Fundamental accounting principles 20th ed j wild, shaw chaippetta Part 1

Fundamental accounting principles 20th ed j wild, shaw chaippetta Part 1

FUNDAMENTAL ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020 Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1990, 1987, 1984, 1981, 1978, 1975,

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ISBN-13: 978-0-07-811087-0 (combined edition)ISBN-10: 0-07-811087-4 (combined edition)ISBN-13: 978-0-07-733825-1 (volume 1, chapters 1-12)ISBN-10: 0-07-733825-1 (volume 1, chapters 1-12)ISBN-13: 978-0-07-733824-4 (volume 2, chapters 12-25)ISBN-10: 0-07-733824-3 (volume 2, chapters 12-25)ISBN-13: 978-0-07-733826-8 (with working papers volume 1, chapters 1-12)ISBN-10: 0-07-733826-X (with working papers volume 1, chapters 1-12)ISBN-13: 978-0-07-733827-5 (with working papers volume 2, chapters 12-25)ISBN-10: 0-07-733827-8 (with working papers volume 2, chapters 12-25)ISBN-13: 978-0-07-733823-7 (principles, chapters 1-17)

ISBN-10: 0-07-733823-5 (principles, chapters 1-17)

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1 Accounting I Shaw, Ken W II Chiappetta, Barbara III Title.

HF5636.W675 2011 657—dc22

www.mhhe.com

iii

Dear Colleagues/Friends,

As we roll out the new edition of Fundamental Accounting Principles, we thank each

of you who provided suggestions to improve our textbook As teachers, we know how important it is to select the right book for our course This new edition reflects the advice and wisdom of many dedicated reviewers, symposium and workshop participants, students, and instructors Our book consistently rates number one

in customer loyalty because of you Together, we have created the most readable, concise, current, accurate, and innovative accounting book available today.

Throughout the writing process, we steered this book in the manner you directed

Reviewers, instructors, and students say this book’s enhanced presentation, graphics, and technology cater to different learning styles and helps students better understand

accounting Connect Accounting Plus offers new features to improve student learning and

to assist instructor teaching and grading Our iPod content lets students study on the

go, while our Algorithmic Test Bank provides an infinite variety of exam problems You and your students will find all these tools easy to apply.

We owe the success of this book to our colleagues who graciously took time to help

us focus on the changing needs of today’s instructors and students We feel fortunate

to have witnessed our profession’s extraordinary devotion to teaching Your back and suggestions are reflected in everything we write Please accept our heartfelt thanks for your dedication in helping today’s students learn, understand, and appreciate accounting.

feed-With kindest regards,

John J Wild Ken W Shaw Barbara Chiappetta

JOHN J WILD is a distinguished professor

of accounting at the University of Wisconsin

at Madison He previously held appointments

at Michigan State University and the University

of Manchester in England He received his BBA, MS, and PhD from the University of Wisconsin.

Professor Wild teaches accounting

cours-es at both the undergraduate and graduate levels He has received numerous teaching honors, including the

Mabel W Chipman Excellence-in-Teaching Award, the departmental

Excellence-in-Teaching Award, and the Teaching Excellence Award

from the 2003 and 2005 business graduates at the University

of Wisconsin He also received the Beta Alpha Psi and Roland

F Salmonson Excellence-in-Teaching Award from Michigan State

University Professor Wild has received several research honors and

is a past KPMG Peat Marwick National Fellow and is a recipient of

fellowships from the American Accounting Association and the Ernst and Young Foundation.

Professor Wild is an active member of the American Accounting Association and its sections He has served on several committees of these organizations, including the Outstanding Accounting Educator Award, Wildman Award, National Program Advisory, Publications, and Research Committees Professor Wild is author of Financial Accounting, Managerial Accounting, and College Accounting, each published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin His research articles on accounting and analysis appear in The Accounting Review, Journal of Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Contemporary Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, and other journals He is past associate editor of Contemporary Accounting Research and has served on several editorial boards including The Accounting Review.

In his leisure time, Professor Wild enjoys hiking, sports, travel, people, and spending time with family and friends.

of accounting and the Deloitte Professor at the University of Missouri He previously was

on the faculty at the University of Maryland

at College Park He received an accounting degree from Bradley University and an MBA and PhD from the University of Wisconsin

He is a Certified Public Accountant with work experience in public accounting.

Professor Shaw teaches financial accounting at the

undergradu-ate and graduundergradu-ate levels He received the Williams-Keepers LLC

Teaching Excellence award in 2007, was voted the “Most Influential

Professor” by the 2005, 2006, and 2010 School of Accountancy

grad-uating classes, and is a two-time recipient of the O’Brien Excellence

in Teaching Award He is the advisor to his School’s chapter of the

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners.

Professor Shaw is an active member of the American Accounting Association and its sections He has served on many committees of these organizations and presented his research papers at national and regional meetings Professor Shaw’s research appears in The Accounting Review; Journal of Accounting Research; Contemporary Accounting Research; Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis;

Journal of the American Taxation Association; Journal of Accounting, Auditing, and Finance; Journal of Financial Research; Research in Accounting Regulation; and other journals He has served on the edito- rial boards of Issues in Accounting Education, the Journal of Business Research, and Research in Accounting Regulation Professor Shaw

is co-author of Financial and Managerial Accounting and College Accounting, both published by McGraw-Hill.

In his leisure time, Professor Shaw enjoys tennis, cycling, music, and coaching his children’s sports teams.

BBA in Accountancy and MS in Education from Hofstra University and is a tenured full professor at Nassau Community College For the past two decades, she has been an active executive board member of the Teachers of Accounting at Two-Year Colleges (TACTYC), serving 10 years as vice president and as president from 1993 through 1999 As an active member of the American Accounting Association, she has served on the Northeast Regional Steering

Committee, chaired the Curriculum Revision Committee of the

Two-Year Section, and participated in numerous national

commit-tees Professor Chiappetta has been inducted into the American

Accounting Association Hall of Fame for the Northeast Region

She had also received the Nassau Community College dean of instruction’s Faculty Distinguished Achievement Award Professor Chiappetta was honored with the State University of New York Chancellor’s Award for Teaching Excellence in 1997 As a confirmed believer in the benefits of the active learning pedagogy, Professor Chiappetta has authored Student Learning Tools, an active learning workbook for a first-year accounting course, published by McGraw- Hill/Irwin.

In her leisure time, Professor Chiappetta enjoys tennis and participates on a U.S.T.A team She also enjoys the challenge of bridge Her husband, Robert, is an entrepreneur in the leisure sport industry She has two sons—Michael, a lawyer, specializing in intel- lectual property law in New York, and David, a composer, pursuing

a career in music for film in Los Angeles.

About the Authors

iv

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vii

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We offer an Online Learning Center (OLC) that follows Fundamental Accounting Principles

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xi

Using Accounting for Decisions

Whether we prepare, analyze, or apply accounting information,

one skill remains essential: decision-making To help develop

good decision-making habits and to illustrate the relevance of

accounting, our book uses a unique pedagogical framework

we call the Decision Center This framework is comprised of

a variety of approaches and subject areas, giving students

insight into every aspect of business decision-making; see

three examples to the right and one below Answers to Decision

Maker and Ethics boxes are at the end of each chapter

CAP ModelThe Conceptual/Analytical/Procedural (CAP) Model allows courses to be specially designed to meet your teaching needs

or those of a diverse faculty This model identifies learning objectives, textual materials, assignments, and test items by

C, A, or P, allowing different instructors to teach from the same materials, yet easily customize their courses toward a conceptual, analytical, or procedural approach (or a combina-tion thereof) based on personal preferences

Decision Insight

Revenue Spread The New Orleans Saints have Unearned Revenues

of about $60 million in advance ticket sales When the team plays its home games, it settles this liability to its ticket holders and then transfers the

Decision Insight

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Credit Manager As a new credit manager, you are being trained by the outgoing manager She explains

last day of the discount period She also tells you that checks are not mailed until five days later, adding that

“the company gets free use of cash for an extra five days, and our department looks better When a supplier

Decision Ethics Answer — p 206

Inventory Turnover

Earlier chapters described two important ratios useful in evaluating a company’s short-term liquidity:

cur-rent ratio and acid-test ratio A merchandiser’s ability to pay its short-term obligations also depends on

turnover, is one ratio used to assess this and is defined in Exhibit 6.13.

Inventory turnover5Cost of goods sold Average inventory

EXHIBIT 6.13

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Innovative Textbook Features

" the chapter openers are absolutely excellent and include entrepreneurs that the students can easily relate to This helps the students understand the need/importance of accounting in a small business."

—Michelle Grant, Bossier Parish Community College

New Global ViewThis section explains international accounting practices relating

to the material covered in that chapter This section is fully located at the end of each chapter so that each instructor can decide what emphasis, if at all, is to be assigned to it The aim of this Global View section is to describe accounting practices and to identify the similarities and differences in international account-ing practices versus that in the U.S As we move toward global convergence in accounting practices, and as we witness the likely conversion of U.S GAAP to IFRS, the importance of student fa-miliarity with international accounting grows This innovative section helps us begin down that path of learning and teaching global accounting practices

purpose-C AP

Learning Objectives

CONCEPTUAL

C1 Explain the importance of periodic

reporting and the time period

assumption (p 94)

C2 Explain accrual accounting and how it

improves financial statements (p 95)

C3 Identify the types of adjustments and

their purpose (p 96)

ANALYTICAL

A1 Explain how accounting adjustments link to financial statements (p 105)A2 Compute profit margin and describe its use in analyzing company performance (p 109)

PROCEDURAL

P1 Prepare and explain adjusting entries (p 97)P2 Explain and prepare an adjusted trial balance (p 106)P3 Prepare financial statements from an adjusted trial balance (p 106)P4 Appendix 3A —Explain the alternatives

in accounting for prepaids (p 113)

a salable condition and location.

Assigning Costs to Inventory Both U.S GAAP and IFRS allow companies to use specific

identi-fication in assigning costs to inventory Further, both systems allow companies to apply a cost flow assumption

The usual cost flow assumptions are: FIFO, Weighted Average, and LIFO However, IFRS does not rently) allow use of LIFO As the convergence project progresses, this prohibition may or may not persist.

(cur-Estimating Inventory Costs The value of inventory can change while it awaits sale to customers

That value can decrease or increase

Decreases in Inventory Value Both U.S GAAP and IFRS require companies to write down (reduce the

cost recorded for) inventory when its value falls below the cost recorded This is referred to as the lower

value of that inventory even if that decline in value is reversed through value increases in later periods

Research In Motion wrote down its 2010 inventory from $622 million to $600 million, it could not verse this in future periods even if its value increased to more than $622 million However, if RIM applied

GLOBAL VIEW

RIM

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xii

Marginal Student Annotations

These annotations provide students with additional hints, tips, and examples to help them more fully understand the con-cepts and retain what they have learned

The annotations also include notes on global implications of accounting and fur-ther examples

Chapter Preview With FlowchartThis feature provides a handy textual/

visual guide at the start of every chapter

Students can now begin their reading with a clear understanding of what they will learn and when, allowing them to stay more focused and organized along the way

Quick CheckThese short question/answer features reinforce the material immediately preceding them They allow the reader to pause and refl ect on the topics described, then receive immediate feedback before going on to new topics Answers are pro-vided at the end of each chapter

Completing the Accounting Cycle

Closing Process

• Temporary and permanent accounts

• Closing entries

• Post-closing trial balance

Work Sheet

• Benefits of a work sheet

• Use of a work sheet

Accounting Cycle

• Definition of accounting cycle

• Review of accounting cycle

Classified Balance Sheet

• Classification structure

• Classification categories

7 Classify the following assets as (1) current assets, (2) plant assets, or (3) intangible assets:

(a) land used in operations, (b) office supplies, (c) receivables from customers due in 10 months, (d ) insurance protection for the next 9 months, (e) trucks used to provide services to customers, (f ) trademarks.

8 Cite at least two examples of assets classified as investments on the balance sheet.

9 Explain the operating cycle for a service company.

ng transactions is to post journal entries to

e ledger is up-to-date, entries are posted as

en time permits All entries must be posted

d to ensure that account balances are bits in journal entries are transferred into

up-to-Point: Computerized systems often

provide a code beside a balance such

as dr or cr to identify its balance Posting is

automatic and immediate with accounting software.

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"The author(s) are doing an excellent job of using learning and study aids The examples are real-world and easy to understand I cannot think of anything else that I would add."

—Shirly Kleiner, Johnson County Community College

Bring Accounting To Life

xiii

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Demonstration Problems present both a problem and a complete solution, allowing students to review the entire problem-solving process and achieve success.

objectives Chapter Summaries are a component of the CAP model (see page xii), which recaps each conceptual, analytical, and procedural objective

chapter with page numbers indicating their location The book also includes a complete Glossary of Key Terms

exercises that often focus on one learning

objective Most are included in Connect

Accounting There are usually 8-10 Quick

Study assignments per chapter

be assigned as homework or for in-class projects All lems are coded according to the CAP model (see page xii),

prob-and Set A is included in Connect Accounting.

competitive advantage There are about 10-15 per chapter

and most are included in Connect Accounting.

chap-ter knowledge before a student moves on to complete Quick Studies, Exercises, and Problems

Once a student has finished reading the chapter, how well he

or she retains the material can depend greatly on the questions, exercises, and problems that reinforce it This book leads the way in comprehensive, accurate assignments

Average cost (p 234) Conservatism constraint (p 238) Consignee (p 228) Consistency concept (p 237) Days’ sales in inventory (p 241)

First-in, first-out (FIFO) (p 233) Gross profit method (p 252) Interim statements (p 251) Last-in, first-out (LIFO) (p 233) Lower of cost or market (LCM) (p 237)

N R S W

Additional Quiz Questions are available at the book’s Website.

Multiple Choice Quiz Answers on p 269

3 Assume that Marv ventory system I beginning invento

45 units from the

a. $2,940

b. $2,685

Use the following information from Marvel Company for the month

of July to answer questions 1 through 4.

July 1 Beginning inventory 75 units @ $25 each July 3 Purchase 348 units @ $27 each July 8 Sale 300 units July 15 Purchase 257 units @ $28 each

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b. $2,685

y

beginning inventory and purchases for the month of January On January signed based on a perpetual inventory system and use of FIFO? (Round

ut inventory balances to the dollar.)

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of merchandise in transit as part of its year-end inventory?

EXERCISES

Exercise 6-1

Inventory ownership C1

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nce sheet

l year, the The sup-

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PUT AWAY YOUR RED PEN!

We pride ourselves on the accuracy of this book’s assignment materials Independent research reports that instructors and reviewers point to the accuracy of this book’s

The partial work sheet of Midtown Repair Company at December 31, 2011, follows.

DEMONSTRATION PROBLEM

Balance Sheet and Adjusted Trial Income Statement of Balance Statement Owner’s Equity Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit

Cash 95,600 Notes receivable (current) 50,000 Prepaid insurance 16,000 Prepaid rent 4,000 Equipment 170,000

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ompany at December 31, 2011, follows.

Balance Sheet and

A

Ad d djus ted Trial Income Statement of

Balan ce Statement Owner’s Equity

D e eb b bi t Cred it Debit Credit Debit Credit

95,600 16,000 4,000 170,000

PLANNING THE SOLUTION

● Extend the adjusted trial balance account balances to the appropriate financial statement columns.

● Prepare entries to close the revenue accounts to Income Summary, to close the expense accounts to come Summary, to close Income Summary to the capital account, and to close the withdrawals account

In-to the capital account.

● Post the first and second closing entries to the Income Summary account Examine the balance of income summary and verify that it agrees with the net income shown on the work sheet.

● Post the third and fourth closing entries to the capital account.

● Use the work sheet’s two right-most columns and your answer in part 4 to prepare the classified balance sheet.

SOLUTION TO DEMONSTRATION PROBLEM

1 Completing the work sheet.

Balance Sheet and

Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit

Cash 95,600 95,600 Notes receivable (current) 50,000 50,000 Prepaid insurance 16,000 16,000 Prepaid rent 4,000 4,000 Equipment 170,000 170,000 Accumulated depreciation — Equipment 57,000 57,000

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Outstanding Assignment Material

xiv

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Beyond the Numbers exercises ask students to use accounting fi gures and understand their meaning Stu-dents also learn how accounting applies to a variety of business situations These creative and fun exercises are all new or updated, and are divided into sections:

to illustrate chapter concepts in a familiar context The rial Problem can be followed continuously from the fi rst chapter or picked up at any later point in the book; enough information is provided to ensure students can get right

Se-to work

the book From problems that require technological solutions to materials found exclusively online, this book’s end-of-chapter material is fully integrated with its technology package

• Reporting in Action

• Comparative Analysis

• Ethics Challenge

• Communicating in Practice

• Taking It To The Net

• Quick Studies, Exercises, and Problems

available in Connect are marked with

an icon

• Problems supported by the General Ledger Application Software, Peachtree, or Quickbooks are marked with an icon

• Online Learning Center (OLC) includes Interactive Quizzes, Excel template assignments, and more

• Problems supported with Microsoft Excel template assignments are marked with an icon

• Material that receives additional coverage (slide shows, videos, audio, etc.) available in iPod ready format are marked with an icon

• Assignments that focus on global accounting practices and companies are often identified with an icon

accounting

Beyond the Numbers

BTN 5-1 Refer to Research In Motion’s financial statements in Appendix A t

Fast Forward

3. Access Research In Motion’s financial statements (form 10-K) for fiscal years

2010, from its Website ( RIM.com) or the SEC’s EDGAR database (www.s

interpret the current ratio and acid-test ratio for these current fiscal years.

REPORTING IN ACTION

A1

RIM

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No Account Title Debit Credit

101 Cash $38,264

106 Accounts receivable 12,618

This serial problem began in Chapter 1 and continues through most of the book If previous chapter ments were not completed, the serial problem can still begin at this point It is helpful, but not necessary,

seg-to use the Working Papers that accompany the book.

SP 3 After the success of the company’s first two months, Santana Rey continues to operate Business Solutions (Transactions for the first two months are described in the serial problem of Chapter 2.) The and November of 2011) follows.

SERIAL PROBLEM

Business Solutions

P1 P2 P3

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Helps Students Master Key Concepts

"Well planned, and very organized A very thorough coverage of all topics Easy to read and comprehend."

— Linda Bolduc, Mount Wachusett Community College

xv

Enhancements in This Edition

Revised section on accounting principles,

assumptions, and constraints

New visual layouts for conceptual framework

and the building blocks of GAAP

New discussion of conceptual framework

New 4-step process for analyzing, recording,

and posting transactions

Revised layout for transaction analysis

New discussion on accounting quality

Chapter 3

entrepreneurial assignment

Updated 3-step process for adjusting accounts

Enhanced and streamlined presentation of

accounting adjustments

Revised info-graphics for adjusting entries

Enhanced exhibit on steps in preparing

Slightly revised steps 1 and 2 of work sheet

Enhanced graphics for closing process Enhanced details for general ledger after the closing process

Updated color-coded work sheetChapter 5

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives New 2-step presentation for recording merchandise sales and its costs Revised presentation on purchase returns New discussion on fraud and invoices Revised discussion of gross marginChapter 6

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined presentation for lower of cost or market (LCM)

Color-coded graphic for introducing cost flow assumptions

Enhanced graphics for learning inventory errors

Expanded discussion on inventory controls Expanded explanation of inventory accounting under IFRS

Chapter 7

New Belgium Brewing Company NEW opener

with new entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Enhanced graphics for special journals Detailed four benefits from subsidiary ledgers Updated ERP presentation

Revised discussion of segment returnsChapter 8

new entrepreneurial assignment Enhanced SOX discussion of controls, including the role of COSO

Streamlined learning objectives New material on drivers of human fraud

New graphic introducing a bank reconciliation with links to bank and book balances

Updated graphic on frequent cyber frauds New graphic on drivers of

financial misconductChapter 9

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Reorganized recording of credit sales Further clarification of interest formula Enhanced graphics for bad debts estimationChapter 10

entrepreneurial assignment Reorganized learning objectives Added entry to record impairment Enhanced discussion of asset sales Expanded explanation of asset valuation under IFRS

Updated all real world examples and graphicsChapter 11

entrepreneurial assignment Updated tax illustrations and assignments using most recent government rates New data on frauds involving employee payroll

New entry to reclassify long- to short-term debt

Updated all real world examples and graphicsChapter 12

entrepreneurial assignment New 3-step process for partnership liquidation

New statement of liquidation introduced

Enhanced discussion of partnership liquidation

This edition’s revisions are driven by instructors and students General revisions to the entire book follow (including

chapter-by-chapter revisions):

• Revised and updated assignments throughout

• Updated ratio (tool) analyses for each chapter

• New material on International Financial Reporting Standards

(IFRS) in most chapters, including global examples

• New and revised entrepreneurial examples and elements

• Revised serial problem through nearly all chapters

• New art program, visual info-graphics and text layout

• New Research In Motion (maker of BlackBerry) annual report with comparisons to Apple , Palm , and Nokia (IFRS) with new assignments

• Updated graphics added to each chapter’s analysis section

• New technology content integrated and referenced in the book

• New Global View section in each chapter referencing tional accounting including examples using global companies

interna-• New assignments covering international accounting

xvi

For Better Learning

Chapter 13

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Inserted numerous key margin computations for entries involving equity

Updated statement of stockholders’ equity Updated all real world examples and graphics

Explained accounting for equity under IFRSChapter 14

entrepreneurial assignment Enhanced graphics for bonds and notes Revised discussion of debt-to-equity Enhanced explanation of how U.S GAAP and IFRS determine fair value

New arrow lines linking effective interest amortization tables to journal entriesChapter 15

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Phrase “fair value” used in lieu of

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Enhanced graphics on cash inflows and outflows involving operating, investing, and financing

Highlighted 5-step process to prepare the statement of cash flows

New discussion of different classifications for certain cash flows under IFRS

Increased number and range of assignmentsChapter 17

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives New companies— Research In Motion , Apple ,

Palm and Nokia —data throughout the chapter, exhibits, and illustrations

Enhanced horizontal and vertical analysis using new company and industry data Enhanced discussion of common-size graphics Enhanced ratio analysis using new company and industry data

Chapter 18

entrepreneurial assignment Revised learning objectives Enhanced discussion of trends in managerial accounting, including e-commerce and role of services

New exhibit and discussion of the value chain Discussion of fraud and ethics in managerial accounting moved to earlier in chapter New discussion of global trends in managerial accounting

Chapter 19

entrepreneurial assignment Enhanced explanation of events in job order costing, including new 3-step process Added new arrow lines to exhibits as learning aids

Enhanced discussion of adjusting factory overhead

New factory overhead T-account exhibit New exhibit on entries to adjust factory overhead account

Added several new assignmentsChapter 20

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Updated list of companies applying process operations

Enhanced several exhibits for better learning New section on trends in process operations, including discussion of just-in-time, automation, role of services, and customer focus

Increased number and range of assignmentsChapter 21

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Enhanced activity-based costing exhibits Revised discussion and exhibits for comparisons between activity-based costing and two-stage cost allocation

Added summary of cost allocation methods with exhibit

Deleted section on departmental reporting and analysis

Added Serial Problem to end of chapter assignments

Chapter 22

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Revised cost exhibits for added clarity and learning

New discussion on global use of contribution margin

Chapter 23

new entrepreneurial assignment Reorganized learning objectives New discussion on potential outcomes of participatory budgeting

Enhanced discussion and exhibits for cash budgets

New exhibit on general formula for preparing the cash budget

Added Decision Insight box on Apple’s cash cushion

Enhanced discussion of computing cash disbursements for purchases, including new exhibit

Increased number and range of assignmentsChapter 24

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Simplified presentation of overhead variances

to focus on controllable and volume variances Moved detailed overhead variances and standard cost system journal entries to (new) Appendix 24A

Increased number and range of assignmentsChapter 25

entrepreneurial assignment Streamlined learning objectives Updated graphic on industry cost of capital estimates

Added section and assignments on decision to keep or replace equipment

Increased number and range of assignments

xvii

This is your all-in-one resource It allows

you to create custom presentations from

your own materials or from the

follow-ing text-specific materials provided in

the CD’s asset library:

• Instructor’s Resource Manual

Written by Barbara Chiappetta,

Nassau Community College, and

Patricia Walczak, Lansing

Community College

This manual contains (for each

chap-ter) a Lecture Outline, a chart linking

all assignment materials to Learning

Objectives, a list of relevant active

learning activities, and additional visuals with transparency masters.

Presentations allow for revision of lecture slides, and includes a viewer, allowing screens to be shown with or without the software.

• Link to PageOut

Test Bank

Vol 1, Chapters 1-12 ISBN13: 9780077338183 ISBN10: 0077338189

Vol 2, Chapters 13-25 ISBN13: 9780077338190

ISBN10: 0077338197 Revised by Barbara Gershowitz, Nashville State Technical Community College.

Solutions Manual

Vol 1, Chapters 1-12 ISBN13: 9780077338152 ISBN10: 0077338154 Vol 2, Chapters 13-25 ISBN13: 9780077338145

ISBN10: 0077338146 Written by John J Wild, Ken W

Shaw, and Anita Kroll, University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Excel Working Papers CD

ISBN13: 9780077338084

ISBN10: 0077338081

Written by John J Wild.

Working Papers (for Chapters 1-25)

delivered in Excel spreadsheets These

Excel Working Papers are available on

CD-ROM and can be bundled with the

printed Working Papers; see your

repre-sentative for information.

Covers each chapter and appendix with reviews of the learning objectives, outlines of the chapters, summaries of chapter materials, and additional prob- lems with solutions.

Carol Yacht’s General Ledger CD-ROM

ISBN13: 9780077338039 ISBN10: 0077338030

The CD-ROM includes fully functioning versions of McGraw-Hill's own General Ledger Application software Problem templates prepared by Carol Yacht and

student user guides are included that allow you to assign text problems for working in Yacht's General Ledger or Peachtree.

QuickBooks Pro 2011 Student Guide and Templates

ISBN13: 9780077455309 ISBN10: 0077455304 Prepared by Carol Yacht.

To better prepare students for ing in the real world, select end-of- chapter material in the text is tied to QuickBooks software The accompanying student guide provides a step-by-step walkthrough for students on how to complete the problem in the software.

account-Instructor Supplements

Student Supplements

xviii

The authors extend a special thanks to our contributing and technology supplement authors:

Contributing Author: Anita Kroll, University of Wisconsin–Madison

LearnSmart Authors: Anna Boulware, St Charles Community College; Brenda Mattison, Tri County Technical College; and Dominique Svarc, William Rainey Harper College

Online Quizzes: Gina Jones, Aims County Community College

Connect Self-Quiz and Study: Jeannine Metzler, Northampton Community College

Interactive Presentations: Kathleen O'Donnell, Onongada Community College, and Jeannie Folk, College of DuPage

Assurance of Learning Ready

Many educational institutions today are focused on the notion of ance of learning, an important element of some accreditation standards

assur-Fundamental Accounting Principles is designed specifi cally to support your

assurance of learning initiatives with a simple, yet powerful solution Each test bank question for

Fundamental Accounting Principles maps to a specifi c chapter learning objective listed in the text

You can use our test bank software, EZ Test and EZ Test Online, or Connect Accounting to easily

query for learning objectives that directly relate to the learning objectives for your course You can then use the reporting features of EZ Test to aggregate student results in similar fashion, making the collection and presentation of assurance of learning data simple and easy

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The McGraw-Hill Companies is a proud corporate member of AACSB International Understanding the importance and value

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recognizes the curricula guidelines detailed in the AACSB dards for business accreditation by connecting selected questions in the test bank to the six general

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Accounting Principles are provided only as a guide for the users of this textbook The AACSB leaves

content coverage and assessment within the purview of individual schools, the mission of the

school, and the faculty While Fundamental Accounting Principles and the teaching package make

no claim of any specifi c AACSB qualifi cation or evaluation, we have within Fundamental

Account-ing Principles labeled select questions accordAccount-ing to the six general knowledge and skills areas.

"Best on the market! Great examples, complete coverage of principle's topics, and great resources!"

— David Alldredge, Salt Lake Community College

xix

Nelson Alino, Quinnipiac University

David Alldredge, Salt Lake Community

College

Sheila Ammons, Austin Community College

Victoria Badura, Chadron State College

Susan Baker, University of Michigan-Dearborn

Charles Scott Barhight, Northampton

Community College

Robert Beebe, Morrisville State University

Teri Bernstein, Santa Monica College

Swati Bhandarkar, University of Georgia

Jaswinder Bhangal, Chabot College

Linda Bolduc, Mount Wachusett Community

College

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College

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College-Pemberton

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Community College

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Community College

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College

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University

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College

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University-Terre Haute

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Arkansas-Little Rock

Laura Farrell, Wagner College Charles Fazzi, Saint Vincent College Ronald A Feinberg, Suffolk Community

Technical Community College

Richard Gordon, Columbia Southern Michelle Grant, Bossier Parish Community

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John L Haverty, St Joseph’s University Laurie Hays, Western Michigan University Shelley Henke, Fox Valley Technical College Geoffrey Heriot, Greenville Technical College Lyle Hicks, Danville Area Community College Cecil Hill, Jackson State University

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Karen Kettelson, Western Technical College Randy Kidd, Longview Community College Irene Kim, George Washington University James Kinard, Ohio State University-Columbus Rita Kingery-Cook, University of Delaware Frank Klaus, Cleveland State University Shirly A Kleiner, Johnson County Community

College

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John J Wild, Ken W Shaw, Barbara Chiappetta, and McGraw-Hill/Irwin would like to recognize the following instructors for their

valuable feedback and involvement in the development of Fundamental Accounting Principles 20e We are thankful for their

sugges-tions, counsel, and encouragement

xx

In addition to the helpful and generous colleagues listed above, we thank the entire McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Fundamental Accounting Principles 20e team, including Stewart Mattson, Tim Vertovec, Steve Schuetz, Christina

Sanders, Aaron Downey of Matrix Productions, Lori Koetters, Matthew Baldwin, Carol Bielski, Patricia Plumb, and Brian Nacik We also thank the great marketing and sales support staff, including Michelle Heaster, Kathleen Klehr, and Simi Dutt Many talented educators and professionals worked hard to create the supplements for this book, and for their efforts we’re grateful Finally, many more people we either did not meet or whose efforts we did not personally witness nevertheless helped to make this book everything that it is, and we thank them all

John J Wild Ken W Shaw Barbara Chiappetta

Beth Lasky, Delgado Community College Phillip Lee, Nashville State Technical

Community College

Jerry Lehman, Madison Area Technical College Frederic Lerner, New York University Roger Lewis, West Virginia University-

College

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Baltimore County—Essex

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Charles Spector, State University of New York

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College

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Community College

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College

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Darryl Woolley, University of Idaho Gloria Worthy, Southwest Tennessee

Community College-Macon

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xxi

4 Completing the Accounting Cycle 136

5 Accounting for Merchandising

Operations 178

6 Inventories and Cost of Sales 226

7 Accounting Information Systems 270

8 Cash and Internal Controls 314

9 Accounting for Receivables 358

10 Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and

Intangibles 392

11 Current Liabilities and Payroll

Accounting 434

12 Accounting for Partnerships 478

13 Accounting for Corporations 506

17 Analysis of Financial Statements 684

18 Managerial Accounting Concepts and

Principles 730

19 Job Order Cost Accounting 774

20 Process Cost Accounting 812

21 Cost Allocation and Performance

Measurement 856

22 Cost-Volume-Profi t Analysis 906

23 Master Budgets and Planning 944

24 Flexible Budgets and Standard

Conceptual Framework and Convergence 9 Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) 12

Transaction Analysis and the Accounting Equation 14

Accounting Equation 14 Transaction Analysis 15 Summary of Transactions 18

Financial Statements 19

Income Statement 19 Statement of Owner’s Equity 19 Balance Sheet 21

Statement of Cash Flows 21

Global View 21 Decision Analysis—Return on Assets 22 Appendix 1A Return and Risk Analysis 26 Appendix 1B Business Activities and the Accounting Equation 26

Transactions 48

Analyzing and Recording Process 50

Source Documents 50 The Account and Its Analysis 51

Analyzing and Processing Transactions 54

Ledger and Chart of Accounts 54 Debits and Credits 55

Double-Entry Accounting 55 Journalizing and Posting Transactions 56 Analyzing Transactions—An Illustration 59 Accounting Equation Analysis 63

Trial Balance 65

Preparing a Trial Balance 65 Using a Trial Balance to Prepare Financial Statements 66

Global View 68 Decision Analysis—Debt Ratio 69

and Preparing Financial Statements 92

Timing and Reporting 94

The Accounting Period 94 Accrual Basis versus Cash Basis 95 Recognizing Revenues and Expenses 96

Adjusting Accounts 96

Framework for Adjustments 96 Prepaid (Deferred) Expenses 97 Unearned (Deferred) Revenues 100 Accrued Expenses 101

Accrued Revenues 103 Links to Financial Statements 105 Adjusted Trial Balance 106

Preparing Financial Statements 106Global View 108

Decision Analysis—Profi t Margin 109 Appendix 3A Alternative Accounting for Prepayments 113

Accounting Cycle 136

Work Sheet as a Tool 138

Benefi ts of a Work Sheet (Spreadsheet) 138 Use of a Work Sheet 138

Work Sheet Applications and Analysis 142

Contents

xxiii

Classifi ed Balance Sheet 147

Classifi cation Structure 147 Classifi cation Categories 148

Global View 150

Decision Analysis—Current Ratio 150

Appendix 4A Reversing Entries 154

Accounting for Merchandise Purchases 182

Purchase Discounts 183 Purchase Returns and Allowances 184 Transportation Costs and Ownership Transfer 185

Accounting for Merchandise Sales 187

Sales of Merchandise 187 Sales Discounts 188 Sales Returns and Allowances 188

Completing the Accounting Cycle 190

Adjusting Entries for Merchandisers 190 Preparing Financial Statements 191 Closing Entries for Merchandisers 191 Summary of Merchandising Entries 191

Financial Statement Formats 192

Multiple-Step Income Statement 193 Single-Step Income Statement 194 Classifi ed Balance Sheet 194

Global View 195

Decision Analysis—Acid-Test and Gross Margin

Ratios 196 Appendix 5A Periodic Inventory System 201

Appendix 5B Work Sheet—Perpetual System 205

Sales 226

Inventory Basics 228

Determining Inventory Items 228 Determining Inventory Costs 229 Internal Controls and Taking a Physical Count 229

Inventory Costing under a Perpetual System 229

Inventory Cost Flow Assumptions 230 Inventory Costing Illustration 231 Specifi c Identifi cation 231 First-In, First-Out 233 Last-In, First-Out 233 Weighted Average 234 Financial Statement Effects of Costing Methods 236 Consistency in Using Costing Methods 237

Valuing Inventory at LCM and the Effects of Inventory Errors 237

Lower of Cost or Market 237 Financial Statement Effects of Inventory Errors 238

Global View 240 Decision Analysis—Inventory Turnover and Days’

Sales in Inventory 241 Appendix 6A Inventory Costing under a Periodic System 246

Appendix 6B Inventory Estimation Methods 251

Systems 270

Fundamental System Principles 272

Control Principle 272 Relevance Principle 272 Compatibility Principle 273 Flexibility Principle 273 Cost-Benefi t Principle 273

Contents xxv

Components of Accounting Systems 273

Source Documents 274 Input Devices 274 Information Processors 274 Information Storage 274 Output Devices 275

Special Journals in Accounting 275

Basics of Special Journals 276 Subsidiary Ledgers 276 Sales Journal 278 Cash Receipts Journal 281 Purchases Journal 283 Cash Disbursements Journal 284 General Journal Transactions 285

Technology-Based Accounting Systems 286

Computer Technology in Accounting 286 Data Processing in Accounting 286 Computer Networks in Accounting 286 Enterprise Resource Planning Software 287

Global View 287 Decision Analysis—Segment Return on Assets 288 Appendix 7A Special Journals under a Periodic System 292

Controls 314

Internal Control 316

Purpose of Internal Control 316 Principles of Internal Control 317 Technology and Internal Control 319 Limitations of Internal Control 320

Banking Activities as Controls 328

Basic Bank Services 328 Bank Statement 330 Bank Reconciliation 331

Global View 334 Decision Analysis—Days’ Sales Uncollected 335 Appendix 8A Documentation and Verifi cation 338 Appendix 8B Control of Purchase Discounts 341

Valuing Accounts Receivable—Allowance Method 364 Estimating Bad Debts—Percent of Sales Method 366 Estimating Bad Debts—Percent of Receivables Method 367

Estimating Bad Debts—Aging of Receivables Method 368

Notes Receivable 370

Computing Maturity and Interest 370 Recognizing Notes Receivable 371 Valuing and Settling Notes 372

Disposal of Receivables 373

Selling Receivables 373 Pledging Receivables 373

Global View 374 Decision Analysis—Accounts Receivable Turnover 375

Resources, and Intangibles 392

SECTION 1—PLANT ASSETS 394 Cost Determination 395

Land 395 Land Improvements 396 Buildings 396

Machinery and Equipment 396 Lump-Sum Purchase 396

Depreciation 397

Factors in Computing Depreciation 397 Depreciation Methods 398

Partial-Year Depreciation 402 Change in Estimates for Depreciation 403 Reporting Depreciation 403

Additional Expenditures 404

Ordinary Repairs 404 Betterments and Extraordinary Repairs 405

Disposals of Plant Assets 405

Discarding Plant Assets 406 Selling Plant Assets 406

SECTION 2—NATURAL RESOURCES 408

Cost Determination and Depletion 408 Plant Assets Used in Extracting 409

SECTION 3—INTANGIBLE ASSETS 409

Cost Determination and Amortization 409 Types of Intangibles 410

Global View 412

Decision Analysis—Total Asset Turnover 413

Appendix 10A Exchanging Plant Assets 416

11 Current Liabilities and

Payroll Accounting 434

Characteristics of Liabilities 436

Defi ning Liabilities 436 Classifying Liabilities 436 Uncertainty in Liabilities 437

Known Liabilities 438

Accounts Payable 438 Sales Taxes Payable 438 Unearned Revenues 439 Short-Term Notes Payable 439 Payroll Liabilities 441 Multi-Period Known Liabilities 444

Estimated Liabilities 445

Health and Pension Benefi ts 445 Vacation Benefi ts 446

Bonus Plans 446 Warranty Liabilities 446 Multi-Period Estimated Liabilities 447

Contingent Liabilities 448

Accounting for Contingent Liabilities 448 Reasonably Possible Contingent Liabilities 448 Uncertainties that Are Not Contingencies 449

Global View 449

Decision Analysis—Times Interest Earned Ratio 450

Appendix 11A Payroll Reports, Records,

and Procedures 453 Appendix 11B Corporate Income Taxes 459

Partnerships 478

Partnership Form of Organization 480

Characteristics of Partnerships 480 Organizations with Partnership Characteristics 481 Choosing a Business Form 482

Basic Partnership Accounting 483

Organizing a Partnership 483 Dividing Income or Loss 483 Partnership Financial Statements 485

Admission and Withdrawal of Partners 486

Admission of a Partner 486 Withdrawal of a Partner 488 Death of a Partner 489

Liquidation of a Partnership 489

No Capital Defi ciency 490 Capital Defi ciency 491

Global View 492 Decision Analysis—Partner Return on Equity 492

Corporations 506

Corporate Form of Organization 508

Characteristics of Corporations 508 Corporate Organization and Management 509 Stockholders of Corporations 510

Basics of Capital Stock 511

Common Stock 512

Issuing Par Value Stock 512 Issuing No-Par Value Stock 513 Issuing Stated Value Stock 514 Issuing Stock for Noncash Assets 514

Dividends 515

Cash Dividends 515 Stock Dividends 516 Stock Splits 518

Preferred Stock 518

Issuance of Preferred Stock 519 Dividend Preference of Preferred Stock 519 Convertible Preferred Stock 520

Callable Preferred Stock 521 Reasons for Issuing Preferred Stock 521

Contents xxvii

Treasury Stock 522

Purchasing Treasury Stock 522 Reissuing Treasury Stock 523 Retiring Stock 524

Reporting of Equity 524

Statement of Retained Earnings 524 Statement of Stockholders’ Equity 525 Reporting Stock Options 525

Global View 526 Decision Analysis—Earnings per Share, Price- Earnings Ratio, Dividend Yield, and Book Value per Share 527

14 Long-Term Liabilities 550

Basics of Bonds 552

Bond Financing 552 Bond Trading 553 Bond-Issuing Procedures 554

Bond Issuances 554

Issuing Bonds at Par 554 Bond Discount or Premium 555 Issuing Bonds at a Discount 555 Issuing Bonds at a Premium 558 Bond Pricing 560

Bond Retirement 561

Bond Retirement at Maturity 561 Bond Retirement before Maturity 561 Bond Retirement by Conversion 562

Long-Term Notes Payable 562

Installment Notes 562 Mortgage Notes and Bonds 564

Global View 565 Decision Analysis—Debt Features and the Debt-to- Equity Ratio 566

Appendix 14A Present Values of Bonds and Notes 570 Appendix 14B Effective Interest Amortization 572 Appendix 14C Issuing Bonds between Interest Dates 574

Appendix 14D Leases and Pensions 576

Reporting of Noninfluential Investments 599

Trading Securities 599 Held-to-Maturity Securities 600 Available-for-Sale Securities 600

Reporting of Influential Investments 602

Investment in Securities with Signifi cant Infl uence 602 Investment in Securities with Controlling Infl uence 603 Accounting Summary for Investments in Securities 603

Global View 605 Decision Analysis—Components of Return on Total Assets 605

Appendix 15A Investments in International Operations 610

16 Reporting the Statement

of Cash Flows 630

Basics of Cash Flow Reporting 632

Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows 632 Importance of Cash Flows 632

Measurement of Cash Flows 633 Classifi cation of Cash Flows 633 Noncash Investing and Financing 635 Format of the Statement of Cash Flows 635 Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows 636

Cash Flows from Operating 638

Indirect and Direct Methods of Reporting 638 Application of the Indirect Method of Reporting 639 Summary of Adjustments for Indirect Method 644

Cash Flows from Investing 645

Three-Stage Process of Analysis 645 Analysis of Noncurrent Assets 645 Analysis of Other Assets 646

Cash Flows from Financing 647

Three-Stage Process of Analysis 647 Analysis of Noncurrent Liabilities 647 Analysis of Equity 648

Proving Cash Balances 649

Global View 649

Decision Analysis—Cash Flow Analysis 650

Appendix 16A Spreadsheet Preparation of the Statement

of Cash Flows 654 Appendix 16B Direct Method of Reporting Operating

Horizontal Analysis 688

Comparative Statements 688 Trend Analysis 691

Vertical Analysis 693

Common-Size Statements 693 Common-Size Graphics 695

Ratio Analysis 696

Liquidity and Effi ciency 697 Solvency 701

Profi tability 702 Market Prospects 703 Summary of Ratios 704

Global View 706

Decision Analysis—Analysis Reporting 706

Appendix 17A Sustainable Income 710

18 Managerial Accounting

Concepts and Principles 730

Managerial Accounting Basics 732

Purpose of Managerial Accounting 732 Nature of Managerial Accounting 733 Managerial Decision Making 735 Fraud and Ethics in Managerial Accounting 735

Managerial Cost Concepts 736

Types of Cost Classifi cations 736 Identifi cation of Cost Classifi cations 739 Cost Concepts for Service Companies 739

Reporting Manufacturing Activities 740

Manufacturer’s Balance Sheet 740 Manufacturer’s Income Statement 741 Flow of Manufacturing Activities 744

Manufacturing Statement 745 Trends in Managerial Accounting 747

Global View 749 Decision Analysis—Cycle Time and Cycle Effi ciency 749

Accounting 774

Job Order Cost Accounting 776

Cost Accounting System 776 Job Order Production 776 Events in Job Order Costing 777 Job Cost Sheet 778

Job Order Cost Flows and Reports 780

Materials Cost Flows and Documents 780 Labor Cost Flows and Documents 782 Overhead Cost Flows and Documents 783 Summary of Cost Flows 785

Adjusting Factory Overhead 787

Factory Overhead T-Account 787 Underapplied or Overapplied Overhead 788

Global View 788 Decision Analysis—Pricing for Services 789

GenX Company—An Illustration 815

Process Cost Accounting 817

Comparing Job Order and Process Cost Accounting Systems 817

Direct and Indirect Costs 817 Accounting for Materials Costs 818 Accounting for Labor Costs 819 Accounting for Factory Overhead 819

Equivalent Units of Production 821

Accounting for Goods in Process 821 Differences in Equivalent Units for Materials, Labor, and Overhead 821

Process Costing Illustration 822

Step 1: Determine the Physical Flow of Units 823 Step 2: Compute Equivalent Units of Production 823 Step 3: Compute the Cost per Equivalent Unit 824 Step 4: Assign and Reconcile Costs 824

Measurement 856

SECTION 1—ALLOCATING COSTS FOR PRODUCT COSTING 858

Overhead Cost Allocation Methods 858

Two-Stage Cost Allocation 858 Activity-Based Cost Allocation 860 Comparison of Two-Stage and Activity-Based Cost Allocation 863

SECTION 2—ALLOCATING COSTS FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 864 Departmental Accounting 864

Motivation for Departmentalization 864 Departmental Evaluation 864

Departmental Expense Allocation 865

Direct and Indirect Expenses 865 Allocation of Indirect Expenses 866 Departmental Income Statements 867 Departmental Contribution to Overhead 871

Evaluating Investment Center Performance 873

Financial Performance Evaluation Measures 873 Nonfi nancial Performance Evaluation Measures 874

Responsibility Accounting 875

Controllable versus Direct Costs 875 Responsibility Accounting System 876 Summary of Cost Allocation 877

Global View 878 Decision Analysis—Investment Center Profit Margin and Investment Turnover 878

Appendix 21A Transfer Pricing 882 Appendix 21B Joint Costs and Their Allocation 883

22 Cost-Volume-Profi t

Analysis 906

Identifying Cost Behavior 908

Fixed Costs 908 Variable Costs 909 Mixed Costs 909 Step-Wise Costs 910 Curvilinear Costs 910

Measuring Cost Behavior 911

Scatter Diagrams 911 High-Low Method 912 Least-Squares Regression 913 Comparison of Cost Estimation Methods 913

Using Break-Even Analysis 914

Contribution Margin and Its Measures 914 Computing the Break-Even Point 915 Preparing a Cost-Volume-Profi t Chart 916 Making Assumptions in Cost-Volume-Profi t Analysis 917

Applying Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 918

Computing Income from Sales and Costs 919 Computing Sales for a Target Income 919 Computing the Margin of Safety 920 Using Sensitivity Analysis 921 Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point 921

Global View 924 Decision Analysis—Degree of Operating Leverage 924 Appendix 22A Using Excel to Estimate Least-Squares Regression 926

Planning 944

Budget Process 946

Strategic Budgeting 946 Benchmarking Budgets 946 Budgeting and Human Behavior 947 Budgeting as a Management Tool 947 Budgeting Communication 947

Budget Administration 948

Budget Committee 948 Budget Reporting 948 Budget Timing 949

Decision Analysis—Activity-Based Budgeting 960

Appendix 23A Production and Manufacturing

Flexible Budget Reports 992

Purpose of Flexible Budgets 992 Preparation of Flexible Budgets 992 Flexible Budget Performance Report 994

SECTION 2—STANDARD COSTS 995

Materials and Labor Standards 996

Identifying Standard Costs 996 Setting Standard Costs 996

Cost Variances 997

Cost Variance Analysis 997 Cost Variance Computation 997 Computing Materials and Labor Variances 998

Overhead Standards and Variances 1001

Setting Overhead Standards 1001 Total Overhead Cost Variance 1002

Global View 1004

Decision Analysis—Sales Variances 1005

Appendix 24A: Expanded Overhead Variances and

Standard Cost Accounting System 1010

25 Capital Budgeting and

Managerial Decisions 1034

SECTION 1—CAPITAL BUDGETING 1036 Methods Not Using Time Value of Money 1037

Payback Period 1037 Accounting Rate of Return 1039

Methods Using Time Value of Money 1040

Net Present Value 1041 Internal Rate of Return 1043 Comparison of Capital Budgeting Methods 1045

SECTION 2—MANAGERIAL DECISIONS 1046 Decisions and Information 1047

Decision Making 1047 Relevant Costs 1047

Managerial Decision Scenarios 1048

Additional Business 1048 Make or Buy 1049 Scrap or Rework 1050 Sell or Process 1051 Sales Mix Selection 1052 Segment Elimination 1053 Keep or Replace Equipment 1054 Qualitative Decision Factors 1055

Global View 1055 Decision Analysis—Break-Even Time 1055 Appendix 25A Using Excel to Compute Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return 1060 Appendix A Financial Statement Information A-1

Research in Motion A-2

Fundamental Accounting Principles

A Look at This Chapter

Accounting is crucial in our information age In this chapter, we discuss the importance of accounting to different types

of organizations and describe its many users and uses We explain that ethics are essential to accounting We also explain business transactions and how they are reflected in financial statements.

A Look Ahead

Chapter 2 describes and analyzes business transactions We explain the analysis and recording of transactions, the ledger and trial balance, and the double- entry system More generally, Chapters 2 through 4 show (via the accounting cycle) how financial statements reflect business activities.

opportunities in, accounting (p 5)C3 Explain why ethics are crucial to

accounting (p 8)C4 Explain generally accepted accounting

principles and define and apply several accounting principles (p 9)

C5 Appendix 1B—Identify and describe

the three major activities of organizations (p 26)

ANALYTICAL

A1 Define and interpret the accounting equation and each of its components

(p 14)A2 Compute and interpret return on assets (p 22)

A3 Appendix 1A—Explain the relation

between return and risk (p 26)

Learning Objectives are classified as conceptual, analytical, or procedural.

LP1

PALO ALTO, CA—“Open Society” conjures up philosophical thoughts and political ideologies However, for Mark Zuckerberg, his vision of an open society “is to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected.” That vision led Mark to create Facebook (Facebook.com) from his

college dorm Today, Facebook is the highest-profile social working site Along the way, Mark had to learn accounting and the details of preparing and interpreting financial statements.

net-“It’s all been very interesting,” says Mark Important tions involving business formation, transaction analysis, and fi- nancial reporting arose Mark answered them and in the process has set his company apart “I’m here to build something for the long term,” declares Mark “Anything else is a distraction.”

ques-Information is the focus—both within Facebook and within its accounting records Mark recalls that when he launched his business, there were “all these reasons why they could not aggregate this [personal] information.” He took a similar tactic

in addressing accounting information “There’s an intense focus

on information, as both an ideal and a practical strategy to get things done,” insists Mark This includes using accounting information to make key business decisions.

While Facebook is the language of social networking, ing is the language of business networking “As a company we are

account-very focused on what we are building,” says Mark “We are adding

a certain amount of value to people’s lives if we build a very good product.” That value is reflected in its financial statements, which are based on transaction analysis and accounting concepts.

Facebook’s success is reflected in its revenues, which continue

to grow and exhibit what people call the monetizing of social working “Social Ads are doing pretty well,” asserts Mark “We are happy with how we are doing in terms of numbers of advertisers and revenue.” Facebook also tracks its expenses and asset pur- chases “We expect to achieve profitability next year,” states Mark “It means we will be able to fund all of our operations and server purchases from the cash we generate.” This is saying a lot

net-as Facebook’s operating expenditures must support nearly 1 billion photo uploads and 8 million video uploads per day.

Mark emphasizes that his financial house must be in order for Facebook to realize its full potential—and that potential is in his sights “We believe really deeply that if people are sharing more, then the world will be a more open place where people can under- stand what is going on with the people around them.”

Decision Insight

“We are focused on helping people share information“

Accounting for Facebook

A Decision Feature launches each chapter showing the relevance of accounting for a real entrepreneur An

Entrepreneurial Decision problem at the end of the assignments returns to this feature with a mini-case.

[Sources: Facebook Website, January 2011; CNN, October 2008; Mercury

News, April 2009; VentureBeat, March 2008; FastCompany.com, May 2007;

Wired, June 2009]

Today’s world is one of information—its preparation,

commu-nication, analysis, and use Accounting is at the core of this

information age Knowledge of accounting gives us career

opportunities and the insight to take advantage of them This

book introduces concepts, procedures, and analyses that help

us make better decisions, including career choices In this chapter we describe accounting, the users and uses of account-ing information, the forms and activities of organizations, and several accounting principles We also introduce transaction analysis and financial statements

• International standards

Importance of Accounting

Financial Statements

• Income statement

• Statement of owner’s equity

• Balance sheet

• Statement of cash flows

EXHIBIT 1.1

Accounting Activities

Select transactions and events Input, measure, and classify Prepare, analyze, and interpret

Real company names are

printed in bold magenta.

Why is accounting so popular on campuses? Why are there so many accounting jobs for uates? Why is accounting so important to companies? Why do politicians and business leaders focus on accounting regulations? The answer is that we live in an information age, where that information, and its reliability, impacts the financial well-being of us all

Accounting is an information and measurement system that identifies, records, and

commu-nicates relevant, reliable, and comparable information about an organization’s business

activi-ties Identifying business activities requires selecting transactions and events relevant to an

organization Examples are the sale of iPhones by Apple and the receipt of ticket money by

TicketMaster Recording business activities requires keeping a chronological log of tions and events measured in dollars and classified and summarized in a useful format Com-

transac-municating business activities requires preparing accounting reports such as financial statements

It also requires analyzing and interpreting such reports (The financial statements and notes of

Research In Motion, the maker of BlackBerry, are shown in Appendix A near the end of this

book This appendix also shows the financial statements of Apple, Palm, and Nokia.) Exhibit 1.1 summarizes accounting activities

We must guard against a narrow view of accounting Our most common contact with accounting

is through credit approvals, checking accounts, tax forms, and payroll These experiences are

limited and tend to focus on the recordkeeping parts of accounting Recordkeeping, or bookkeeping, is the recording of transactions and events, either manually or electronically This is

just one part of accounting Accounting also identifies and communicates information on tions and events, and it includes the crucial processes of analysis and interpretation

transac-IMPORTANCE OF ACCOUNTING

C1 Explain the purpose and

importance of accounting.

Chapter 1 Accounting in Business 5

Technology is a key part of modern business and plays a major role in accounting Technology reduces the time, effort, and cost of recordkeeping while improving clerical accuracy Some small organizations continue to perform various accounting tasks manually, but even they are impacted by technology As technology has changed the way we store, process, and summarize masses of data, accounting has been freed to expand Consulting, planning, and other financial services are now closely linked to accounting These services require sorting through data, inter-preting their meaning, identifying key factors, and analyzing their implications

Users of Accounting Information

Accounting is often called the language of business because all organizations set up an accounting

information system to communicate data to help people make better decisions Exhibit 1.2 shows that the accounting information system serves many kinds of users (this is a partial listing) who can be divided into two groups: external users and internal users

Margin notes further enhance

the textual material.

Point: Technology is only as useful

as the accounting data available, and users’ decisions are only as good as their understanding of accounting

The best software and recordkeeping cannot make up for lack of accounting knowledge.

521 506

567

726 - 359 254

236

521 506

567

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236

521 506

567

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236

521 506 567 726 0 359 254 236

521 506

567

726 - 359 254

–001 –003

008

–003

–003

000027 000029

000031

000033 000035 000037

000039

EXHIBIT 1.2

Users of Accounting Information

Infographics reinforce key

concepts through visual learning.

External Information Users External users of accounting information are not directly

involved in running the organization They include shareholders (investors), lenders, directors, customers, suppliers, regulators, lawyers, brokers, and the press External users have limited access to an organization’s information Yet their business decisions depend on information that

is reliable, relevant, and comparable

Financial accounting is the area of accounting aimed at serving external users by providing

them with general-purpose financial statements The term general-purpose refers to the broad

range of purposes for which external users rely on these statements

Each external user has special information needs depending on the types of decisions to be

made Lenders (creditors) loan money or other resources to an organization Banks, savings and

loans, co-ops, and mortgage and finance companies are lenders Lenders look for information to

help them assess whether an organization is likely to repay its loans with interest Shareholders

(investors) are the owners of a corporation They use accounting reports in deciding whether to

buy, hold, or sell stock Shareholders typically elect a board of directors to oversee their

inter-ests in an organization Since directors are responsible to shareholders, their information needs

are similar External (independent) auditors examine finan cial statements to verify that they are prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles Nonexecutive employees and

labor unions use financial statements to judge the fairness of wages, assess job prospects, and

bargain for better wages Regulators often have legal authority over certain activities of

organi-zations For example, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other tax authorities require nizations to file accounting reports in computing taxes Other regulators include utility boards that use accounting information to set utility rates and securities regulators that require reports for companies that sell their stock to the public

Accounting serves the needs of many other external users Voters, legislators, and

govern-ment officials use accounting information to monitor and evaluate governgovern-ment receipts and

expenses Contributors to nonprofit organizations use accounting information to evaluate the use and impact of their donations Suppliers use accounting information to judge the soundness

C2 Identify users and uses

of, and opportunities in, accounting.

of a customer before making sales on credit, and customers use financial reports to assess the

staying power of potential suppliers

Internal Information Users Internal users of accounting information are those directly

involved in managing and operating an organization They use the information to help improve the

efficiency and effectiveness of an organization Managerial accounting is the area of accounting

that serves the decision-making needs of internal users Internal reports are not subject to the same rules as external reports and instead are designed with the special needs of internal users in mind

There are several types of internal users, and many are managers of key operating activities

Research and development managers need information about projected costs and revenues of

any proposed changes in products and services Purchasing managers need to know what, when, and how much to purchase Human resource managers need information about em ployees’

payroll, benefits, performance, and compensation Pro duction managers depend on information

to monitor costs and ensure quality Distribution managers need reports for timely, accurate, and efficient delivery of products and services Market ing managers use reports about sales and

costs to target consumers, set prices, and monitor consumer needs, tastes, and price concerns

Service managers require information on the costs and benefits of looking after products and

services Decisions of these and other internal users depend on accounting reports

Both internal and external users rely on internal controls to monitor and control company

activi-ties Internal controls are procedures set up to protect company property and equipment, ensure

reliable accounting reports, promote efficiency, and encourage adherence to company policies amples are good records, physical controls (locks, passwords, guards), and independent reviews

Ex-Decision Insight boxes highlight

relevant items from practice.

Opportunities in Accounting

Accounting information affects many aspects of our lives When we earn money, pay taxes, invest savings, budget earnings, and plan for the future, we are influenced by accounting Ac-counting has four broad areas of opportunities: financial, managerial, taxation, and accounting-related Exhibit 1.3 lists selected opportunities in each area

Virtuous Returns Virtue is not always its own

reward Compare the S&P 500 with the Domini Social Index (DSI), which covers 400 companies that have especially good records of social responsibility

We see that returns for companies with socially responsible behavior are at least as high as those of the S&P 500 ■

Copyright © 2009 by KLD Research & Analytics, Inc The

“Domini 400 Social Index” is a service mark of KLD Research & Analytics.

Decision Insight

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

DSI S&P 500

08 09

Graphical displays are often

used to illustrate key points.

Chapter 1 Accounting in Business 7

The majority of accounting opportunities are in

private accounting, which are employees working

for businesses, as shown in Exhibit 1.4 Public

ac-counting offers the next largest number of

opportu-nities, which involve services such as auditing and tax advice to a vast range of businesses Still other opportunities exist in government and not-for-profit agencies, including business regulation and investi-gation of law violations

Accounting specialists are highly regarded

Their professional standing often is denoted by a certificate Certified public accountants (CPAs) must meet education and experience requirements, pass an examination, and exhibit ethical character Many accounting specialists hold certificates in addition to or instead of the CPA

Two of the most common are the certificate in management accounting (CMA) and the certified internal auditor (CIA) Employers also look for specialists with designations such as certified book keeper (CB), certified payroll professional (CPP), personal financial specialist (PFS), certi-fied fraud examiner (CFE), and certified forensic accountant (CrFA)

Individuals with accounting knowledge are always in demand as they can help with financial analysis, strategic planning, e-commerce, product feasibility analysis, information technology, and financial management Benefit packages can include flexible work schedules, telecommut-ing options, career path alternatives, casual work environ ments, extended vacation time, and child and elder care

Demand for accounting specialists is strong Exhibit 1.5 reports average annual salaries for several accounting positions Salary variation depends on location, company size, professional designation, experience, and other factors For example, salaries for chief financial officers (CFO) range from under $75,000 to more than $1 million per year Likewise, salaries for book-keepers range from under $30,000 to more than $80,000

EXHIBIT 1.4

Accounting Jobs by Area

Point: For updated salary information: Abbott-Langer.com

www.AICPA.org Kforce.com

Point: Census Bureau (2009) reports

that for workers 18 and over, higher education yields higher average pay:

Advanced degree $80,977 Bachelor’s degree 57,181 High school degree 31,286

No high school degree 21,484

Point: The largest accounting firms are

Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG, and waterhouseCoopers.

Price-Private accounting 60% Public

accounting 24%

Government, not-for-profit and education 16%

Quick Check is a chance to

stop and reflect on key points.

EXHIBIT 1.5

Accounting Salaries for Selected Fields

Field Title (experience) 2009 Salary 2014 Estimate*

Public Accounting Partner $191,000 $211,000

Manager (6 – 8 years) 94,500 104,000 Senior (3 – 5 years) 72,000 79,500 Junior (0 – 2 years) 51,500 57,000

Private Accounting CFO 232,000 256,000

Controller/Treasurer 147,500 163,000 Manager (6 – 8 years) 87,500 96,500 Senior (3 – 5 years) 72,500 80,000 Junior (0 – 2 years) 49,000 54,000

Recordkeeping Full-charge bookkeeper 57,500 63,500

Accounts manager 51,000 56,500 Payroll manager 54,500 60,000 Accounting clerk (0 – 2 years) 37,500 41,500

* Estimates assume a 2% compounded annual increase over current levels (rounded to nearest $500).

1. What is the purpose of accounting?

2. What is the relation between accounting and recordkeeping?

3. Identify some advantages of technology for accounting.

4. Who are the internal and external users of accounting information?

5. Identify at least five types of managers who are internal users of accounting information.

6. What are internal controls and why are they important?

Quick Check Answers — p 28

Point: Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires

each issuer of securities to disclose

whether it has adopted a code of ethics

for its senior financial officers and the

contents of that code.

Providers of accounting information often face ethical choices as they prepare financial ports These choices can affect the price a buyer pays and the wages paid to workers They can even affect the success of products and services Misleading information can lead to a wrongful

re-closing of a division that harms workers, customers, and suppliers There is an old saying: Good

ethics are good business.

Some people extend ethics to social responsibility, which refers to a concern for the impact

of actions on society An organization’s social responsibility can include donations to hospitals, colleges, community programs, and law enforcement It also can include programs to reduce pollution, increase product safety, improve worker conditions, and support continuing education

These programs are not limited to large companies For example, many small businesses offer discounts to students and senior citizens Still others help sponsor events such as the Special Olympics and summer reading programs

Point: The American Institute of

Certified Public Accountants’ Code of

Professional Conduct is available at

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Financial accounting practice is governed by concepts and rules known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) To use and interpret financial statements effectively, we need

to understand these principles, which can change over time in response to the demands of users

Accounting is guided by principles, standards, concepts, and assumptions This section scribes several of these key fundamentals of accounting

de-Ethics—A Key Concept

The goal of accounting is to provide useful information for decisions For information to be

use-ful, it must be trusted This demands ethics in accounting Ethics are beliefs that distinguish

right from wrong They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior

Identifying the ethical path is sometimes difficult The preferred path is a course of action that avoids casting doubt on one’s decisions For example, accounting users are less likely to trust an auditor’s report if the auditor’s pay depends on the success of the client’s business To avoid such concerns, ethics rules are often set For example, auditors are banned from direct investment in their client and cannot accept pay that depends on figures in the client’s reports

Exhibit 1.6 gives guidelines for making ethical decisions

FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING

C3 Explain why ethics are

crucial to accounting.

Decision Insight

They Fought the Law Our economic and social welfare depends

on reliable accounting Some individuals forgot that and are now paying their dues They include Bernard Madoff (in photo) of Madoff Investment Securities, convicted of falsifying securities records; Bernard Ebbers of

WorldCom, convicted of an $11 billion accounting scandal; Andrew Fastow

of Enron, guilty of hiding debt and inflating income; and Ramalinga Raju of

Satyam Computers, accused of overstating assets by $1.5 billion ■

Decision Insight