LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution Version Rev Guide RA4831EN03GLM04 Legal notice Intellectual Property Rights All copyrights and intellectual property rights for Nokia Solutions and Networks training documentation, product documentation and slide presentation material, all of which are forthwith known as Nokia Solutions and Networks training material, are the exclusive property of Nokia Solutions and Networks Nokia Solutions and Networks owns the rights to copying, modification, translation, adaptation or derivatives including any improvements or developments Nokia Solutions and Networks has the sole right to copy, distribute, amend, modify, develop, license, sublicense, sell, transfer and assign the Nokia Solutions and Networks training material Individuals can use the Nokia Solutions and Networks training material for their own personal self-development only, those same individuals cannot subsequently pass on that same Intellectual Property to others without the prior written agreement of Nokia Solutions and Networks The Nokia Solutions and Networks training material cannot be used outside of an agreed Nokia Solutions and Networks training session for development of groups without the prior written agreement of Nokia Solutions and Networks Indemnity The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes only the product defined in the introduction of this documentation This document is intended for the use of Nokia Solutions and Networks customers only for the purposes of the agreement under which the document is submitted, and no part of it may be used, reproduced, modified or transmitted in any form or means without the prior written permission of Nokia Solutions and Networks The documentation has been prepared to be used by professional and properly trained personnel, and the customer assumes full responsibility when using it Nokia Solutions and Networks welcomes customer comments as part of the process of continuous development and improvement of the documentation The information or statements given in this documentation concerning the suitability, capacity or performance of the mentioned hardware or software products are given “as is” and all liability arising in connection with such hardware or software products shall be defined conclusively and finally in a separate agreement between Nokia Solutions and Networks and the customer Nokia Solutions and Networks will, if deemed necessary Nokia Solutions and Networks, explain issues which may not be covered by the document Nokia Solutions and Networks will correct errors in this documentation as soon as possible IN NO EVENT WILL NOKIA SOLUTIONS AND NETWORKS BE LIABLE FOR ERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENTATION OR FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL OR ANY LOSSES, SUCH AS BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF PROFIT, REVENUE, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY OR DATA,THAT MAY ARISE FROM THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR THE INFORMATION IN IT This document and the product it describes are considered protected by copyrights and other intellectual property rights according to the applicable laws Nokia is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respective owners, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only Copyright © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks All rights reserved RA4831EN03GLM04 • Export Control Marks • N/5E991 • This course is subject to the European Export Control Restrictions RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks Contents ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution Course Introduction Preface Prerequisite Target Audience Conventions Used in this Guide Purpose of the Participant Guide References and Resources Expectations Practicalities Course Objectives Course Schedule 2 2 2 4 5 Chapter 1: Lesson 1: What is Long Term Evolution (LTE)? Objectives Drivers for Long Term Evolution (LTE) 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) GSM Network Evolution Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Evolution How Does LTE Fit into 3GPP Roadmap? 3GPP Release Network Architecture (LTE) E-EUTRAN Air Interface Performance Goals for LTE Spectrum Flexibility Spectrum Efficiency Increased Peak Data Rates Increased User Throughput Control Plane Latency User Plane Latency Capacity Mobility Cell Coverage Lesson Summary Memory Points 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-16 1-17 1-17 1-17 1-18 1-18 1-19 1-19 1-19 1-20 1-21 Chapter 2: Lesson 2: LTE Network Architecture Objectives 3GPP Release Network Architecture (LTE) evolved Node B (eNodeB) User Entity (UE) Mobility Management Entity (MME) Serving Gateway (S-GW) Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) Other EPC Network Elements Interworking with Other Technologies eNodeB Reference Points Lesson Summary Memory Points 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2-10 2-10 2-13 2-14 2-15 Objectives Radio Frequency Parameters LTE Spectrum Channel Bandwidth Channel Sampling Frequency Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 333333- Chapter 3: Lesson 3: LTE Air Interface RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks 4 i Contents LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution Non-Orthogonal Subcarriers Orthogonal Frequencies Subcarrier Transmitter Operation Subcarrier Receiver Operation Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Scalable OFDM Subcarrier Spacing Symbol Time Multipath Delay and Inter-Symbol Interference Cyclic Prefix Subcarrier Types Occupied Subcarriers LTE Frame Structure LTE Frame Length and Subcarriers Channel Direction Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) Time Division Duplexing (TDD) Frame Type Structure Slots Resource Blocks and Resource Elements Physical and Virtual Resource Blocks Reference Signals Frame Type Subframes FDD Operation – DL FDD UL Operation Frame Type Special Subframe Frame Type UL/DL Configurations OFDM Bandwidth Allocation OFDMA Bandwidth Allocation OFDMA Transmitter Functions OFDMA Receiver Functions Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) OFDMA Issues UE Requirements SC-FDMA Transmitter Functions SC-FDMA Receiver Functions OFDMA Subcarrier Encoding SC-FDMA Subcarrier Encoding Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS) Selected Transmitter Functions Modulation Techniques Supported Modulation Review Modulation and Signal Quality Estimating FDD Capacity Multiple Antenna Systems Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) MIMO Techniques Single User MIMO (SU–MIMO) Multi-User MIMO (MU–MIMO) Lesson Summary Memory Points 3- 3- 3- 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-15 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-19 3-20 3-20 3-22 3-22 3-23 3-24 3-24 3-24 3-26 3-26 3-27 3-29 3-30 3-32 3-32 3-33 3-34 3-34 3-36 3-37 3-38 3-38 3-38 3-38 3-39 3-40 3-41 3-43 3-43 3-43 3-44 3-45 3-46 3-48 3-48 3-49 3-50 3-51 3-52 3-53 3-55 3-56 444444444- Chapter 4: Lesson 4: LTE and EPC Protocol Overview Objectives Selected EPS Interfaces EPS and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Control Plane User Plane Uu Interface Data Link Layer Radio Resource Control (RRC) Sublayer Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Sublayer Radio Link Control (RLC) Sublayer ii 4 9 RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer Uu Physical Layer SAE and LTE Channel Architecture Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels Transport to Physical Channel Mapping Mapping DL Physical Channels to Subframes Broadcast Channel Synchronization Signals Mapping UL Physical Channels to Subframes Mapping PUCCH to Subframes Random Access Channel Random Access Operation S1-MME Interface S1-MME Interface Control Protocol Stack S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) Functions UE to MME Control Plane S1-U and S5-U Interfaces S1-U User Plane Protocol Stack S5 Interface User Plane Protocol Stack S5 Control Plane Protocol Stack Uu to P-GW User Plane X2 Interface Functions X2 Control Plane Protocol Stack X2 Application Protocol (X2AP) Functions X2 User Plane Protocol Stack Lesson Summary Memory Points Contents 4-10 4-10 4-11 4-11 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-16 4-17 4-20 4-20 4-21 4-22 4-24 4-24 4-25 4-27 4-28 4-28 4-29 4-29 4-30 4-31 4-31 4-32 4-33 4-36 4-37 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-11 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-16 5-18 5-19 5-20 5-21 5-21 5-22 Chapter 5: Lesson 5: Network Acquisition and Call Process Objectives Basic Procedures Radio Resource Control (RRC) States Radio Resource Control (RRC) – Idle Radio Resource Control (RRC) – Connect Radio Resource Control (RRC) Connection EPS Mobility Management (EMM) States EPS Mobility Management (EMM) – Deregistered EPS Mobility Management (EMM) – Registered EPS Connection Management (ECM) States EPS Connection Management (ECM) – Idle EPS Connection Management (ECM) – Connect EPS Session Management (ESM) ESM_INACTIVE ESM_ACTIVE Non Access Stratum (NAS) States EMM_DEREGISTERED, ECM_IDLE and ESM_INACTIVE EMM_REGISTERED, ECM_IDLE and ESM_ACTIVE EMM_REGISTERED, ECM_CONNECT and ESM_ACTIVE Selected EPS IDs MME IDs UE IDs International Mobile Subscriber Identifier (IMSI) Structure Attaching to the Network eNodeB Acquisition System Information (SI) Initial Cell Selection Network Attach Quality of Service (QoS) / EPS Bearer Bearer Service Architecture QoS Parameters Service Request UE Triggered Service Request — Simplified Mobility Procedures RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks iii Contents Tracking Area (TA) MME and S-GW Pools Tracking Area Update (TAU) X2 Handover UE Triggered Detach (UE Switched Off) Security in LTE LTE Security Keys Function of LTE Security Keys Authentication and Key Agreement Process (AKA) Lesson Summary Memory Points iv LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution 5-22 5-23 5-24 5-25 5-28 5-30 5-30 5-31 5-31 5-33 5-34 RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks About This Manual LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Version Rev Guide RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks Course Introduction Course Introduction Preface The course is designed to provide an introductory technical overview to the Evolved Packet System (EPS), including the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) infrastructure, operations, and signaling In this course, we will focus on the LTE Uu (air) interface and LTE/SAE signaling and operation Prerequisite Students should have a general knowledge of telecommunications systems or have attended LTE102, a two-hour online LTE Technical Overview course Target Audience The primary audience of this course is RF Engineers, Network Planning Engineers, and Senior Technical Staff A secondary audience includes anyone who requires an overview of LTE/SAE concepts, operation, and signaling Conventions Used in this Guide Throughout this guide, you will find icons representing various types of information These icons serve as reminders of their associated text Table 300 LTE Telecoms Indicates a Note or additional information that might be helpful to you Indicates If/then situations These are found in many of the labs Indicates a list of References that provide additional information about a topic Indicates a Warning or Caution These generally flag a service affecting operation Indicates a Lab that provides the opportunity for you to exercise what you’ve learned Indicates a Memory Point These provide a chance for the candidate to reflect on the training and if necessary ask a relevant question Purpose of the Participant Guide The Participant Guide contains the content that the instructor will cover during the course Given the interactive nature of instructor-led courses, this guide may not contain everything the instructor discusses Since the book is yours to take with you, feel free to make notes in it You can also use it to document key points, questions you’d like to pose and the answer(s), and if you are inclined, you can doodle in it While the Participant Guide can act as reference when you return to work, keep in mind that the information does change If you require technical references to the information presented in this Participant Guide, always use the most current versions of the pertinent technical documentation RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks Course Introduction Course Introduction References and Resources The Participant Guide is not a technical book in the traditional, analytical sense The material and information contained here is subject to change The following references were used in the development of this course and should be used for most current information: Table 300 LTE Telecoms Trade Press Books • Dahlman, Parkvall, Skolk, Beming; 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2nd edition 2008 • Lescuyer, Lucidarme; Evolved Packet System (EPS): The LTE and SAE Evolution of 3G UMTS, John Wiley and Sons, 2008 3GPP Technical Specifications (www.3gpp.org) • 23.122 NAS Procedures for Idle MS • 23.401 GPRS Enhancements for E-UTRAN Access • 23.402 Architecture Enhancements for non-3GPP Access • 24.301 NAS Protocol for EPS • • 36.201 LTE Physical Layer, General Description 36.211 Physical Channels and Modulation • 36.212 Multiplexing and Channel Coding • 36.213 Physical Layer Procedures • • 36.214 Physical Layer Measurements 36.300 E-UTRA/E-UTRAN Overall description; Stage • 36.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Specification • • 36.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Specification 36.323 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Specification • 36.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol Specification • • 36.410 S1 General Aspects and Principles 36.411 S1 Layer • 36.412 S1 Signaling Transport • • 36.413 S1 Application Program (S1AP) 36.414 S1 Data Transport • 36.420 X2 General Aspects and Principles • 36.421 X2 Layer • 36.422 X2 Signaling Transport • • 36.423 X2 Application Program (S1AP) 36.424 X2 Data Transport MyNetworkSupport Web Page The on-line support allows customers to open cases trouble tickets, open RMA’s to send boards back for repair, and download technical documentation RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks Course Introduction Course Introduction Figure As LTE products continue to evolve, we will make a continued effort to keep this material up-to-date All suggestions and recommendations are welcomed Please submit your recommended changes to the instructor Thanks for all your constructive feedback Expectations The activities in this course will require individual and team participation and we ask you to: • • • • • • Ask questions Share openly Return promptly from lunch and breaks Avoid distracting others by turning off cell phones or setting them to voicemail or vibrate Respect others Have fun!!! Practicalities Many participants who attend this course may not be familiar with this location’s facilities or the surrounding area To ensure your comfort during this course, please make notes on the following helpful information Locations Restrooms close to classroom: _ Restroom locations in building: _ Lunch facilities in building: Lunch facilities nearby: _ After hours activities Where to eat? .What to see? .What to do? RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks ... RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks 1-3 Drivers for Long Term Evolution (LTE) Drivers for Long Term Evolution (LTE) Figure 1-1 Introduction – Drivers for Long Term Evolution Over the... What is Long Term Evolution (LTE) ? Objectives Drivers for Long Term Evolution (LTE) 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) GSM Network Evolution. .. 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks This page intentionally left blank RA4831EN03GLM04 © 2015 Nokia Solutions and Networks Lesson 1: What is Long Term Evolution (LTE) ? Chapter Lesson 1: What is Long