...of the post- conflict state building.pdf

Edited by Lungisile Ntsebeza & Peter Kagwanja South Africa 2008 Edited By Peter Kagwanja & Kwandiwe Kondlo Free download from www.hsrcpress.co.za Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2009 ISBN (soft cover) 978-0-7969-2199-4 ISBN (pdf) 978-0-7969-2285-4 © 2009 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Typeset by Simon van Gend Cover design by Farm Design Cover photo by Russell Mbulelo Kana Print management by comPress Printed by Logo Print, Cape Town, South Africa Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Free download from www.hsrcpress.co.za Contents List of tables and figures vii Foreword ix Acronyms xii Introduction: Uncertain democracy - elite fragmentation and the disintegration of the ‘nationalist consensus’ in South Africa xv Peter Kagwanja Part I: Politics 1 The Polokwane moment and South Africa’s democracy at the crossroads 3 Somadoda Fikeni 2 Modernising the African National Congress: The legacy of President Thabo Mbeki 35 William M Gumede 3 The state of the Pan-Africanist Congress in a democratic South Africa 58 Thabisi Hoeane 4 Black Consciousness in contemporary South African politics 84 Thiven Reddy Part II: Economics 5 The developmental state in South Africa: The difficult road ahead 107 Sampie Terreblanche 6 Globalisation and transformation of the South African merchant navy: A case of flag of (in)convenience shipping? 131 Shaun Ruggunan 7 Service delivery as a measure of change: State capacity and development 151 David Hemson, Jonathan Carter and Geci Karuri-Sebina Free download from www.hsrcpress.co.za 8 The state of our environment: Safeguarding the foundation for development 178 Donald Gibson, Amina Ismail, Darryll Kilian and Maia Matshikiza Part III: Society 9 Beyond yard socialism: Landlords, tenants and social power in the backyards of a South African city 203 Leslie Bank 10 Internationalisation and competitiveness in South African urban governance: On the contradictions of aspirationist urban policy-making 226 Scarlett Cornelissen Part IV: South Africa, Africa and the globe 11 South Africa and the Great Lakes: A complex diplomacy 253 Che Ajulu 12 Cry sovereignty: South Africa in the UN Security Council, 2007–2008 275 Peter Kagwanja 13 Praetorian solidarity: The state of military relations between South Africa and Zimbabwe 303 Peter Kagwanja and Martin Revayi Rupiya Contributors 332 Index 334 Free download from www.hsrcpress.co.za vii Tables and figures Tables Table 1.1 ANC membership and voting delegates at the December 2007 conference 17 Table 1.2 Polokwane conference election results for top six NEC positions 18 Table 1.3 2004 Post-conflict land administration as facilitator of the post-conflict state building; case Cambodia Dimo TODOROVSKI and Paul van der MOLEN, the Netherlands Key words: conflict, post-conflict, land administration, state building, Cambodia SUMMARY Challenges that land administration faced during the conflict and in the post-conflict period deserve deeper exploration, specifically the role that land administration had in the overall process of post-conflict state building in the case of Cambodia Cambodian history witnesses many conflicts in the past, the Khmer Rouge regime (19751979) is considered to be the one of the most homicidal and authoritarian regimes in the present history There are estimations that more than two million people died in horrifying circumstances and destruction of all existing state infrastructure and state archives occurred in this period During the Khmer Rouge era, money and salaries have been abolished, schools and factories were closed, monasteries and churches forbidden Citizens of Phnom Penh were deported in the rural areas but also residents from other cities and rural population were systematically dislocated from their properties These events had big effect on the land administration in the country All land-related documents, including the land register, maps and geodetic networks were systematically destroyed as well as most of professionals and educated people eliminated during the tragic 1975-79 period During the Khmer Rouge regime the private ownership was abolished and remained unrecognized also during the following 10 yearlong Vietnamese government (19791989) After the Vietnamese occupation ended the private land ownership was re-introduced Unfortunately there were technical, financial, organisational and legal constrains to implement the old fashion and paper based land registration This resulted with only 10 % of registered privately-possessed parcels in the period until 1998 In mid and late 90’s the Kingdom of Cambodia identified land sector as very weak point of its performance At that time and until nowadays Cambodia is considered as agricultural country where land plays one of the mayor roles for everyday life of 80% of its population Since then a lot of efforts capacities and resources are dedicated on development of this fundamental state function Development of land and land related issues like land policy, land administration and management etc were and still are supported by development partners, the Governments of Germany and Finland Characteristics of war-torn societies are: weak institutions, economic and social problems and low security These characteristics were also present in post-conflict Cambodia Developments that were evident in the land sector helped tackling at least two of these characteristics; they contributed towards strengthening the institutions and to the economic and social development All this suggests that land administration could be seen as a facilitator of the overall process of post-conflict state-building in Cambodia Post-conflict land administration as facilitator of the post-conflict state building; case Cambodia Dimo Todorovski and Paul van der Molen (the Netherlands) FIG Congress 2014 Engaging the Challenges, Enhancing the Relevance Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 16 – 21 June 2014 1/14 Post-conflict land administration as facilitator of the post-conflict state building; case Cambodia Dimo TODOROVSKI and Paul van der MOLEN, the Netherlands INTRODUCTION The history of the Kingdom of Cambodia witnesses very difficult periods with many conflicts of most serious kind It was a protectorate of France and administered as a part of the colony of French Indochina from 1863 to 1953 Although it was occupied by the Japanese empire during the Second World War, Cambodia gained its independence from France on November 1953 During the post-colonial independence period, Cambodian politics was marked by King Sihanouk - who abdicated his crown in 1955 but continue to lead the country as a Prime Minister The coming period was instable from socioeconomics divisions within the country, many conflicts along the border with Vietnam and effects from the Cold War in the region A civil war outbreak in the north-west of the country in 1967, which has been started by the followers of the Communistic Party of Kampuchea – commonly known as Khmer Rouge (Red Khmers) The situation becomes even more complicated when an army General Lon Nol took over the control over government in 1970 During the Vietnam War (until 1975) bombing campaign from US military troops affected the territory of Cambodia which resulted with casualties and destruction General Lon Nol was on power until April 1975 when Khmer Rouge movement extended the civil war to the whole territory, overtakes control of the state, and with this Cambodia has entered the most tragic period of the country’s history In the post-colonial period Cambodia maintained policies and laws from the colonial time specifically in ...Nutrition in the First 1,000 Days State of the World’s Mothers 2012 2 CHAPTER TITLE GOES HERE CONTENTS Foreword by Dr. Rajiv Shah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction by Carolyn Miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Executive Summary: Key Findings and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Why Focus on the First 1,000 Days? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Global Malnutrition Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Saving Lives and Building a Better Future: Low-Cost Solutions That Work . . . . . 23 • The Lifesaving Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 • Infant and Toddler Feeding Scorecard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 • Health Workers Are Key to Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Breastfeeding in the Industrialized World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Take Action Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Appendix: 13th Annual Mothers’ Index and Country Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Methodology and Research Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Front cover Hemanti, an 18-year-old mother in Nepal, prepares to breastfeed her 28-day-old baby who was born underweight. The baby has not yet been named. Photo by Michael Bisceglie Save the Children, May 2012. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-888393-24-6 State of the World’s Mothers 2012 was published with generous support from Johnson & Johnson, Mattel, Inc. and Brookstone. MOZAMBIQUE NUTRITION IN THE FIRST 1,000 DAYS In commemoration of Mother’s Day, SavetheChildren is publishing its thirteenth annual State of the World’s Mothers report. e focus is on the  million children globally who do not have the opportunity to reach their full potential due to the physical and mental eects of poor nutrition in the earliest months of life. is report shows which countries are doing the best – and which are doing the worst – at providing nutrition during the critical window of development that starts during a mother’s pregnancy and goes through her child’s second birthday. It looks at six key nutrition solutions, including breastfeeding, that have the greatest potential to save lives, and shows that these solutions are aordable, even in the world’s poorestcountries. e Infant and Toddler Feeding Scorecard ranks  developing countries on measures of early child nutrition. e Breastfeeding Policy Scorecard examines maternity leave laws, the right to nursing breaks at work and other indicators to rank  developed countries on the degree to which their policies support women who want to breastfeed. And the annual Mothers’ Index evaluates the status of women’s health, nutrition, education, economic well-being and political participation to rank  countries – both in the industrialized and developing world – to show where South Africa 2007 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K SoN 2007 Half Title 2.pdf 10/6/2006 1:06:05 PM Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za South Africa 2007 Edited by Sakhela Buhlungu, John Daniel, Roger Southall & Jessica Lutchman C M Y CM MY CY CMY K SoN 2007 Title.pdf 10/6/2006 10:05:21 AM Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2007 ISBN 978-0-7969-2166-6 © 2007 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Copyedited by Vaun Cornell and Lee Smith Typeset by Christabel Hardacre Cover photograph by Mandla Mnyakama of Iliso Yabantu Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Te l: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Te l: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospangroup.com/bookstore Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Contents List of tables viii List of figures x Foreword xiii Acronyms xv Introduction The ANC state, more dysfunctional than developmental? 1 Roger Southall Part 1: Politics Introduction 27 1The state of the African National Congress 35 Anthony Butler 2Taking to the streets: has developmental local government failed in South Africa? 53 Doreen Atkinson 3 ‘Things fall apart, can the centre hold?’ The state of coalition politics in the Cape Metropolitan Council 78 Zwelethu Jolobe 4Municipal elections 2006: protests, independent candidates and cross-border municipalities 95 Mcebisi Ndletyana 5A silent revolution: South African voters, 1994–2006 114 Collette Schulz-Herzenberg 6Local government budgets and development: a tale of two towns 146 Neva Seidman Makgetla Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Part II: Economy Introduction 171 7Disability and welfare in South Africa’s era of unemployment and AIDS 179 Nicoli Nattrass 8The ANC, black economic empowerment and state-owned enterprises: a recycling of history? 201 Roger Southall 9Technological choices in South Africa: ecology, democracy and development 226 David Fig 10 Old victories, new struggles: the state of the National Union of Mineworkers 245 Andries Bezuidenhout and Sakhela Buhlungu 11 Rainbow, renaissance, tribes and townships: tourism and heritage in South Africa since 1994 266 Heather Hughes 12 The promise and the practice of transformation in South Africa’s health system 289 Helen Schneider, Peter Barron and Sharon Fonn 13 Public hospitals in South Africa: stressed institutions, disempowered management 312 Karl von Holdt and Mike Murphy Part III: Society Introduction 345 14 ‘Some of us know nothing except military skills’: South Africa’s former guerrilla combatants 351 Lephophotho Mashike 15 The state of South Africa’s prisons 379 Julia Sloth-Nielsen 16 ‘Truck and trailer’: rugby and transformation in South Africa 402 Ashwin Desai and Zayn Nabbi Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 17 Violence against women in South Africa C  Risk Management and Insurance Review, 2008, Vol. 11, No. 1, 23-47 CAT BONDS AND OTHER RISK-LINKED SECURITIES: STATE OF THE MARKET AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS J. David Cummins A BSTRACT This article reviews the current status of the market for catastrophic risk (CAT) bonds and other risk-linked securities. CAT bonds and other risk-linked secu- rities are innovative financial vehicles that have an important role to play in fi- nancing mega-catastrophes and other types of losses. The vehicles are especially important because theyaccess capital markets directly, exponentially expanding risk-bearing capacity beyond the limited capital held by insurers and reinsurers. The CAT bond market has been growing steadily, with record amounts of risk capital raised in 2005, 2006, and 2007. CAT bond premia relative to expected losses covered by the bonds have declined by more than one-third since 2001. CAT bonds now appear to be priced competitively with conventional catas- trophe reinsurance and comparably rated corporate bonds. CAT bonds have grown to the extent that they now play a major role in completing the market for catastrophic-risk finance and are spreading to other lines such as automo- bile insurance, life insurance, and annuities. CAT bonds are not expected to replace reinsurance but to complement the reinsurance market by providing additional risk-bearing capacity. Other innovative financing mechanisms such as risk swaps, industry loss warranties, and sidecars also are expected to con- tinue to play an important role in financing catastrophic risk. INTRODUCTION This article analyzes risk-linked securities as sources of risk capital for the insurance and reinsurance industries. Risk-linked securities are innovative financing devices that enable insurance risk to be sold in capital markets, raising funds that insurers and rein- surers can use to pay claims arising from mega-catastrophes and other loss events. The most prominent type of risk-linked security is the catastrophic risk (CAT) bond, which is a fully collateralized instrument that pays off on the occurrence of a defined catastrophic J. David Cummins is Joseph E. Boettner Professor at Temple University and Harry J. Loman Pro- fessor Emeritus, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, 481 Ritter Annex, Philadelphia, PA 19122; phone: 215-204-8468, 610-520-9792; fax: 610-520-9790; e-mail: cummins@temple.edu. The author thanks Roger Beckwith, William Dubinsky, Morton Lane, and Christopher M. Lewis for helpful comments. Any errors or omissions are the respon- sibility of the author. 23 24 RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE REVIEW event. CAT bonds and other risk-linkedsecuritiesare potentially quite importantbecause they have the ability to access the capital markets to provide capacity for insurance and reinsurance markets. The CAT bond market has expanded significantly in recent years and now seems to have reached critical mass. Although the CAT bond market is small in comparison with the overall nonlifereinsurance market, it isofsignificant size in compar- ison with the property-catastrophe reinsurance market. Some industry experts observe that nontraditional risk financing instruments, including CAT bonds, industry loss war- ranties (ILWs), and sidecars, now represent the majority of the property-catastrophe retrocession Hey, buddy, wanna buy a piece of the empire state building? Clarification attached DOUG JOHNSON: Welcome to AMERICAN MOSAIC in VOA Special English. I’m Doug Johnson. On our show today we play music from rock band Nickelback … We also answer a question from China about the state of Alaska … But first, another question could a historic piece of New York City be up for sale soon? Empire State Building DOUG JOHNSON: Americans like to joke about the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. They use the expression “selling the Brooklyn Bridge” to describe a person who wants to trick someone else. Individuals have, in fact, offered to sell the publicly owned structure to trusting buyers. But it is not for sale. But, over the years, we have never heard about someone selling New York’s Empire State Building until now. Christopher Cruise explains. CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: The Empire State Building was the tallest structure in the world for more than forty years. Work on the building was finished in nineteen thirty- one. While it is no longer the tallest, it is probably the most famous. People from around the world visit its eighty-sixth floor observatory to see New York from high above. Ten years ago, the Malkin family bought the Empire State Building for more than fifty- seven million dollars. Now, the family is considering selling shares in a publicly traded company that would operate buildings in New York and the state of Connecticut. Teresa Martin set up the Real Estate Investment Association in New York. She wonders why the Malkin family is considering selling shares in the buildings. TERESA MARTIN: “It may be that they may be in trouble and need to raise some funds. But it may just mean that they want to expand and need investor dollars to actually, you know, do what they foresee in their vision to do.” Some people with offices in the Empire State Building say they are not happy with its restrooms and elevator equipment. The Malkin family has spent at least five hundred fifty million dollars making changes to the building, including replacing more than six thousand five hundred windows. The cost of office space has more than doubled. The New York Times newspaper says the number of occupants has been dropped from nine hundred fifty in two thousand two to about two hundred now. But those leasing space in the building now have much larger offices. Teresa Martin plans to buy shares in the Empire State Building. But she does not plan to put all of her money into the investment. TERESA MARTIN: “If you’re telling me that I can get it for ten dollars a share, let’s say, would I get a hundred shares? Yeah. Would I get like two hundred thousand? Probably not. But I would get a piece.” The one-hundred-two-story building is often lit up at night in honor of different causes or events. The New York Times spoke with someone who knows about the plan to sell shares in the real estate company. The person said the building would be lit up in green lights – the color of American money – if the plan to sell shares comes to pass. More details are expected early next year. Watch a video version of this story: Alaska DOUG JOHNSON: Our listener question this week comes from Henan Province in China. Chenvican wants to know the history of America’s largest state Alaska. The United States bought Alaska from Russia in eighteen sixty-seven for seven million dollars. That is less than five cents a hectare. At the time, many Americans criticized the purchase. But it was one of the best deals the country ever made. Alaska proved rich in oil and minerals. <! IMAGE-LEFT > Gold was found nearby in the Yukon area of Canada in the eighteen nineties. Thousands of people traveled to the Yukon through Alaska hoping to get rich. Most never did. But some of them decided to stay in Alaska. Mainly they earned their money as miners, fishermen, animal trappers and store owners. Alaska became an official territory of the ... recovery post -conflict period The period after 1998 could be accepted as a reconstruction post -conflict period These observations on the post -conflict phases are based on the security situation on the. .. characteristics of conflict and post -conflict Cambodia in Chapter 2, land administration issues during the conflict, in the post conflict period are addressed in Chapter and the role of post -conflict land...Post -conflict land administration as facilitator of the post -conflict state building; case Cambodia Dimo TODOROVSKI and Paul van der MOLEN, the Netherlands INTRODUCTION The history of the