenelzine (Nardil), 510f Phenobarbital, 157f, 161 Phenylketonuria, 333 Pheromones, 108 Phobia(s), 174 Phobic disorder, 459–460, 460f Phonemes, 255 Phonology, 255 Phrenology, 14, 16f Pinna, 104f Pituitary gland, 64–65, 65f, 72f PKU See Phenylketonuria Placebo, 44, 58 Place theory of hearing, 106 Plastic surgery, psychological aspects of, 396 Play age-related changes in, 344 children’s styles of, 345 father-child, 344 Pleasure principle, Freudian, 384 PNI See Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Pons, 70, 72f Population, in survey research, 29 Positive correlation, 30–31 Positive reinforcer(s), 181–182 Positron emission tomography (PET), 68, 69, 69f Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 174, 420–421, 420f prevalence of, 478 treatment, by altering memories of fear, 428 Power, need for, 309–310, 323 Practical intelligence, 268, 269f, 283 Preconscious, Freudian theory of, 383 Prefrontal lobotomy, 513 Prejudice, 219, 222, 540, 557 effects of, reducing, 544–545 foundations of, 542–543 measurement of, 544 Premarital sex, 305 Prenatal development, 330–335 age of viability, 332 embryonic period, 332 environmental factors affecting, 334–335, 335f fetal period, 332 germinal period, 332 sensitive periods in, 333 Preterm infant(s), 333 Prevention, 22 Primacy effect, in memory, 211 Primary auditory area, 74f Priming in implicit memory experiments, 219 for subliminal perception, 125 Principle of conservation, 350, 351f Proactive coping, 429 Proactive interference, 229, 230f Problem(s) arrangement, 244f–245f, 245 framing of, 246, 246f ill-defined, 245 of inducing structure, 244f–245f, 245 transformation, 244f–245f, 245–246 well-defined, 243–245 I-27 Problem-focused coping, 426 Problem solving, 243–251, 243f confirmation bias and, 251 functional fixedness and, 250 by groups, face-to-face versus e-mail, 247 heuristics in, 247 impediments to, 249–251 judgment in, 243f, 248 means-end analysis in, 247 mental sets and, 250, 250f preparation in, 243–246, 243f presentation of problem and, 249–250, 250f, 251f production in, 243f, 246–248 sleep and, 249 subgoals for, 247, 253 trial and error in, 246 Procedural memory, 211, 212f, 235 Process schizophrenia, 470 Program evaluation, 7f, 10 Projection, as defense mechanism, 387f Projective personality test(s), 409, 410–411, 411f, 415 Prosocial behavior, 552, 554, 557 Prototypes, 241–242 Proximity, in perception, 117, 117f Prozac See Fluoxetine (Prozac) Psi, 126 Psychiatrist(s), 11, 489–490, 489f Psychoactive drugs, 153 Psychoactive substance use disorder, 475 Psychoanalysis, 389, 490–491, 519 Psychoanalyst(s), 489f Psychoanalytic perspective, on psychological disorders, 451–452, 453f Psychoanalytic theory See also Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts Freudian, 383–389, 415 evaluation of, 388–389 Psychodynamic approaches to personality, 383, 404f Psychodynamic perspective, 17f, 18, 21–22, 21f, 47f Psychodynamic therapy, 490–492, 519 See also Psychoanalysis contemporary approaches to, 491 criticisms of, 491–492 successes of, 492 Psychological disorders behavioral perspective on, 452, 453f classification of See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) limitations of, 456 and stigma of labeling, 456–457 cognitive perspective on, 452, 453f in college students, 478, 479f cultural context of, 479–482 global prevalence of, 478–479, 480f in homeless people, 515 humanistic perspective on, 452–453, 453f incidence of, culture and, 479 medical perspective on, 451, 453f prevalence of, 478 psychoanalytic perspective on, 451–452, 453f seeking help for, 482–483 social context of, 479–482 sociocultural perspective on, 453–454, 453f Psychological test(s), 406, 415 norms for, 406–407 race/ethnicity and, 407 reliability of, 406 validity of, 406 Psychological testing, 30 www.downloadslide.com I-28 Subject Index Psychologist(s) in academics, 10, 11, 12f in business fields, 11, 12f clinical, 489f counseling, 489f education of, 11 in social fields, 11, 12f statistical portrait of, 10–11 work sites of, 9–10, 9f, 47f Psychology advances in (future directions for), 22–23 clinical, 7f, cognitive, 6, 7f, 177, 238 community, 514–515, 519 controversies in, 19–22 counseling, 7f, cross-cultural, 7f, definition of, developmental, 6, 7f, 21, 326, 327–328 educational, 7f environmental, 7f evolutionary, 7f, 8–9, 17f, 64 experimental, 6, 7f forensic, 7f gestalt, 15, 16f health, 6, 7f, 418 historical development of, 14–15, 16f–17f, 47f industrial/organizational, 7f, 536–537 key issues in, 19–22, 21f personality, 6, 7f perspectives of, 16–19, 17f, 47f public’s view of, 23 research in, 5f school, 7f social, 7f, 8, 522 societal problems addressed by, 20 sport, 7f subfields of, 6–9, 7f, 17f, 47f of women, 7f Psychology major(s), careers for, 11, 12f Psychology student’s disease, 482 Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), 418, 445 and stress, 424–425, 424f, 425f Psychophysics, 89, 91 Psychophysiological disorders, 422 Psychosexual stages, of personality development, Freudian theory of, 385–386, 385f, 415 Psychosocial development across lifespan, 361 autonomy-versus-shame stage of, 348, 360f definition of, 348 ego-integrity-versus-despair stage of, 360f, 361 Erikson’s theory of, 347–348, 360–361, 360f, 379 generativity-versus-stagnation stage of, 360f, 361 identity-versus-role-confusion stage of, 360–361, 360f industry-versus-inferiority stage of, 348, 360f initiative-versus-guilt stage of, 348, 360f intimacy-versus-isolation stage of, 360f, 361 trust-versus-mistrust stage of, 348, 360f Psychosurgery, 513, 519 Psychotherapy, 488, 518, 519 cultural considerations in, 506–507 digital technology and, 502 effectiveness of, 504–505, 514, 519 racial/ethnic considerations in, 506–507 types of, effectiveness of, 505–506, 505f Psychoticism, Eysenck’s theory of, 394, 394f PsyD, 11 PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Puberty, 257f, 357–358 Public interest, psychology and, 23 Punishment, 182, 183f, 201 negative, 182, 183f, 201 positive, 182, 183f, 201 versus reinforcement, 182–184 Pupil(s), of eye, 95f functions of, 95, 95f Q Quadriplegia, 62 R Race/ethnicity and norms for psychological tests, 407 of psychologists, 10–11 Racism, 522, 556 Radiation, effects on fetus, 335f Random assignment to condition, 34 Random sample, in survey research, 29 Rational-emotive behavior therapy, 496–497, 497f, 519 Rationalization, as defense mechanism, 387f Reaction formation, as defense mechanism, 387f Reactive schizophrenia, 470 Reality principle, Freudian, 384 Rebound effect, in REM-deprived sleepers, 136 Recall, memory task of, 217–218, 217f Recency effect, in memory, 211 Reciprocity, norm of, 536 Reciprocity-of-liking effect, 547 Recognition, memory task of, 217–218, 218f Reflex(es), 60, 62 definition of, 337 neonatal, 337–338, 337f Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, 109 Regression, as defense mechanism, 387f Rehearsal, of information in short-term memory, 209 Reinforcement, 182, 183f, 201 continuous schedule for, 184–186 fixed-interval schedule for, 185f, 186 fixed-ratio schedule for, 185, 185f negative, 181–182, 183f, 201 in operant conditioning, 181 partial (intermittent) schedule for, 184–186 positive, 181–182, 183f, 201 versus punishment, 182–184 schedules of, 184–186, 201 variable-interval schedule for, 185f, 186 variable-ratio schedule for, 185, 185f Reinforcer(s) definition of, 181 negative, 181–182 positive, 181–182 primary, 181 secondary, 181 Relatedness, as need, 292 Relationship harmony, 398 Relative size, as monocular cue, 119 Relaxation response, 493–494, 493f Relaxation techniques, for pain management, 112 Reliability, of tests, 272–274, 406 Replicated research, 37 Repression, 490 Freudian theory of, 387, 387f, 389 Research, 47f animals used in, 42–43, 43f, 47f archival, 28–39, 36f correlational, 30–31, 32f, 36f critical thinking about, 44–45 definition of, 28 descriptive, 28–31, 36f, 47f ethics of, 40–41, 47f evaluation of, 44–45 experimental, 32–37, 36f, 47f psychological, 28 replicated, 37 representative participants in, 41, 42 subjects of college students as, 41, 41f diversity of, 41, 42 informed consent from, 40–41 survey, 29–30, 36f validity of, threats to, 43–44, 47f Resilience, 347, 427 Resistance, in Freudian psychoanalysis, 490–491 Response, in operant conditioning, 181 Resting state, of neurons, 52 Reticular formation, 70, 72f Retina, 95f, 96 cells of, 96, 97f Retrieval, of memory, 205, 205f Retrieval cue(s), 217, 229, 235 Retroactive interference, 230, 230f Retrograde amnesia, 231 Reuptake, 56 Reward(s), 181 Rhodopsin, 97 Risperidone, 509, 510f Rod(s), 96, 97, 97f Rohypnol, 157f, 161 Roofies See Rohypnol Rooting reflex, 337 Rope See Rohypnol Rorschach test, 409, 410–411, 411f, 415 Rubella, 334, 335f Runner’s high, 58 S St John’s wort, 511 Sample, in survey research, 29 Scaffolding, 353 Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, 316–317, 316f, 323 Schadenfreude, 314 Schedules of reinforcement, 184–186, 201 continuous, 184–186 fixed-interval, 185f, 186 fixed-ratio, 185, 185f partial (intermittent), 184–186 variable-interval, 185f, 186 variable-ratio, 185, 185f Schema(s), 527–528 in memory, 221, 235 Schizophrenia, 58, 448, 455f, 469–473, 481, 484 brain changes in, 471, 472 catatonic, 481 causes of biological, 470–471 multiple, 473 situational, 472–473 characteristics of, 469–470 definition of, 469 dopamine hypothesis of, 471 drug therapy for, 509 genetics of, 470–471, 471f negative-symptom, 470 positive-symptom, 470 predisposition model of, 473 process, 470 reactive, 470 School psychology, 7f Scientific method, 26–28, 26f, 37, 47f in psychology, 5, 5f steps in, 26–28, 26f www.downloadslide.com Subject Index Seasonal affective disorder, 142 Seconal, 157f, 161 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 56, 510, 510f, 511f Self-actualization, 291f, 292, 403, 404f, 500–501 Self-concept, 403 Self-determination theory, 292 Self-efficacy, 397, 415 Self-esteem, 398–399, 398f, 415 Self-fulfilling prophecy(ies), 540 Self-help therapy, 503–504 Self-report measures, of personality, 408–409, 409f, 410f, 415 Self-serving bias, 529 Semantic memory, 211, 212f, 235 Semantic networks, 212–213, 213f Semantics, 256 Semicircular canals, 104f, 106–107 Sensation, 88, 89, 116, 129 Sensation seekers, 289, 290f Sense(s), development of, 339–341 Sensitive period(s) after birth, 256, 333 in prenatal development, 333 Sensory area(s), 74, 74f, 75, 85f Sensory memory, 206–207, 206f, 235 Sensory (afferent) neuron(s), 60–62 September 11 terrorist attacks emotional response to, 421 and PTSD, 420f, 421 Serial position effect, in memory, 211 Serotonin, 57f, 58 and anxiety, 463 and depression, 468 Serzone See Nefazodone (Serzone) Set point for happiness, 441 for weight, 297 Settling point, 300 Sex hormone(s), 302–303 Sex organ(s), 302–303, 303f Sexual arousal, 62, 304 Sexual arousal disorders, 476 Sexual desire disorders, 476 Sexual development, in adolescence, 357–358, 357f Sexual disorders, 455f, 476 Sexual motivation, 302–308, 323 Sexual orientation, determinants of, 306–307 Shaping, 187, 201 Short-term memory, 206, 206f, 207–209, 211, 235 See also Working memory Sickle-cell anemia, 333–334 SIDS See Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Significant outcome, 36 Sign language, babbling in, 256, 256f Similarity, in perception, 117, 117f Simplicity, in perception, 117, 117f Single-parent families, 369–370, 369f Situational causes, 528–530 Situationism, 397–398 Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, 394 Skinner box, 180–181, 180f Skin senses, 110 Skin sensitivity, by body area, 110f Sleep, 132, 133 See also Dream(s) deprivation, effects of, 137–138 disturbances of, 141–142, 167 management of, 144 myths about, 133f non-REM (non–rapid eye movement [NREM]), 134, 134f, 135, 135f, 136 and problem solving, 249 rapid eye movement (REM), 134, 134f, 135–136, 135f, 140, 167 requirements for, 136–137, 136f stage 1, 134, 134f, 135f, 167 stage 2, 134, 134f, 135f, 167 stage 3, 134, 134f, 135f, 167 stage 4, 134, 134f, 135f, 167 Sleep apnea, 141 Sleep disorders, management of, 144 Sleeptalking, 141–142 Sleepwalking, 141–142 Smartphones, and parental distraction, 344 Smell, sense of, 107–108 sex differences in, 107 Smoking among adolescents, 435, 435f, 436 genetics and, 433–434 promotion of, worldwide, 435–436 psychological aspects of, 433–435, 445 Smoking cessation, 434–435 hypnosis and, 148 Social behavior, development of, 341–343 Social cognition, 526–530, 557 Social cognitive approaches, to personality, 397, 415 Social cognitive learning approach, 194 Social development, 360–361 in adulthood, 368–369 nonparental child care and, 345–346 parenting styles and, 346–347, 347f Social identity theory, 542 Social influence, 532 Social media, 20, 170 adolescents’ use of, 362 Social neuroscience, 23, 543 Social phobia, 459, 460, 460f Social potency, heredity and, 400–401, 401f Social psychology, 7f, 8, 522 Social roles, 557 conformity to, 534–535 Social support, 428–429 Social supporter, 533 Social worker(s), 489 clinical or psychiatric, 489f Sociocultural perspective, on psychological disorders, 453–454, 453f Sociopathic personality See Antisocial personality disorder Somatic division (voluntary), of peripheral nervous system, 61f, 62, 85f Somatic symptom disorders, 455f, 463–464 Somatosensory area(s), 74f, 75, 75f Somatosensory association area(s), 74f Sopranos, The, 195 Sound amplitude of, 105 definition of, 103 frequency of, 104, 105f physical properties of, 104–105 pitch of, 104 production of, 104 theories of, 105–106 Sound localization, 103 Source amnesia, 221 Space sickness, 103, 107 Specific phobia, 459, 460f animal type, 460f blood injection-injury type, 460f natural environment type, 460f situational type, 460f Speech, telegraphic, 257 Speech perception, 106 Speed (drug), 156, 157f Spermarche, 357 I-29 Spinal cord, 60–62, 61f, 72f, 73f evolution of, 63–64 Spinal nerve(s), 61f Split-brain patients, 80, 81–84, 81f, 85f Spontaneous recovery, of conditioned response, 175f, 176 Spontaneous remission, 504 Sport psychology, 7f Spreading activation, of memory, 213 SSRIs See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Standardized tests, 274 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 271–272, 272f Startle reflex, 337–338 Status, 533 Stem cell therapy controversies about, 78 for Parkinson’s disease, 77 potential of, 78 Stereotype(s), 540, 541, 557 origins of, 542–543 reducing, 544–545 Stereotype threat, 541 Steroid(s), 65–66, 66f abuse, effects of, 157f Stimulants, 155–156, 167 Stimulus (pl., stimuli), 89 Stimulus control training, 186–187 Stimulus discrimination, 176, 201 Stimulus generalization, 176, 176f, 201 Stirrup, of inner ear, 103, 104f Storage, of memory, 205, 205f Stress, 419, 444, 445 biological effects of, 421, 445 coping with, 425–426, 445 social support and, 428–429 level of, assessment of, 423f psychological response to, 422, 445 and psychoneuroimmunology, 424–425, 424f, 425f and working memory, 210 Stressor(s), 419 background, 421, 421f personal, 420 types of, 420–421 Structuralism, 14 Subject(s), in experiments, 33–34 Subjective well-being, 440 Sublimation, as defense mechanism, 387f Subliminal perception, 125 Substance abuse, 153–155 signs of, 163–164 Substance P, 110 Sucking reflex, 337 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 141 Suicide, 20 adolescent, 362–364 warning signs of, 363f, 364 in military veterans, 420 sexual orientation and, 307 Sulci, 74 Superego, Freudian theory of, 384–385, 384f, 415 Super-recognizers, 88, 128 Supertasters, 108 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and circadian rhythms, 142 Surgery, for pain management, 112 Survey research, 29–30, 36f Sybil, 464 Sympathetic division, 85f of autonomic nervous system, 61f, 62, 63f Synapse(s), 55–56, 55f, 85f Synesthesia, 113, 114 www.downloadslide.com I-30 Subject Index Syntax, 255 Syphilis, effects on fetus, 334, 335f Systematic desensitization, 493–494 T Tabula rasa, 14, 16f Taste, sense of, 107, 108 Taste aversion, 177 Taste buds, 108, 108f Taste test, 109f TAT See Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Tay-Sachs disease, 334 Tears, chemical signal in, 108 Technology and insomnia, 141 and psychotherapy, 502 Tegretol, 510f, 511 Telegraphic speech, 257 Television gender roles portrayed on, 197 violence on, and aggression, 31, 32f, 195–196, 551 Temperament, 347, 401 Temporal lobe(s), 74, 74f, 75 Teratogen(s), 334–335, 335f Terminal button(s), 51, 52f Terrorism, 20 Terrorist attacks, 420, 420f Testis (pl., testes), 65f, 302–303, 303f Testosterone, 65–66 Test standardization, 409 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 162 in treatment of PTSD, 428 Texting, while driving, 91 Texture gradient, as monocular cue, 120 Thalamus, 70, 72f and emotions, 316 That’s-not-all technique, to gain compliance, 536 THC See Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 309, 309f, 410–411, 415 Theory(ies), 27 Theory of mind, 353 Theory of multiple intelligences, 266, 267f, 269f, 283 Therapist(s) selection of, 516–517 types of, 489–490, 489f Thinking, 239 convergent, 252, 253 critical, 253 disordered, in schizophrenia, 469–470 divergent, 252, 253 egocentric, 350 as information processing, 19 language and, 259–260 Thorazine See Chlorpromazine Thorndike’s law of effect, 179–180, 180f The Three Faces of Eve, 464 Thrill-seeking behavior, 288, 401, 402 Thyroid gland, 65f Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, 217 TMS See Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Token systems, 181, 495 Top-down processing, 118, 129 Tower of Hanoi, 243, 243f, 245–246, 247 Traditionalism, heredity and, 400–401, 401f Trait(s), 393–395 Allport’s theory of, 394 Big Five, 394–395, 395f cardinal, 394 Cattell’s theory of, 394 central, 394 Eysenck’s theory of, 394, 394f secondary, 394 Trait theory, 393–395, 415 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 68, 69–70, 69f, 513 Transference, in Freudian psychoanalysis, 491 Transformation problem(s), 244f–245f, 245f Transgenderism, 308 Transsexualism, 308 Tranylcypromine (Parnate), 510f Trazodone (Desyrel), 510f Treatment, in experiments, 33 Trephining, 14, 16f Trichromatic theory of color vision, 100–102 Tricyclic antidepressants, 510, 510f Trukese, navigation by, 264, 264f, 267f Twin(s), identical, 329 Type A behavior pattern, 431–432 Type B behavior pattern, 432 Type D behavior pattern, 432 U UCR See Unconditioned response (UCR) UCS See Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Umami, 108 Unconditional positive regard, 403, 501 Unconditioned response (UCR), 172–174, 173f Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), 172–174, 173f Unconscious collective, 389–390 Freudian theory of, 383, 384f, 389, 415 Jungian perspective on, 389–390 Unconscious wish fulfillment theory, of dreams, 138–140, 139f Underattention, and schizophrenia, 472–473 Uninvolved parents, 346–347, 347f Uplifts, 421, 422f V Validity, of tests, 274, 406 Valium, 512 Variable(s), 30 Verbal store, in working memory, 210, 210f Vernix, 337 Vestibular system, 104f, 106–107 Video games gender roles portrayed in, 197 prosocial, effects of, 196 violent, and aggression, 195–196 Violence in media, and aggression, 31, 32f, 195–196 real-life, and aggression, 196 Vision, 94–99, 95f, 129 See also Color vision development of, in neonate/infant, 339–341 Visual area, 74f, 75 Visual association area, 74f Visual illusions, 122–123, 123f, 124f, 129 Visual spectrum, 94, 94f Visual store, in working memory, 210, 210f Vomeronasal organ, 108 Voodoo death, 62 W WAIS-IV See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) Washoe (chimp), 261 Watson (computer), 238 Wear-and-tear theories of aging, 371 Weber’s law, 91–92, 113, 129 Web surveys, 30 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV), 272, 273f Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV), 272 Weight loss, guidelines for, 301–302 Weight set point, 297 and obesity, 298–300 WEIRD (acronym), 41 Well-being, 431, 445 subjective, 440 Wellbutrin See Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) Wernicke’s aphasia, 76 Wernicke’s area, 74f WISC-IV See Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV) Withdrawal, in schizophrenia, 470 Women depression in, 466, 468–469 Freudian view of, 388 moral development in, 359–360 in psychology, 10 historical perspective on, 15 psychology of, 7f roles of, 370 “second shift” for, 370 Women’s issues, Horney’s perspective on, 390–391 Working memory, 209–210, 210f X Xenophobia, 459 Z Zone of proximal development (ZPD), 353–354 ZPD See Zone of proximal development (ZPD) Zyban, 434 See also Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) Zygote, 332 www.downloadslide.com ...ELEVENTH EDITION Essentials of Understanding Psychology ROBERT S FELDMAN University of Massachusetts Amherst ESSENTIALS OF UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY, ELEVENTH EDITION Published... features of Essentials of Understanding Psychology is the involvement of both professionals and students in the review process The Eleventh Edition of Essentials of Understanding Psychology has relied... material In Essentials of Understanding Psychology, questions at the end of each module offer a rapid check of your understanding of the material Evaluate your progress to assess your degree of mastery