Vietnam Academy for Water Resources

- 1 - INADEQUACIES IN WATER LEGISLATION FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: EXPERIENCES FROM TANZANIA G. B. Luilo* and P. J. Kabudi** *ENVIRONS Project, Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania **Department of International and Administrative Law, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35093, Dares Salaam, Tanzania ABSTRACT Water legislation is one of the instruments that are used to streamline social behaviour towards water resources management. However, the pieces of water legislation in most of the developing countries, Tanzania in particular, have many weaknesses that affect their enforcement. This paper aims at presenting some of the weaknesses present in Tanzanian pieces of water legislation. The majority of the pieces of legislation are outdated and where fines are prescribed are too low to compensate for any damage caused. They are generally based on control and command principle rather than sustainable use of the resource. Community participation is generally neglected, as too much power is concentrated to the executives. Provisions protecting the quality and quantity of water resources are scattered in various government departments. Thus, in order to achieve sustainable water resources management there is a need of having comprehensive, cost effective and environmentally sound water legislation, which takes into account the existing weaknesses. There should be an autonomous regulatory organ with legal powers to enforce the laws and oversee environmental matters. Environmental impact assessment must become a statutory obligation for any planned projects so as to reduce their impacts to water resources and environment in general. KEYWORDS Legislation; water legislation; water pollution; water resources management INTRODUCTION Water, like air, is indispensable for human existence. It is an essential ingredient in body cells without which no life on earth and water shortage may render most of our domestic and industrial activities impossible (VanHylckama, 1971). The continuous availability of adequate freshwater resources of acceptable quality is therefore a pre-requisite for sustaining life and development. Despite the importance of the water resource in the life it is continually being degraded from unsound development activities especially in the poor countries. Excessive mineral ions and other biological materials in water bodies such activities make them unsuitable for different water end-uses. The great solvent power of water has therefore made it practically impossible the creation of absolutely pure water and waters in excess of any materials scientifically regarded as polluted. Thus, water pollution is referred to as the addition to water of an excess of materials (or heat) that is harmful to humans and animals or desirable aquatic life or otherwise causes a significant departure from the normal activities of various living communities in or near water bodies (Chhatwal et al., 1989). So, when one uses the term "good or safe" to describe the quality of water one should ask for which end-use one is referring to because each of the end-uses has legal standards or specifications that define the goodness or safeness of that water. The global freshwater resources are facing increasing population pressure and degradation by pollution and saline intrusion. It is said that nowhere these forces are stronger than in developing countries (World Bank, 1992). That has caused water availability in some Vietnam Academy for Water Resources and Cologne University of Applied Sciences,Germany announce the call for applications of the new intake 2015 of the GERMAN M.Sc “INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT” in Vietnam Academic year 2015 – 2017 Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Germany and Vietnam Academy for Water Resources together offer M.Sc program “Integrated Water Resources Management” (IWRM) in Vietnam M.Sc degree is granted by Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Germany The program started in 2009, with the aim of educating international-standard researchers and managers in water resources management SCHOLARSHIPS * Scholarships granted by German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD): + Study in Vietnam for 02 semesters (selected annually based on study achievement) + Study in Germany for 02 final semesters (selected based on study achievement) * Scholarships granted by Centers for Natural Resources and Development: + Study in Germany for 01 semester + Participation in Joint Student Project at the universities in CNRD’s network (Jordan, Egypt, Mexico, Brazil, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal,…) ADMISSION In order to be admitted in IWRM master program, you should: hold a university degree (bachelor degree) in one of these fields: engineering, natural sciences, geography, agricultural or social sciences • • have an academic or professional background related to environmental or resources management be fluent in English (IELTS: 5.5 or equivalent) applied if applicant does not have English certificate yet) • (interview to assess English level will be APPLICATION: see details at website www.termavn-master.info CONTACT: For more details, please contact: info-terma-vn@itt.fh-koeln.de or contact directly Ms Hoa, phone: 04-62923643; 0129-203-4248 DEADLINE: June 30 th, 2015 ADDRESS: TERMA VN coordination board, Center for Training and International Cooperation, Vietnam Academy for Water Resources, 171 Tay Son street, Dong Da district, Hanoi city,Vietnam Notice: An information session and scholarship consultation for IWRM applicants of intake 2015 will be organized at Vietnam Academy for Water Resources (171 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi) at 10:00 AM on April 18th, 2015 If you would like to attend, please kindly register your attendance with Ms Hoa (email: hoa.ctic.07@gmail.com, phone: 01292034248) before April 16th Please kindly help to pass on this message to those who are interested in Many thanks for your help Best regards, Viện Khoa học Thủy lợi Việt Nam Trường Đại học Khoa học ứng dụng Cologne, CLHB Đức thông báo: TUYỂN SINH CHƯƠNG TRÌNH THẠC SĨ "QUẢN LÝ CƠNG NGHỆ VÀ TÀI NGUYÊN VÙNG NHIỆT ĐỚI VÀ CẬN NHIỆT ĐỚI" - chuyên ngành Quản lý Tài nguyên Nước CỦA CHLB ĐỨC TẠI VIỆT NAM Năm học 2015 – 2017 Trường Đại học Khoa học ứng dụng Cologne (CHLB Đức) Viện Khoa học Thủy lợi Việt Nam liên kết đào tạo Thạc sĩ Quản lý tổng hợp Tài nguyên Nước (IWRM) Trường Đại học Khoa học ứng dụng Cologne, CHLB Đức cấp Việt Nam Chương trình tuyển sinh từ năm 2009, với mục tiêu đào tạo đội ngũ cán khoa học ngành quản lý tài nguyên nước đạt tiêu chuẩn quốc tế Chương trình đào tạo mang tính chất liên ngành, với mục tiêu cung cấp cho cán kiến thức kỹ toàn diện kỹ thuật quản lý HỌC BỔNG * Học bổng Cơ quan Trao đổi Hàn lâm Đức (DAAD) cấp: + Học Việt Nam 02 học kỳ (xét theo năm cho năm thứ năm thứ hai) + Học Đức: cho 02 học kỳ cuối (xét theo thành tích trình học) * Học bổng Trung tâm Tài nguyên Thiên nhiên Phát triển (CNRD) cấp: + Học Đức cho 01 học kỳ + Tài trợ kinh phí tham gia dự án nhóm nước mạng lưới CNRD (Jordan, Ai Cập, Mexico, Brazil, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal,…) TIÊU CHÍ DỰ TUYỂN Bằng đại học lĩnh vực sau: kỹ thuật, khoa học tự nhiên, khoa học môi trưởng, khoa học thủy lợi, địa lý, khoa học nông nghiệp hay khoa học xã hội • • Kinh nghiệm cơng tác liên quan đến quản lý môi trường tài nguyên; Thành thạo tiếng Anh (chứng IELTS tối thiểu 5.5 điểm tương đương) (nếu chưa có chứng tiếng Anh dự vấn để xét trình độ tiếng Anh) • HỒ SƠ DỰ TUYỂN: xin xem trang web www.termavn-master.info LIÊN HỆ: Để biết thêm chi tiết xin liên hệ theo email: info-terma-vn@itt.fh-koeln.de liên hệ trực tiếp Ms Hoa, ĐT: 04-62923643; 01292034248 HẠN NỘP HỒ SƠ: 30 tháng năm 2015 ĐỊA CHỈ: Ban điều phối chương trình TERMA VN, Trung tâm Đào tạo Hợp tác quốc tế, Viện Khoa học Thủy lợi Việt Nam, 171 Tây Sơn, Đống Đa, Hà Nội Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources Edited by Joaquín Andreu Giuseppe Rossi Federico Vagliasindi Alicia Vela Boca Raton London New York Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-56670-672-6 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-56670-672-8 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005050550 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Drought management and planning for water resources /edited by Joaquin Andreu …[et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-672-6 (alk. paper) 1. Water-supply Management. 2. Droughts Management. I. Andreu, J. (Joaquin) TD345.D76 2005 363.6¢1 dc22 2005050550 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of Informa plc. L1672_Discl.fm Page 1 Tuesday, September 20, 2005 11:06 AM Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface Water resources management in the arid and semiarid areas is a complex task, involving a large number of hydrologic, environmental, and manage- ment factors that have to be considered in order to supply sufficient water and to ensure the minimum levels of environmental protection and quality of life. Droughts, so frequent in the semiarid areas, intensify these problems even more. Since they are unpredictable phenomena (both in their occurrence and duration), prevision and preparation against droughts are key elements for minimizing their impact. These circumstances have driven researchers to invest an important effort in the study of alternative, nonconventional means for obtaining water in prevision of drought periods, such as wastewater treatments, desaliniza- tion, or exploitation of deep groundwater, as well as the development of tools and strategies for conjunctive management and water saving that allow for optimizing the water resources management and preventing the scarcity periods. The 19 chapter two Criteria for marginal water treatment and reuse under drought conditions Giuseppe Mancini, Paolo Roccaro, Salvatore Sipala, and Federico G. A. Vagliasindi University of Catania, Italy Contents 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Potential applications for marginal waters 21 2.2.1 Agricultural irrigation 22 2.2.2 Ground water recharge 23 2.2.3 Industrial reuse 24 2.2.4 Urban reuse 24 2.2.5 Natural and manmade wetlands 26 2.3 Issues in marginal waters utilization 26 2.3.1 Criteria for marginal waters utilization under drought conditions 26 2.3.1.1 Existing standards for water reuse in non-Mediterranean countries 26 2.3.1.2 Existing standards for water reuse in Mediterranean countries 28 2.4 Proposed criteria and guidelines for marginal water treatment and reuse 30 2.4.1 Guidelines for the reuse of wastewater in irrigation 32 2.4.1.1 Health protection issues 32 2.4.1.2 Health protection measures 32 2.4.1.3 Nitrogen yield evaluation: Issues and recommendations 33 L1672_C002.fm Page 19 Tuesday, September 13, 2005 3:14 PM Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 20 Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources 2.4.1.4 Wastewater reuse system monitoring: Issues and recommendations 33 2.4.2 Guidelines for the reuse of marginal water for ground water recharge 34 2.4.2.1 Aquifer characterization: Issues and recommendations 35 2.4.2.2 Recharge techniques: Issues and recommendations 36 2.4.2.3 Human health protection: Issues and recommendations 38 2.4.3 Guidelines for marginal water urban reuse 38 2.4.4 Guidelines for marginal water industrial reuse 39 2.5 Cost analysis for marginal water treatment 39 2.6 Development of a web-based information system for wastewater treatment and reuse 41 2.6.1 Development and implementation 41 2.6.2 E-Wa-TRO application 43 2.7 Conclusion 45 2.8 Acknowledgment 46 References 47 2.1 Introduction Scarcity of water in arid and semiarid regions causes development of appro- priate plans, including both long- and short-term measures, to overcome the effects of drought events (Lazarova et al., 2001). Strategies to overcome the drought risk can be summarized in three main categories: • Increase of the availability of resources, including non-conventional resources • Education about water demands • Minimization of drought impacts including appropriate operation rules of water supply systems One of the most widely adopted measures, among the short-term ones, is the augmentation of the water supply by means of additional sources to increase robustness and resilience of the water system. These extra resources are often defined as unconventional or marginal waters, and can substitute intensively exploited conventional resources (e.g., fresh surface water and ground water) or can be used conjunctively to satisfy demand peaks or to cover water shortages during drought periods. The term “marginal” is generally utilized to indicate water where the chemical, physical, and microbiological properties and its temporal and site availability are very specific, making its use unsafe, unreliable, and not productive unless it undergoes a special treatment (physical, chemical, L1672_C002.fm Page 20 Tuesday, September 13, 2005 3:14 PM Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Chapter two : Criteria for marginal water treatment 21 or microbiological). Good quality water requiring high operational costs (deep ground water) can also be defined as marginal. Although there is no universal definition of marginal quality water, for all practical purposes it can be defined as water that possesses certain characteristics, which have the potential to cause problems when used for an intended purpose (FAO, 1992). A not exhaustive list of the different categories of marginal water includes seawater and brackish water, domestic sewage water, irrigation drainage water, urban flood water, deep aquifer water, water found in remote areas whose exploitation requires high investment and high 49 chapter three Strategies for the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater Andres Sahuquillo Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain Contents 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Methods of conjunctive use 53 3.2.1 Artificial recharge 53 3.2.2 Alternate conjunctive use 55 3.2.3 Stream-aquifer systems 61 3.3 Comparison between artificial recharge and alternate use 62 3.4 Other aspects and possibilities 63 3.4.1 Transformation of aquifer-river relationship due to ground water pumping 63 3.4.2 Use of karstic springs 63 3.4.3 Alleviation of land drainage and salinization in irrigated areas and conjunctive use 64 3.5 Conjunctive use potential in developing countries 65 3.6 Analysis of conjunctive use systems 66 3.7 Methods of analysis 68 3.8 Conclusion and recommendations 69 References 70 L1672_C003.fm Page 49 Tuesday, September 13, 2005 3:15 PM Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 50 Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources 3.1 Introduction Ground water is an important hydrological component of watersheds. Aver- age river flow drainage from aquifers in continental areas is in the order of 30% of total stream flow, which is essential in sustaining stream flow during dry periods, the so-called base flow in permanent rivers. Magnitude of aquifer recharge, the usually big volumes of water stored in them, easiness of their exploitation, and the overall much lower cost of ground water development make their use very attractive. Wise use of the different and complementary characteristics of surface and subsurface components through conjunctive use of surface and ground water can achieve greater yields, economic, or functional advantages than separate management of both components. One complementary character- istic is the large volume of water stored in aquifers, from tens to hundreds of times their annual recharge. In the same way, volume of aquifer storage provided by a relatively small fluctuation of the piezometric head in uncon- fined aquifers considerably exceeds the available or economically feasible surface storage. That allows the use of water in storage during dry seasons as well as the use of the subsurface space for storing surface or subsurface water. The existence of aquifers over ample areas of a basin adds to the benefits of water storage those of distribution and conveyance. Moreover, long-term storage in and passage through a ground water aquifer generally improves water quality by filtering out pathogenic microbes and many, although by no means all, other contaminants. Many uses are common to both surface and ground water (irrigation, municipal and industrial uses, and joint ecological benefits such as wetland maintenance). In fact ground water has traditionally been used worldwide to create a supply for times of shortage, being in some way a kind of conjunctive use. In those cases ease of implementation and efficiency is obtained with insignificant investments that are in most cases peerless as compared with those usually required for implementing structural alternatives to attain sim- ilar objectives. Similarly important advantages can be obtained with more comprehensive conjunctive use of ground water and surface water. Ground water can produce other unique environmental benefits related to base flow and riparian habitat preservation. In addition, ground and surface water are hydraulically connected, so the contamination of one can migrate to the other. In relatively complex systems, these advantages do not appear so evident simply because in very few cases a comparison of different alternatives, including conjunctive use, has been made using simple tools. The use of ground water can serve, and in some cases has been used purposely, to defer the construction of costly surface water projects even at the expense of temporary overdrafting the aquifer. In others cases, high volumes of water stored in the aquifers had been allowed, through unplanned overdraft, to sustain primary economic 119 chapter five Decision support systems for drought management Daniel P. Loucks Cornell University Contents 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Drought planning 121 5.3 Drought decision support 121 5.3.1 Background 122 5.3.2 Planning DSS features 123 5.3.3 System calibration, verification, and testing 124 5.3.4 The prototype model 125 5.3.5 DSS use 126 5.4 Case examples 126 5.4.1 The Rio Grande watershed 126 5.4.2 The Finger Lakes Region in New York State 127 5.5 National drought management planning 128 5.6 Conclusion 131 References 132 5.1 Introduction About a quarter of the contiguous U.S. land surface (and about a third of the world’s land surface) is semiarid or arid land. Water is a limiting resource in its development. Yet interestingly the most rapidly growing regions in the U.S. are states in the semiarid Southwest. The most rapidly growing coun- tries in the world are concentrated in its semiarid regions. Engineering technology is providing the water from distant surface water supplies or ground water aquifers that fuels this development. Yet population pressures L1672_C005.fm Page 119 Friday, August 26, 2005 4:20 PM Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 120 Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources and pollution in these water scarce regions are causing overdrafts of both surface supplies and groundwater aquifers, making people more dependent on less reliable water supplies. All this coupled with the effects of climate are subjecting a growing percentage of the earth’s population to increased risks of droughts and floods. Droughts can be supply or demand driven. A shortage of water can result simply from lack of sufficient precipitation or excessive consumption. This shortage can be exacerbated by agricultural, municipal, and industrial water demands in excess of available water supplies. Recent droughts in regions spanning most of the world and their resulting economic, social, and environmental impacts underscore how vulnerable many of us are to this “natural” hazard. Damages from droughts can exceed those resulting from any other nat- ural hazard. In the U.S. the impacts of drought are estimated to average between $6 billion and $8 billion annually (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2003). Drought impacts occur primarily in agriculture, transporta- tion, recreation and tourism, forestry, and energy sectors. Social and envi- ronmental impacts are also significant, although it is difficult to assign a monetary value to them. Currently the Southwest portion of the U.S. is experiencing a 300-year drought. It is not yet clear what the total cost of this drought will be. Another severe drought period in the U.S. occurred over the years 1987–1989. Eco- nomic losses from that drought exceeded $39 billion (OTA, 1993; NOAA, 2002). This damage can be compared to the damages caused by the most costly flood, earthquake, and tropical storm events in the U.S. The worst storm event in U.S. history was Hurricane Andrew. On August 24, 1992, this “costliest natural disaster,” as it is called, hit south Florida and Louisiana. The storm killed 65 people and left some 200,000 others homeless. Approximately 600,000 homes and businesses were destroyed or severely impaired by the winds, waves, and rain from Andrew. Much of south Florida’s communications and transportation infrastructures were significantly damaged. There was loss of power and utilities, water, sewage treatment, and other essentials, in some cases up to six months after the storm ended. Andrew also damaged offshore oil facilities in the Gulf of Mexico. It toppled 13 platforms and 21 satellites, bent five platforms, and 23 satellites, damaged 104 other structures, and resulted in seven pollution incidents, two fires, and five drilling wells blown off location. The damage caused by Andrew in both ...Please kindly help to pass on this message to those who are interested in Many thanks for your help Best regards, Viện Khoa học Thủy lợi Việt Nam Trường Đại học Khoa học ứng dụng Cologne,