Introduction to a Monopoly

Introduction to a Monopoly tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các lĩnh vực k...

Contents Overview 1 Writing a .NET Application 2 Compiling and Running a .NET Application 11 Lab 2: Building a Simple .NET Application 29 Review 32 Module 2: Introduction to a Managed Execution Environment Information in this document, including URL and other Internet Web site references, is subject to change without notice. Unless otherwise noted, the example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places and events depicted herein are fictitious, and no association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place or event is intended or should be inferred. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. Without limiting the rights under copyright, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), or for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.  2001-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, ActiveX, BizTalk, IntelliMirror, Jscript, MSDN, MS-DOS, MSN, PowerPoint, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, Visual Studio, Win32, Windows, Windows Media, and Window NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries. The names of actual companies and products mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Module 2: Introduction to a Managed Execution Environment iii Instructor Notes After completing this module, students will be able to: ! Create simple console applications in C#. ! Explain how code is compiled and executed in a managed execution environment. ! Explain the concept of garbage collection. Materials and Preparation This section provides the materials and preparation tasks that you need to teach this module. Required Materials To teach this module, you need the following materials: ! Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® file 2349B_02.ppt ! Sample managed module HelloDemoCS.exe Preparation Tasks To prepare for this module, you should: ! Read all of the materials for this module. ! Practice the demonstrations. ! Review the animation. ! Complete the lab. Presentation: 45 Minutes Lab: 20 Minutes iv Module 2: Introduction to a Managed Execution Environment Demonstrations This section provides demonstration procedures that will not fit in the margin notes or are not appropriate for the student notes. Hello World This demonstration shows how to build a simple application in C#. In the following procedures, use Notepad to create the simple Hello World application, and build and run the HelloDemoCS.exe application from the command line. ! To create the source code in C# 1. Open Notepad and type the following code: // Allow easy reference to System namespace classes using System; // Create class to hold program entry point class MainApp { public static void Main() { // Write text to the console Console.WriteLine(“Hello World using C#!”); } } 2. Save the file as HelloDemoCS.cs. To use Microsoft Visual Studio ® .NET tools within a command prompt window, the command prompt window must have the proper environment settings. The Visual Studio .NET Introduction to a Monopoly Introduction to a Monopoly By: OpenStaxCollege Political Power from a Cotton Monopoly In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States, specifically the Southern states, had a near monopoly in the cotton supplied to Great Britain These states attempted to leverage this economic power into political power—trying to sway Great Britain to formally recognize the Confederate States of America (Credit: modification of work by “ashleylovespizza”/Flickr Creative Commons) The Rest is History Many of the opening case studies have focused on current events This one steps into the past to observe how monopoly, or near monopolies, have helped shape history In the spring of 1773, the East India Company, a firm that, in its time, was designated 1/3 Introduction to a Monopoly ‘too big to fail,’ was continuing to experience financial difficulties To help shore up the failing firm, the British Parliament authorized the Tea Act The act continued the tax on teas and made the East India Company the sole legal supplier of tea to the American colonies By November, the citizens of Boston had had enough They refused to permit the tea to be unloaded, citing their main complaint: “No taxation without representation.” Arriving tea-bearing ships were warned via several newspapers, including The Massachusetts Gazette, “We are prepared, and shall not fail to pay them an unwelcome visit; by The Mohawks.” Step forward in time to 1860—the eve of the American Civil War—to another near monopoly supplier of historical significance: the U.S cotton industry At that time, the Southern states provided the majority of the cotton Britain imported The South, wanting to secede from the Union, hoped to leverage Britain’s high dependency on its cotton into formal diplomatic recognition of the Confederate States of America This leads us to the topic of this chapter: a firm that controls all (or nearly all) of the supply of a good or service—a monopoly How monopoly firms behave in the marketplace? Do they have “power?” Does this power potentially have unintended consequences? We’ll return to this case at the end of the chapter to see how the tea and cotton monopolies influenced U.S history Introduction to a Monopoly In this chapter, you will learn about: • How Monopolies form: Barriers to Entry • How a Profit-Maximizing Monopoly Chooses Output and Price There is a widespread belief that top executives at firms are the strongest supporters of market competition, but this belief is far from the truth Think about it this way: If you very much wanted to win an Olympic gold medal, would you rather be far better than everyone else, or locked in competition with many athletes just as good as you are? Similarly, if you would like to attain a very high level of profits, would you rather manage a business with little or no competition, or struggle against many tough competitors who are trying to sell to your customers? By now, you might have read the chapter on Perfect Competition In this chapter, we explore the opposite extreme: monopoly If perfect competition is a market where firms have no market power and they simply respond to the market price, monopoly is a market with no competition at all, and firms have complete market power In the case of monopoly, one firm produces all of the output in a market Since a monopoly faces no significant competition, it can charge any price it wishes While a monopoly, by definition, refers to a single firm, in practice the 2/3 Introduction to a Monopoly term is often used to describe a market in which one firm merely has a very high market share This tends to be the definition that the U.S Department of Justice uses Even though there are very few true monopolies in existence, we deal with some of those few every day, often without realizing it: The U.S Postal Service, your electric and garbage collection companies are a few examples Some new drugs are produced by only one pharmaceutical firm—and no close substitutes for that drug may exist From the mid-1990s until 2004, the U.S Department of Justice prosecuted the Microsoft Corporation for including Internet Explorer as the default web browser with its operating system The Justice Department’s argument was that, since Microsoft possessed an extremely high market share in the industry for operating systems, the inclusion of a free web browser constituted unfair competition to other browsers, such as Netscape Navigator Since nearly everyone was using Windows, including Internet Explorer eliminated the incentive for consumers to explore other browsers and made it impossible for competitors to gain a foothold in the market In 2013, the Windows system ran on more than 90% of the most commonly sold personal computers This chapter begins by describing how monopolies are protected from competition, including laws that prohibit competition, technological advantages, and certain configurations of demand and supply It then discusses how a monopoly will choose ...BioMed Central Page 1 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Implementation Science Open Access Study protocol Translating research in elder care: an introduction to a study protocol series Carole A Estabrooks* 1 , Alison M Hutchinson 1 , Janet E Squires 1 , Judy Birdsell 2 , Greta G Cummings 1 , Lesley Degner 3 , Debra Morgan 4 and Peter G Norton 5 Address: 1 Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2 Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 3 Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 4 Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada and 5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Email: Carole A Estabrooks* - carole.estabrooks@ualberta.ca; Alison M Hutchinson - alison.hutchinson@ualberta.ca; Janet E Squires - janet.squires@nurs.ualberta.ca; Judy Birdsell - jmb@omhg.net; Greta G Cummings - greta.cummings@ualberta.ca; Lesley Degner - lesley_degner@umanitoba.ca; Debra Morgan - debra.morgan@usask.ca; Peter G Norton - norton@ucalgary.ca * Corresponding author Abstract Background: The knowledge translation field is undermined by two interrelated gaps – underdevelopment of the science and limited use of research in health services and health systems decision making. The importance of context in theory development and successful translation of knowledge has been identified in past research. Additionally, examination of knowledge translation in the long-term care (LTC) sector has been seriously neglected, despite the fact that aging is increasingly identified as a priority area in health and health services research. Aims: The aims of this study are: to build knowledge translation theory about the role of organizational context in influencing knowledge use in LTC settings and among regulated and unregulated caregivers, to pilot knowledge translation interventions, and to contribute to enhanced use of new knowledge in LTC. Design: This is a multi-level and longitudinal program of research comprising two main interrelated projects and a series of pilot studies. An integrated mixed method design will be used, including sequential and simultaneous phases to enable the projects to complement and inform one another. Inferences drawn from the quantitative and qualitative analyses will be merged to create meta-inferences. Outcomes: Outcomes will include contributions to (knowledge translation) theory development, progress toward resolution of major conceptual issues in the field, progress toward resolution of methodological problems in the field, and advances in the design of effective knowledge translation strategies. Importantly, a better understanding of the contextual influences on knowledge use in LTC will contribute to improving outcomes for residents and providers in LTC settings. Published: 10 August 2009 Implementation Science 2009, 4:51 doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-51 Received: 24 April 2009 Accepted: 10 August 2009 This article is available from: http://www.implementationscience.com/content/4/1/51 © 2009 Estabrooks et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Implementation Science 2009, 4:51 http://www.implementationscience.com/content/4/1/51 Page 2 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Introduction In this issue of Implementation Science we present study protocols for the Translating Research in Elder Care (TREC) program of research. We include an overview of the program (this paper), as well as protocols for the two major interrelated projects within the TREC program which were launched in 2008 and 2009 [1,2]. Program description The TREC research program described BioMed Central Page 1 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Implementation Science Open Access Study protocol Translating research in elder care: an introduction to a study protocol series Carole A Estabrooks* 1 , Alison M Hutchinson 1 , Janet E Squires 1 , Judy Birdsell 2 , Greta G Cummings 1 , Lesley Degner 3 , Debra Morgan 4 and Peter G Norton 5 Address: 1 Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2 Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 3 Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 4 Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada and 5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Email: Carole A Estabrooks* - carole.estabrooks@ualberta.ca; Alison M Hutchinson - alison.hutchinson@ualberta.ca; Janet E Squires - janet.squires@nurs.ualberta.ca; Judy Birdsell - jmb@omhg.net; Greta G Cummings - greta.cummings@ualberta.ca; Lesley Degner - lesley_degner@umanitoba.ca; Debra Morgan - debra.morgan@usask.ca; Peter G Norton - norton@ucalgary.ca * Corresponding author Abstract Background: The knowledge translation field is undermined by two interrelated gaps – underdevelopment of the science and limited use of research in health services and health systems decision making. The importance of context in theory development and successful translation of knowledge has been identified in past research. Additionally, examination of knowledge translation in the long-term care (LTC) sector has been seriously neglected, despite the fact that aging is increasingly identified as a priority area in health and health services research. Aims: The aims of this study are: to build knowledge translation theory about the role of organizational context in influencing knowledge use in LTC settings and among regulated and unregulated caregivers, to pilot knowledge translation interventions, and to contribute to enhanced use of new knowledge in LTC. Design: This is a multi-level and longitudinal program of research comprising two main interrelated projects and a series of pilot studies. An integrated mixed method design will be used, including sequential and simultaneous phases to enable the projects to complement and inform one another. Inferences drawn from the quantitative and qualitative analyses will be merged to create meta-inferences. Outcomes: Outcomes will include contributions to (knowledge translation) theory development, progress toward resolution of major conceptual issues in the field, progress toward resolution of methodological problems in the field, and advances in the design of effective knowledge translation strategies. Importantly, a better understanding of the contextual influences on knowledge use in LTC will contribute to improving outcomes for residents and providers in LTC settings. Published: 10 August 2009 Implementation Science 2009, 4:51 doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-51 Received: 24 April 2009 Accepted: 10 August 2009 This article is available from: http://www.implementationscience.com/content/4/1/51 © 2009 Estabrooks et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Implementation Science 2009, 4:51 http://www.implementationscience.com/content/4/1/51 Page 2 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Introduction In this issue of Implementation Science we present study protocols for the Translating Research in Elder Care (TREC) program of research. We include an overview of the program (this paper), as well as protocols for the two major interrelated projects within the TREC program which were launched in 2008 and 2009 [1,2]. Program description The TREC research program described AN INTRODUCTION TO A CLASS OF MATRIX OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS DING CHAO (M.Sc., NJU) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2012 This thesis is dedicated to my parents and my wife Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to state my deepest gratitude to my Ph.D. supervisor Professor Sun Defeng. Without his excellent mathematical knowledge and professional guidance, this work would not have been possible. I am grateful to him for introducing me to the many areas of research treated in this thesis. I am extremely thankful to him for his professionalism and patience. His wisdom and attitude will always be a guide to me. I feel very fortunate to have him as an adviser and a teacher. My deepest thanks go to Professor Toh Kim-Chuan and Professor Sun Jie, for their collaborations on this research and co-authorship of several papers, and for their helpful advice. I would like to especially acknowledge Professor Jane Ye, for joint work on the conic MPEC problem, and for her friendship and constant support. My grateful thanks also go to Professor Zhao Gongyun for his courses on numerical optimization, which enrich my knowledge in optimization algorithms and software. I would like to thank all group members of optimization in mathematics department. It has been a pleasure to be a part of the group. I specially like to thank Wu Bin for his collaborations on the study of Moreau-Yosida regularization of k-norm related functions. I should also mention the support and helpful advice given by my friends Miao Weimin, iii Acknowledgements iv Jiang Kaifeng, Chen Caihua and Gao Yan. On the personal side, I would like to thank my parents, for their unconditional love and support all though my life. Last but not least, I am also greatly indebted to my wife for her understanding and patience throughout the years of my research. I love you. Ding Chao January 2012 Contents Acknowledgements iii Summary vii Summary of Notation ix Introduction 1.1 Matrix optimization problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 The Moreau-Yosida regularization and spectral operators . . . . . . . . . 19 1.3 Sensitivity analysis of MOPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.4 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Preliminaries 33 2.1 The eigenvalue decomposition of symmetric matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.2 The singular value decomposition of matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Spectral operator of matrices 57 v Contents vi 3.1 The well-definiteness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2 The directional differentiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.3 The Fr´echet differentiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.4 The Lipschitz continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.5 The ρ-order Bouligand-differentiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.6 The ρ-order G-semismoothness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3.7 The characterization of Clarke’s generalized Jacobian . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.8 An example: the metric projector over the Ky Fan k-norm cone . . . . . . 121 3.8.1 The metric projectors over the epigraphs of the spectral norm and nuclear norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Sensitivity analysis of MOPs 4.1 148 Variational geometry of the Ky Fan k-norm cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 4.1.1 The tangent cone and the second order tangent sets . . . . . . . . 150 4.1.2 The critical cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.2 Second order optimality conditions and strong regularity of MCPs . . . . 188 4.3 Extensions to other MOPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Conclusions 204 Second Lecture The New Capital: Introduction to a Japanese Reading of State Nobility Pierre Bourdieu; Gisele Sapiro; Brian McHale Poetics Today, Vol 12, No 4, National Literatures/Social Spaces (Winter, 1991), pp 643-653 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0333-5372%28199124%2912%3A4%3C643%3ASLTNCI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z Poetics Today is currently published by Duke University Press Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/duke.html Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org http://www.jstor.org Sun Jan 27 05:46:28 2008 Second Lecture The New Capital: Introduction to a Japanese Reading of State Nobility Pierre Bourdieu Today I would like to speak about the extremely intricate mechanisms through which the school institution contributes (I insist on this word) to the reproduction of the distribution of cultural capital and, consequently, of the structure of social space Two sets of different mechanisms of reproduction correspond to the two basic dimensions of this space that I mentioned yesterday, the combination of these mechanisms defining the ~ n o d rof rrproduction and ensuring that capital finds its way to capital and that the social structure tends to perpetuate itself (not without undergoing more or less important defbrmations) T h e reproduction of the structure of the distribution of cultural capital is achieved in the relation between familial strategies and the specific logic of the school institution This institution tends to grant school capital, in the form of credentials,' in proportion to the cultural capital held by the family and transmitted, by means of a diffuse or explicit education, during primary education Families are corporate bodies2 animated by a kind of conatus, in Spinoza's sense, that is, a tendency to perpetuate their social being, with all its powers and privileges, which is at the basis of reproduction ~trutegies:matrimonial strategies, successional strategies, econon~icstrategies, and last but not least, educative 'This lecture was delivered at 'rodai University on October- 1989 I n English in the original (trans.) In English in the origirlal (trans.) Poettc~Tocia? 12.4 (M Inter 1991) Copvr~ght0 1991 b\ T h e Porter Institute for Poetlcs and Sern~ot~cs CCC 0333-3352/91/$2 50 644 Poetics Today 12 :4 strategies Families invest all the more in school education (in transmission time, in help of all kinds, and in some cases, as today in Japan, in money, as witness the j u k u and the jobi-ko" as their cultural capital is more important and as the relative weight of their cultural capital corriparecl with their economic capital is greater-and also as the other reproduction strategies (especially successional strategies, which aim at the direct transmission of economic capital) are less effective o r relatively less profitable (as has been the case in Japan since the Second World War and, to a lesser degree, .. .Introduction to a Monopoly ‘too big to fail,’ was continuing to experience financial difficulties To help shore up the failing firm, the British Parliament authorized the Tea Act The act... prepared, and shall not fail to pay them an unwelcome visit; by The Mohawks.” Step forward in time to 1860—the eve of the American Civil War to another near monopoly supplier of historical significance:... unloaded, citing their main complaint: “No taxation without representation.” Arriving tea-bearing ships were warned via several newspapers, including The Massachusetts Gazette, “We are prepared,