Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior

This page intentionally left blank Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology 38Neanderthals and Modern HumansNeanderthals and Modern Humans develops the theme of the closerelationship between climate change, ecological change and biogeo-graphical patterns in humans during the Pleistocene. In particular, itchallengesthe view that Modern Human ‘superiority’ caused the ex-tinction of the Neanderthals between 40 000 and 30 000 years ago.Clive Finlayson shows that to understand human evolution,the spreadof humankind across the world and the extinction of archaic popula-tions we must start off from a theoretical evolutionary ecology baseand incorporate the important wider biogeographic patterns, includingthe role of tropical and temperate refugia. His proposalis that Nean-derthals became extinct because their world changed faster than theycould cope with, and that their relationship with the arrivingModernHumans, where they met, was subtle.Clive Finlaysonis Director, Museums and Heritage in the Govern-ment of Gibraltar, based at the Gibraltar Museum. He is also Professorin the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto. Hisresearch interests include Quaternary human–environmental patterns,the biogeography of hominids, and changing environments and faunalpatterns in the Quaternary of southern Europe. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary AnthropologySeries Editorshuman ecologyC. G. Nicholas Mascie-Taylor, University of CambridgeMichael A. Little, State University of New York, BinghamtongeneticsKenneth M. Weiss, Pennsylvania State Universityhuman evolutionRobertA. Foley, University ofCambridgeNina G. Jablonski,California Academy of ScienceprimatologyKaren B. Strier, University of Wisconsin, MadisonSelected titles also in the series21 Bioarchaeology Clark S. Larsen 0 521 49641 (hardback), 0 521 65834 9 (paperback)22 Comparative Primate Socioecology P. C. Lee (ed.) 0 521 59336 0 (hardback)0 521 00424 1 (paperback)23 Patterns of Human Growth, second edition Barry Bogin 0 521 56438 7 (paperback)24 Migration and Colonisation in Human Microevolution Alan Fix 0 521 59206 225 Human Growth in the Past Robert D. Hoppa & Charles M. FitzGerald (eds)0 521 63153 X26 Human Paleobiology Robert B. Eckhardt 0 521 45160 427 Mountain Gorillas Martha M. Robbins, Pascale Sicotte & Kelly J. Stewart (eds)0 521 76004 728 Evolution and Genetics of Latin American Populations Francisco M. Salzano &Maria C. Bortolini 0 521 65275 829 Primates Face to Face Agust´ın Fuentes & Linda D. Wolfe (eds) 0 521 79109 X30 Human Biology of Pastoral Populations William Leonard & Michael Crawford(eds) 0 521 78016 031 Paleodemography Robert D. Hoppa & James W. Vanpel (eds) 0 521 80063 3132 Primate Dentition Davis Swindler 0 521 65289 833 The Primate Fossil Record Walter C. Hartwig (ed.) 0 521 66315 634 Gorilla Biology Andrea B. Taylor & Michele L. Goldsmith (eds) 0 521 79281 935 Human Biologists in the Archives D. Ann Hening & Alan C. Swedlund (eds)0 521 80104 436 Human Senescence Douglas Crews 0 521 57173 137 Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo Jennifer L. Thompson,Gail E. Krovitz & Andrew J. Nelson (eds) 0 521 57173 1 Neanderthals andModern HumansAn Ecological and Evolutionary PerspectiveCLIVE FINLAYSONThe Gibraltar MuseumandThe University of Toronto cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UKFirst published in print format isbn-13 978-0-521-82087-5isbn-13 978-0-511-18634-9© Clive Finlayson 20042004Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521820875This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision ofrelevant collective Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior By: OpenStaxCollege The U.S antitrust laws reach beyond blocking mergers that would reduce competition to include a wide array of anticompetitive practices For example, it is illegal for competitors to form a cartel to collude to make pricing and output decisions, as if they were a monopoly firm The Federal Trade Commission and the U.S Department of Justice prohibit firms from agreeing to fix prices or output, rigging bids, or sharing or dividing markets by allocating customers, suppliers, territories, or lines of commerce In the late 1990s, for example, the antitrust regulators prosecuted an international cartel of vitamin manufacturers, including the Swiss firm Hoffman-La Roche, the German firm BASF, and the French firm Rhone-Poulenc These firms reached agreements on how much to produce, how much to charge, and which firm would sell to which customers The high-priced vitamins were then bought by firms like General Mills, Kellogg, Purina-Mills, and Proctor and Gamble, which pushed up the prices more Hoffman-La Roche pleaded guilty in May 1999 and agreed both to pay a fine of $500 million and to have at least one top executive serve four months of jail time Under U.S antitrust laws, monopoly itself is not illegal If a firm has a monopoly because of a newly patented invention, for example, the law explicitly allows a firm to earn higher-than-normal profits for a time as a reward for innovation If a firm achieves a large share of the market by producing a better product at a lower price, such behavior is not prohibited by antitrust law Restrictive Practices Antitrust law includes rules against restrictive practices—practices that not involve outright agreements to raise price or to reduce the quantity produced, but that might have the effect of reducing competition Antitrust cases involving restrictive practices are often controversial, because they delve into specific contracts or agreements between firms that are allowed in some cases but not in others 1/5 Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior For example, if a product manufacturer is selling to a group of dealers who then sell to the general public it is illegal for the manufacturer to demand a minimum resale price maintenance agreement, which would require the dealers to sell for at least a certain minimum price A minimum price contract is illegal because it would restrict competition among dealers However, the manufacturer is legally allowed to “suggest” minimum prices and to stop selling to dealers who regularly undercut the suggested price If you think this rule sounds like a fairly subtle distinction, you are right An exclusive dealing agreement between a manufacturer and a dealer can be legal or illegal It is legal if the purpose of the contract is to encourage competition between dealers For example, it is legal for the Ford Motor Company to sell its cars to only Ford dealers, for General Motors to sell to only GM dealers, and so on However, exclusive deals may also limit competition If one large retailer obtained the exclusive rights to be the sole distributor of televisions, computers, and audio equipment made by a number of companies, then this exclusive contract would have an anticompetitive effect on other retailers Tying sales happen when a customer is required to buy one product only if the customer also buys a second product Tying sales are controversial because they force consumers to purchase a product that they may not actually want or need Further, the additional, required products are not necessarily advantageous to the customer Suppose that to purchase a popular DVD, the store required that you also purchase a portable TV of a certain model These products are only loosely related, thus there is no reason to make the purchase of one contingent on the other Even if a customer was interested in a portable TV, the tying to a particular model prevents the customer from having the option of selecting one from the numerous types available in the market A related, but not identical, concept is called bundling, where two or more products are sold as one Bundling typically offers an advantage for the consumer by allowing them to acquire multiple products or services for a better price For example, several cable companies allow customers to buy products like cable, internet, and a phone line through a special price available through bundling Customers are also welcome to purchase these products separately, but the price of bundling is usually more appealing In some cases, tying sales and bundling can be viewed as anticompetitive However, in other cases they may be legal and even common It is common for people to purchase season tickets to a sports team or a set of concerts so that they can be guaranteed tickets to the few contests or shows that are most popular and likely to sell out Computer software manufacturers may often bundle together a number of different programs, even ... PRINT OrganizationalBehaviorSeventh EditionJohn R. Schermerhorn, Jr.Ohio UniversityJames G. HuntTexas Tech UniversityRichard N. OsbornWayne State University ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 7TH editionCopyright 2002 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States ofAmerica. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of thispublication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data baseretrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.ISBN 0-471-22819-2 (ebook)0-471-42063-8 (print version) SECTION ONE 1 Organizational Behavior Today 3Learning About Organizational Behavior 5Organizations as Work Settings 7Organizational Behavior and Management 9Ethics and Organizational Behavior 12Workforce Diversity 15Demographic Differences 17Aptitude and Ability 18Personality 19Personality Traits and Classifications 21Values and Attitudes 27Managing Diversity and Individual Differences31The Perceptual Process 32Common Perceptual Distortions 37Managing the Perceptual Process 40Attribution Theory 41The Concept of Organizational Culture 43Observable Aspects of Organizational Culture48Values and Organizational Culture 49Managing Organizational Culture 52Organizational Development Process andApplications 54Change in Organizations 59Planned Change Strategies 62Resistance to Change 64Footnotes 67Source Notes 71SECTION TWO 73High Performance Context of OrganizationalBehavior 75What is a High Performance Organization? 78Management Challenges of High PerformanceOrganizations 81Illustrative Case: Creating a High PerformanceOrganization 84Groups in Organizations 87Stages of Group Development 90Input Foundations of Group Effectiveness 92Group and Intergroup Dynamics 95Decision Making in Groups 96High Performance Teams 100Team Building 103Improving Team Processes 105Teams and the High Performance Workplace110Decision Making Process 114Decision Making Models 115Intuition, Judgment, and Creativity 118Managing the Decision-Making Process 120Technology, Culture, and Ethics in DecisionMaking 124Conflict 127Managing Conflict 130Negotiation 135Negotiation Strategies 137Footnotes 140Source Notes 144SECTION THREE 145What Is Motivation? 147Reinforcement 148Content Theories of Motivation 155Process Theories 159Integrating the Motivation Theories 162Dynamics of Stress 165Footnotes 168Source Notes 169SECTION FOUR 171Power 173Empowerment 181Organizational Politics 183Political Action and the Manager 186The Nature of Communication 190Essentials of Interpersonal Communication192Communication Barriers 195Organizational Communication 197Communication and the High PerformanceWorkplace 200Footnotes 203Source Notes 204SECTION FIVE 205Organizational Behavior and Globalization207Cultures and Cultural Diversity 209Globalization and People at Work 214A Global View of Organizational Learning219Technology and Job Design 220Goal Setting and Job Design 222Alternative Work Arrangements 225Organizational Design and Size 228Operations Technology and OrganizationalDesign 229Information Technology and OrganizationalDesign 231Environment and Organizational Design234Strategy and Organizational Design 237Footnotes 238Source Notes 241Brief Contents THE OB SKILLS WORKBOOK 243The Collection 245ARTICLE 1The Company of theFuture Robert B. Reich 245ARTICLE 2Life In The Fast Lane Chuck Salter 252ARTICLE 3Danger: Toxic CompanyAlan M. Webber 255ARTICLE 4Learning for a ChangeAlan M. Webber 258Cases for Critical Thinking 265CASE 1Drexler’s Bar-B-QueForest F. Aven, Jr., V. Jean Ramsey265CASE 2Sun Microsystems: "We’re the dot in .com"David S. Chappell 267CASE 3Crossing BordersBernardo M. Ferdman, Plácida I. Gallegos and the KaleelJamison Consulting Group, Inc. 270CASE 4Never on a SundayAnne C. Cowden 272CASE 5MAGREC, Inc. Mary McGarry,Barry R. Behavior of Nitrite Oxidizers in the Nitrification/Denitrification Process for the Treatment of Simulated Coke-Oven Wastewater Yuki Takasaki*, Hiroyasu Satoh*, Motoharu Onuki**, Takashi Mino*, Kimio Ito***, and Osamu Miki*** *: Institute of Environmental Studies, Univ. of Tokyo **: Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, Univ. of Tokyo ***: Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation) Abstract The behavior of nitrite oxidizers in the nitrification/denitrification process for the treatment of coak-oven wastewater was studied by using molecular methods. An activated sludge process was operated with simulated coak-oven wastewater. In the existence of thiosulfate, partial nitrification was observed, while in its absence, full nitrification was observed. In the activated sludge treating simulated coak-oven wastewater, only Nitrobacter species were found as the nitrite oxidizers by using PCR and FISH targeted at different nitrite oxidizers. The QP-PCR (quenching primer PCR) method was applied for the quantitative monitoring of Nitrobacter species. The QP-PCR method demonstrated that Nitrobacter species increased when thiosulfate was absent. Nitrobacter species was found to have been the major nitrite oxidizing species at least in one of the operational periods with full nitrification. On the other hand, in another period with full nitrification, their absolute amount was too small to explain nitrite oxidation. Key words coak oven wastewater; partial nitrification; Nitrobacter; quenching primer PCR. INTRODUCTION The wastewater from coke-ovens for steel industries contains high concentrations of toxic compounds such as cyanide and phenol as well as ammonia. If the treated wastewater is to be discharged to enclosed water bodies, nitrogen removal is needed in addition to the removal of toxic compounds. Yet, as nitrifiers are in general known to be sensitive to toxic compounds, the application of biological methods such as nitrification/denitrification has been thought to be difficult. Yet, there are cases where biological nitrification has been applied successfully. The authors examined the applicability of the nitrification/denitrification process for the treatment of coak-oven wastewater diluted with sea water. In the preliminary - 29 - Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.5, No.1, 2007 experiment, the authors observed the accumulation of nitrite instead of nitrate in the nitrification step. In an attempt to clarify the cause of partial nitriifcation, the authors operated a test plant using simulated coak-oven wastewater prepared with chemical reagents for a period of about one year. The nitrifiers population was monitored by molecular methods including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), PCR-DGGE, and real time PCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Operation of the reactor A bench-scale continuous activated sludge process was operated with simulated coak-oven from October 2002 to September 2003. The effective reactor consisted of 45L of anoxic tank and 135L of aerobic tank, and a sedimentation tank. Influent was 60L/day. pH was 8.0-8.5 in the anoxic tank, and 7.0-7.5 in the aerobic tank. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2009 - 143 - Analysis of Phosphorus Behavior in the Giant Reed for Phytoremediation and the Biomass Production System Masaki SAGEHASHI*, Akira KAWAZOE**, Takao FUJII***, Hong-Ying HU****, Akiyoshi SAKODA*** *Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan **(Former Affiliation) Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan ***Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan ****ESPC State Key Joint Lab., Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China ABSTRACT Macrophyte-cultivated wetlands have a strong potential not only to purify eutrophic water but also to produce biomass resources. Among a variety of macrophytes, we focused on the giant reed (Arundo donax), and its properties of phosphorus uptake, accumulation, and translocation were clarified in this study. Phosphorus uptake experiments using outdoor hydroponic culturing showed the seasonal variation of phosphorus uptake by the giant reed. Furthermore, two kinetic parameters describing the phosphorus uptake by the giant reed were obtained. Phosphorus accumulation experiments using radioactive phosphorus suggested that giant reeds accumulate the absorbed phosphorus in rhizomes, and it is then distributed to the leaves if needed. A phosphorus translocation experiment using radioactive phosphorus indicated that the decreasing of phosphorus in the leaves occurred in the order of location from the bottom to the top, which is relevant to the order of dying down of the plant leaves actually observed in this study. Based on these outcomes, a desirable management method for the giant reed cultivated in wetlands is proposed. Keywords: giant reed, phosphorus, wetland INTRODUCTION Water treatment using macrophyte-cultivated wetlands has attracted wide attention, because such treatment not only purifies the environmental water but also produces biomass resources, which can potentially be used as a substitute for fossil fuel. To date, many studies on wetlands for water treatments have been performed (e.g., Rousseau et al., 2008), and various plants such as the common reed (e.g., Wang et al., 2009), cattail (e.g., Gebremariam and Beutel, 2008; Yalcuk and Ugurlu, 2009), bulrush (e.g., Gebremariam and Beutel, 2008), rice (e.g., Zhou et al., 2009), and free-floating macrophytes (e.g., Nahlik and Mitsch, 2006) have been studied. Among the variety of macrophytes cultivated in water treatment wetlands, we focused Received February 16th, 2009, Accepted May 27th, 2009 Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2009 - 144 - on the giant reed (Arundo donax), which is a perennial, very tall, gramineous plant with the rhizome as shown in Fig. 1 (Kawazoe et al., 2007). And gramine (N-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-N,N-dimethylamine), which is widely used as an initial compound in the synthesis of a variety of substituted indoles, can be isolated from the giant reed (Semenov and Granik, 2004). Considering these characteristics as well as its phosphorus uptake potential and Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 8, No.3, 2010 Address correspondence to Kaoru Abe, Soil Environment Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Email: abekaoru@affrc.go.jp Received June 17, 2010, Accepted July 14, 2010. - 231 - Behavior of Zinc in a Constructed Wetland System Receiving Domestic Wastewater Kaoru ABE*, Akihito OOKUMA**, Michio KOMADA***, Sunao ITAHASHI*, Kennji BANZAI* * National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan ** Koibuchi College of Agriculture and Nutrition, 5965, Koibuchimachi, Mito 319–0323, Japan *** National Agricultural Research Center, 3-1-1, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8666, Japan ABSTRACT In Japan, environmental quality standards for Zn pollution were enacted recently because of the toxicity of Zn to aquatic ecosystems. A free-water-surface constructed wetland (500 m 2 ) planted with Zizania latifolia Turcz. received secondary-treated wastewater from a dormitory (60 to 100 residents) at the Koibuchi College of Agriculture and Nutrition in Japan, to remove nutrient salts before the discharge of the water to a pond for agricultural use. We examined the removal efficiencies of Zn and its behavior in this constructed wetland within 3 years and discussed the mechanism of Zn removal. The constructed wetland was effective in treating wastewater with low Zn concentrations. The T-Zn concentration in secondary-treated domestic wastewater (average T-Zn: 0.048 mg/L) decreased by 51% during passage through the constructed wetland. Most of the dissolved Zn was removed, but only a little particulate Zn was removed. The increase in Zn concentration in the wetland soil corresponded to 69.8% of the Zn removed by the wetland. However, the amount of Zn accumulated in the aboveground parts of Z. latifolia corresponded to only 9.8% of the Zn removed by the wetland. Thus, Zn was removed mainly by adsorption onto the wetland soil, including soil particles and organic matter. Keywords: constructed wetland, domestic wastewater, secondary-treated, soil, Zizania latifolia, Zn INTRODUCTION Environmental quality standards for zinc (Zn) pollution were recently enacted in Japan because of the toxicity of Zn to aquatic ecosystems. These standards have been set at 0.03 mg/L for Zn in rivers and lakes and 2 mg/L in wastewater. Zn is used in various human activities, and the sources of Zn loading in the aquatic environment are quite varied. Zinc is an essential micronutrient for mammals, and many foods contain it. Some commodities such as shampoos and cosmetics also contain Zn. Nakanishi et al. (2008) estimated that, in Japan, 468 t/year of Zn is loaded from domestic wastewater to the aquatic environment and 1172 t/year is loaded from domestic wastewater to sewage treatment systems. The Zn load from factories to the aquatic environment was estimated to be 700 t/year. Domestic wastewater is therefore a major source of Zn pollution of aquatic ecosystems. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed toward constructed wetlands, because of their low cost and ease of operation (Brix, 1993; Cooper, 2007; Vymazal, 2007). Most studies of heavy metal treatment in constructed wetland systems have examined heavily contaminated wastewater from mine drainage and industries - 232 - (Gillespie et al., 2000; Mays and Edwards, 2001). There have been few studies on the removal of heavy ... out the competition from other makers of software 3/5 Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior In April 2000, a federal court held that Microsoft’s behavior had crossed the line into unfair competition,... Self-Check Question Why would a firm choose to use one or more of the anticompetitive practices described in Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior? Because outright collusion to raise profits is illegal.. .Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior For example, if a product manufacturer is selling to a group of dealers who