Confidence Interval (Place of Birth)

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Int. J. Med. Sci. 2004 1(1): 50-61 50 International Journal of Medical Sciences ISSN 1449-1907 www.medsci.org 2004 1(1):50-61 ©2004 Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved The primary prevention of birth defects: Multivitamins or folic acid? Research paper Received: 2004.2.25 Accepted: 2004.3.17 Published:2004.3.20 Andrew E. Czeizel Foundation for the Community Control of Hereditary Diseases, 1148 Budapest, Bolgárkerék u. 3. Hungary AAbbssttrraacctt Periconceptional use of folic acid alone or in multivitamin supplements is effective for the primary prevention of neural-tube defects. The Hungarian randomized and two-cohort controlled trials showed that periconceptional multivitamin supplementation can reduce the occurrence of some other structural birth defects, i.e. congenital abnormalities. These findings were supported by many, but not all observational studies. Recently there have been two main debated questions. The first one is whether the use of folic acid alone or folic acid-containing multivitamins is better. The second one is connected with the dilemma of whether high dose of folic acid (e.g. 5 mg) might be better than a daily multivitamin with 0.4 – 0.8 mg of folic acid. Comparison of the pooled data of two Hungarian trials using a multivitamin containing 0.8 mg folic acid and the data of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities using high dose of folic acid seemed to be appropriate to answer these questions. Multivitamins containing 0.4 – 0.8 mg of folic acid were more effective for the reduction of neural-tube defects than high dose of folic acid. Both multivitamins and folic acid can prevent some part of congenital cardiovascular malformations. Only multivitamins were able to reduce the prevalence at birth of obstructive defects of urinary tract, limb deficiencies and congenital pyloric stenosis. However, folic acid was effective in preventing some part of rectal/anal stenosis/atresia, and high dose of folic acid had effect in preventing some orofacial clefts. The findings are consistent that periconceptional multivitamin and folic acid supplementation reduce the overall occurrence of congenital abnormalities in addition to the demonstrated effect on neural-tube defects. KKeeyy wwoorrddss Folic acid, multivitamins, prevention, neural-tube defects, other congenital abnormalities AAuutthhoorr bbiiooggrraapphhyy Andrew E. Czeizel, MD, PhD is the scientific director of Foundation for the Community Control of Hereditary Diseases, Budapest, and professor of Faculty of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences. He was the president of European Environmental Mutagen Society, one of founders of International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems, and director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for the Community Control of Hereditary Diseases. Dr. Czeizel serves on the editorial board of Congenital Anomalies and other editorial responsibilities. He is the first author of over 378 and co-author of 39 published peer-reviewed English papers. He was presented award of US National Council on Folic Acid for Excellence in Research in the Field of Folic Acid and Birth Defects Prevention, 2002, and Peace Inter-Lyra Award, 2003. CCoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg aaddddrreessss Dr. Andrew E. Czeizel, 1026 Budapest, Törökvész lejtő 32. Hungary. Tel/fax: 36-1-3944-712. e-mail: czeizel@interware.hu Int. J. Med. Sci. 2004 1(1): 50-61 51 1. Introduction Each year among Confidence Interval (Place of Birth) Confidence Interval (Place of Birth) By: OpenStaxCollege Confidence Interval (Place of Birth) Class Time: Names: • • • 3 Student Learning Outcomes The student will calculate the 90% confidence interval the proportion of students in this school who were born in this state The student will interpret confidence intervals The student will determine the effects of changing conditions on the confidence interval Collect the Data Survey the students in your class, asking them if they were born in this state Let X = the number that were born in this state n = x = In words, define the random variable P′ State the estimated distribution to use Find the Confidence Interval and Error Bound Calculate the confidence interval and the error bound Confidence Interval: _ Error Bound: _ How much area is in both tails (combined)? α = _ α How much area is in each tail? = _ Fill in the blanks on the graph with the area in each section Then, fill in the number line with the upper and lower limits of the confidence interval and the sample proportion 1/2 Confidence Interval (Place of Birth) Describe the Confidence Interval In two to three complete sentences, explain what a confidence interval means (in general), as though you were talking to someone who has not taken statistics In one to two complete sentences, explain what this confidence interval means for this particular study Construct a confidence interval for each confidence level given Confidence level EBP/Error Bound Confidence Interval 50% 80% 95% 99% What happens to the EBP as the confidence level increases? Does the width of the confidence interval increase or decrease? Explain why this happens 2/2 G f o d a o t e r n o o n May August October July March June Ordinal numbers  first 1 st  second 2 nd  third 3 rd  fourth 4 th  fifth 5 th  sixth 6 th  seventh 7 th  eighth 8 th  ninth 9 th  tenth 10 th  twentieth 20 th  twenty-first 21 st  twenty-second 22 nd  thirtieth 30 th  . . What’s the date today? It’s October 10 th 2008 February 1 2008 july 3 2008 [...]... 2nd 1- sixth 2- ninth c- 3rd d- 4th 3- seventh 4- first e- 5th f- 6th g- 7th h- 8th 5- tenth 6- fifth 7- eighth 8- second a-4 b-8 c-10 d-9 e-6 f-1 g-3 h-7 i-2 j-5 Homework Do exrcise 1 (12) THE END Warm up: Months of the year January February March April May June July August September October November Decmber The Globalization of Science The Place of Agricultural Research New, expanded edition Edited by Christian Bonte-Friedheim and Kathleen Sheridan New authors in this edition: Christian Bonte-Friedheim, Steven Tabor, and Hélio Tol- lini; William K. Gamble; Kenneth F. S. King; Roberto L. Lenton; John W. Mellor; John H. Monyo; G. Edward Schuh Original contributing authors: Nyle C. Brady, Peter Brumby, Just Faaland, Nasrat Fadda, E. H. Hartmans, H. K. Jain, Emil Q. Javier, M. L. Kyomo, Klaus J. Lampe, Nicolás Mateo, John L. Nickel, Vernon W. Ruttan, Richard L. Sawyer, M. S. Swaminathan, L. D. Swindale, Derek Tribe, Eduardo J. Trigo, Montague Yudelman September 1997 International Service for National Agricultural Research Copyright © 1996, 1997 by the International Service forNational Agricultural Research (IS- NAR). All rights reserved. ISNAR encourages the fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested. Citation Bonte-Friedheim, C. and K. Sheridan (eds). 1997. The Globalization of Science: The Place of Agricultural Research. New, expanded edition. The Hague: International Service for National Agricultural Research. AGROVOC Descriptors agriculture; research; food production; food security; sustainability; international cooperation CABI Descriptors agricultural research; food production; food security; sustainability; international cooperation ISBN: 92-9118-029-7 Contents Foreword: Quo Vadis, Globalization of Agricultural Research? . . . . . . . . v Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Agriculture and Globalization: The Evolving Role of Agricultural Research Christian Bonte-Friedheim, Steven R. Tabor, and Hélio Tollini 1 Quo Vadis International Agricultural Research Nyle C. Brady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The CGIAR and World Food Supplies Peter Brumby 27 Beyond Technology Just Faaland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 The Globalization of Agricultural Research: Subjective Reflections Nasrat Fadda 37 The Globalization of Science: Agricultural Research in Developing Countries William K. Gamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Some Issues and Priorities for the CGIAR in Global Agricultural Research E. H. Hartmans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Agriculture in the 21st Century: A New Global Order for Research H. K. Jain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Widening Circles of Research Collaboration for Greater Food Security Emil Q. Javier 65 The Globalization of Research on Tropical Rain Forests Kenneth F. S. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 The Globalization of Agricultural Research: The Example of Southern Africa M. L. Kyomo 79 Rural Misery and Agricultural Decline in Resource-Poor, Fast-Growing Countries Klaus J. Lampe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Towards a Global Partnership for Research on Water Management: Current Status and Future Prospects Roberto L. Lenton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Wild Biodiversity: The Last Frontier? The Case of Costa Rica Nicolás Mateo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 iii Implications of Trade Globalization to Agricultural Research John W. Mellor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 The Plight of National Agricultural Research Systems in Low-Income, Food-Deficit Countries John H. Monyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 A Global Agricultural Research System for the 21st Century John L. Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chien et al. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2010, 8:68 http://www.hqlo.com/content/8/1/68 Open Access RESEARCH © 2010 Chien et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Research Reliability of 95% confidence interval revealed by expected quality-of-life scores: an example of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy using EORTC QLQ-C 30 Tsair-Wei Chien 1,2 , Shun-Jin Lin †3 , Wen-Chung Wang 4 , Henry WC Leung 5 , Wen-Pin Lai 6 and Agnes LF Chan* †1,3 Abstract Background: Many researchers use observed questionnaire scores to evaluate score reliability and to make conclusions and inferences regarding quality-of-life outcomes. The amount of false alarms from medical diagnoses that would be avoided if observed scores were substituted with expected scores is interesting, and understanding these differences is important for the care of cancer patients. Using expected scores to estimate the reliability of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) is rarely reported in published papers. We investigated the reliability of patient responses to a quality-of-life questionnaire and made recommendations for future studies of the quality of life of patients. Methods: A total of 115 patients completed the EORTC core questionnaire QLQ-C30 (version 3) after radiotherapy. The observed response scores, assumed to be one-dimensional, were summed and transformed into expected scores using the Rasch rating scale model with WINSTEPS software. A series of simulations was performed using a unified bootstrap procedure after manipulating scenarios with different questionnaire lengths and patient numbers to estimate the reliability at 95% confidence intervals. Skewness analyses of the 95% CIs were compared to detect different effects between groups according to the two data sets of observed and expected response scores. Results: We found that (1) it is necessary to report CIs for reliability and skewness coefficients in papers; (2) data derived from expected response scores are preferable to making inferences; and (3) visual representations displaying the 95% CIs of skewness values applied to item-by-item analyses can provide a useful interpretation of quality-of-life outcomes. Conclusion: Reliability coefficients can be reported with 95% CIs by statistical software to evaluate the internal consistency of respondent scores on questionnaire items. The SPSS syntax procedures for estimating the reliability of the 95% CI, expected score generation and visual skewness analyses are demonstrated in this study. We recommend that effect sizes such as a 95% CI be reported along with p values reporting significant differences in quality-of-life studies. Background Cronbach's α coefficient (hereinafter referred to as Alpha [1]) is widely used as an index of scoring reliability and is often reported in social and behavioral studies [2,3]. However, very few authors report the confidence inter- vals (CIs) of Alpha in their papers, although this has been suggested by many researchers [4-7]. Conception of research questions The American Psychological Association Task Force on Statistical Inference suggests, "ways provide some .. .Confidence Interval (Place of Birth) Describe the Confidence Interval In two to three complete sentences, explain what a confidence interval means (in general), as... explain what this confidence interval means for this particular study Construct a confidence interval for each confidence level given Confidence level EBP/Error Bound Confidence Interval 50% 80%... Confidence Interval 50% 80% 95% 99% What happens to the EBP as the confidence level increases? Does the width of the confidence interval increase or decrease? Explain why this happens 2/2