Ceylon; an Account of the Island Physical, Historical, and Topographical with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities and Productions, Volume 1 (of 2), by James Emerson Tennent This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Ceylon; an Account of the Island Physical, Historical, and Topographical with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities and Productions, Volume 1 (of 2) Author: James Emerson Tennent Release Date: September 28, 2004 [eBook #13552] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CEYLON; AN ACCOUNT OF THE ISLAND PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, AND TOPOGRAPHICAL WITH NOTICES OF ITS NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND PRODUCTIONS, VOLUME 1 (OF 2)*** E-text prepared by Carnegie Mellon University, Juliet Sutherland, Leonard Johnson, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 13552-h.htm or 13552-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/3/5/5/13552/13552-h/13552-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/3/5/5/13552/13552-h.zip) CEYLON; AN ACCOUNT OF THE ISLAND PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, AND TOPOGRAPHICAL WITH NOTICES OF ITS NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND PRODUCTIONS by SIR JAMES EMERSON TENNENT, K.C.S. LL.D. &c. Illustrated by Maps, Plans and Drawings Fourth Edition, Thoroughly Revised VOLUME I LONDON 1860 [Illustration: Frontispiece for Vol I NOOSING WILD ELEPHANTS Vol 2 p 359 368 &c] CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME Ceylon; an Account of the Island Physical, 1 PART I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. CHAPTER I . GEOLOGY MINERALOGY GEMS. I. General Aspect. Singular beauty of the island Its ancient renown in consequence Fable of its "perfumed winds" (note) Character of the scenery II. Geographical Position Ancient views regarding it amongst the Hindus, "the Meridian of Lanka" Buddhist traditions of former submersions (note) Errors as to the dimensions of Ceylon Opinions of Onesicritus, Eratosthenes, Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy, Agathemerus 8, The Arabian geographers Sumatra supposed to be Ceylon (note) True latitude and longitude General Eraser's map of Ceylon (note) Geological formation Adam's Bridge Error of supposing Ceylon to be a detached fragment of India III. The Mountain System Remarkable hills, Mihintala and Sigiri Little evidence of volcanic action Rocks, gneiss Rock temples Laterite or "Cabook" Ancient name Tamba-panni (note) Coral formation Extraordinary wells Darwin's theory of coral wells examined (note) The soil of Ceylon generally poor "Patenas," their phenomena obscure Rice lands between the hills Soil of the plains, "Talawas" IV. Metals Tin Gold, nickel, cobalt Quicksilver (note) Iron V. Minerals Anthracite, plumbago, kaolin, nitre caves List of Ceylon minerals (note) VI. Gems, ancient fame of Rose-coloured quartz (note) Mode of searching for gems Rubies Sapphire, topaz, garnet, You cannot change the past but you can rewrite your memory of it You cannot change the past but you can rewrite your memory of it Bởi: Joe Tye “The most obvious thing about which you can nothing now is your past behavior Everything that you ever did is simply over, and while you can almost always learn from it, and sometimes change effects that are continuing into the present, you cannot undo what you have done.” Wayne Dyer: Pulling Your Own Strings Every historian knows that the past is largely that which you choose to remember and the way in which you choose to remember it A history of the Civil War would have been written very differently by a freed slave and a Confederate general Any trial lawyer will tell you that if six different people witness an accident, reports will read as if it were six different accidents - and if you wait a week and ask again it will read as another six altogether different accidents This has a very real implication for how you remember your own history In his book The Soul’s Code, psychologist James Hillman shares research showing that people we consider to be geniuses often make up their own past by creating fictional memories of a past that, while it never really happened, is more supportive of where they want to be in the future than the factual past would have been For example, a virtuoso violinist “remembers” having awakened in the middle of every night with a driving desire to practice, while his or her parents report that child having slept like a stone Many of us are held back by negative memories, such as being told by a teacher that, “You’ll never amount to a hill of beans.” That is a negative and constraining memory On the other hand, recalling the teacher having said, “You have so much potential, and I just know you’re going to great things once you tap into it,” creates a very different mindset, even though the essential message is the same 1/2 You cannot change the past but you can rewrite your memory of it Remember this: the truth is more important than the facts The fact might be that the teacher humiliated you with the former statement, but in all likelihood the truth is that he or she intended to help you raise your sites and standards By remembering the past so as to make it more truthful (even if less factual), you can avoid a great deal of pain and lay the foundation for a much more magnificent future When I’m working with groups we often an exercise in which everyone carries around a rock to represent some emotional baggage they’ve been carrying around - in some cases for decades We have a ceremony of some sort in which people leave their rock - and the emotional baggage it represents) - behind (Click here for a 2-minute video in which I describe this from the Grand Canyon.) Some of the most touching experiences have been when someone has the courage to leave behind scarred memories of childhood abuse It’s not that they pretend the abuse never occurred, or even that they forgave the abuser for this most sinful of crimes Rather, it means that they’ve promised themselves to no longer allow their lives going forward to be poisoned by anger, hatred, and shame from the past They’ve left that rock behind, stopped hauling it around in the backpack of their lives Here are several questions that will help you remember a better past: What benefits you gain from hauling around the deadweight of painful memories from the past (sad but true, it’s human nature to nurse our grievances)? What other interpretation could you give to painful and disempowering memories? (I had such an empowering moment when it dawned on me that the teachers who inflicted what at the time were humiliating punishments for classroom transgressions were really trying to act in my best interest.) What positive past experiences can you call up from the recesses of memory and amplify in such a way that they reinforce your vision of you as your ideal Self pursuing your most authentic dreams and goals - the way the geniuses in Hillman’s book amplified their memories of perfection? If you “remembered” a past that was ideal in every way, how different would your attitudes and actions be today? Other than the emotional ghost of those ancient memories, what’s stopping you from being that ideal “Best Self” starting today? 2/2 You Can Heal Your Life Louise L. Hay First published and distributed in the United Kingdom by: Hay House UK Ltd, 292B Kensal Rd, London W10 5BE. Tel.: (44) 20 8962 1230; Fax: (44) 20 8962 1239. www.hayhouse.co.uk Published and distributed in the United States of America by: Hay House, Inc., PO Box 5100, Carlsbad, CA 92018-5100. Tel.: (1) 760 431 7695 or (800) 654 5126; Fax: (1) 760 431 6948 or (800) 650 5115. www.hayhouse.com Published and distributed in Australia by: Hay House Australia Ltd, 18/36 Ralph St, Alexandria NSW 2015. Tel.: (61) 2 9669 4299; Fax: (61) 2 9669 4144. www.hayhouse.com.au Published and distributed in the Republic of South Africa by: Hay House SA (Pty), Ltd, PO Box 990, Witkoppen 2068. Tel./Fax: (27) 11 467 8904. www.hayhouse.co.za Published and distributed in India by: Hay House Publishers India, Muskaan Complex, Plot No.3, B-2, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi – 110 070. Tel.: (91) 11 4176 1620; Fax: (91) 11 4176 1630. www.hayhouse.co.in Distributed in Canada by: Raincoast, 9050 Shaughnessy St, Vancouver, BC V6P 6E5. Tel.: (1) 604 323 7100; Fax: (1) 604 323 2600 © Louise L. Hay 1984, 1987, 2004, 2005 Reprinted 2009 (twice) Portions of Chapter 15 are from Heal Your Body by Louise L. Hay The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording; nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or otherwise be copied for public or private use, other than for ‘fair use’ as brief quotations embodied in articles and reviews, without prior written permission of the publisher. The author of this book does not dispense medical advice or prescribe the use of any technique as a form of treatment for physical or medical problems without the advice of a physician, either directly or indirectly. The intent of the author is only to offer information of a general nature to help you in your quest for emotional and spiritual wellbeing. In the event you use any of the information in this book for yourself, which is your constitutional right, the author and the publisher assume no responsibility for your actions. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-937611-01-2 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI William Clowes, Beccles, NR34 7TL. Dedication May this offering help you find the place within where you know your own self-worth, the part of you that is pure love and selfacceptance. Acknowledgments I acknowledge with joy and pleasure: My many students and clients who taught me so much and who first encouraged me to put my ideas down on paper. My dedicated staff at Hay House, who share my dream of disseminating books, audios, and videos that help to heal the planet spiritually, emotionally, and physically. My wonderful readers and listeners, who have shown their loving support for my work and who continue to be a source of inspiration for me. All those whose hearts are opening more and more each day. My dear friends throughout the world, who surround me with unconditional love, laughter, and just plain fun! Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Part I Introduction Suggestions to My Readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Some Points of My Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Chapter 1 What I Believe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part II A Session with Louise Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 What Is the Problem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Where Does It Come From? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Is It True? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 What Do We Do Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Resistance to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 How to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Building the New . . . . . 汉语话语标记“所以” ——母语者和新加坡汉语学习者使用情况对比研究 THE CHINESE DISCOURSE MARKER "SUOYI": A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ITS USAGE BETWEEN NATIVE SPEAKERS AND SINGAPORE MANDARIN LEARNERS 王荣耀 WANG RONGYAO 新 加 坡 国 立 大 学 中 文 系 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 汉语话语标记“所以” ——母语者和新加坡汉语学习者使用情况对比研究 THE CHINESE DISCOURSE MARKER "SUOYI": A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ITS USAGE BETWEEN NATIVE SPEAKERS AND SINGAPORE MANDARIN LEARNERS 王荣耀 WANG RONGYAO 新加坡国立大学中文系 硕士学位论文 A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 Acknowledgements This thesis owes an immense debt to my supervisor, Dr. Wang Hui, who has been a great source of unending patience, guidance and moral support. As a thesis supervisor, she has constantly provided insightful comments and developed my skills at research. Also, it is very kind of her to allow me to use the data forming the basis of my analysis as part of her project “Spoken Vocabulary of Singapore Mandarin Chinese: a Corpus-driven Approach” (The Ministry of Education of Singapore Academic Research Fund Tier 1, Official No: FY2009-FRC4-001). As a life mentor, her solid advice has been a real treasure for me. Due to her encouragement, I will continue to pursue my interest in research of linguistics. I would like to thank all the teachers in the Department of Chinese Studies, whose knowledge added to my understanding of language and critical thinking. I would also like to express my gratitude to Zhao Xinhua, my schoolmate, who inspired me a lot during our discussions. Among my friends, I especially thank Li Rong, Li Lizhen and Bo Bobroskie for their friendship and support. Finally, I am deeply indebted to my parents. Had they not supported me financially and spiritually, I would not have been able to finish this thesis as well as my study in Singapore. i 目 录 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... i 目 录 ........................................................................................................ ii 插图一览 ................................................................................................... v Abstract .................................................................................................... vi 第 1 章 序 言 ........................................................................................... 1 第 2 章 文献综述 ...................................................................................... 3 2.1 英语话语标记的研究 ..................................................................................................3 2.1.1 话语标记的定义 ...................................................................................................3 2.1.2 话语标记的意义 ...................................................................................................7 2.1.3 话语的连贯模型 ...................................................................................................9 2.1.4 个案分析：so ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2 汉语话语标记的研究 ................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1 概述 .................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 个案分析：“所以” ......................................................................................... 27 2.3 本文理论框架............................................................................................................ 30 2.3.1 话语模型............................................................................................................. 30 2.3.2 定义 .................................................................................................................... 30 第 3 章 研究方法 .................................................................................... 32 3.1 数据收集 ............................................................................................. This is how you can DAMAGE YOUR @Abhishekshah CAREER Every job entails a certain amount of stress and pressure and failure to recognize and handle the strain may lead to a pronounced and sustained decline in performance Every job entails a certain amount of stress and pressure and failure to recognize and handle the strain may lead to a pronounced and sustained decline in performance No Way! Eric Kim 31 Days to Overcome Your Fear of Shooting Street Photography Street photography has helped me become a better person. Before shooting street photography, I would always let myself get pushed around by other people. If you have this problem as well, stand up for your rights and stand your ground. Not only will doing this help your street photography, but your own personal life as well. 31 Days to Overcome Your Fear of Shooting Street Photography By Eric Kim erickimphotography.com/blog Last edit: 6/19/2012 Layout: okeden.com 2013 Introduction So why did I decide to write this book? Well one quote that I love is from famous hockey player Wayne Gretsky who said: You miss 100% of the shots you don’t take. In street photography, one of the biggest problems that most aspiring street photographers is getting over their initial fear of taking photos of strangers in public (without permission). To photograph strangers without their permission is strange. Most societies in the world teach that it is wrong to take a photo of a stranger without their permission. In-fact, we are so socialized against doing this that we are worried what repercussions may happen to us if we do so. We are worried that the photos of others we shoot may become belligerent, yell at us, or even call the police on us. There- fore “normal” people don’t take photographs of strangers without their permission—but who ever said that street photographers were “normal” people? If I could estimate, I have probably shot over 300,000 street photographs in my last ive years in the streets. Out of all of these shots, I have only gotten around 3 really neg- ative responses. The irst encounter involves an old man grabbing my arm and asking me what I was doing, the sec- ond a man in Downtown LA trying to grab my camera from me, and the third being an old Chinese man karate-chop- ping me in the back of the neck (from a bike) when I took a photograph of him during the night with my lash. Needles to say I am still alive (and in great health) and haven’t ever gotten punched, stabbed, or killed (yet). Also if you do the math, 3 really negative experiences out of 300,000 is only .001% which is statistically insigniicant. You are probably more likely to get run over by a car, die in a plane crash, or win the lottery. But other than that, I rarely have issues when shooting strangers. I would argue that the majority of photographs I take of people—people are either charmed by it, honored, or ind it humbling. However it depends on how you do it. If you do it in a sneaky manner and get ‘caught’ – people are going to be pissed o. If you do it openly, honestly, and smile a lot—people won’t feel any negativity towards you. Sure you are going to get some people who look at you funny or some people who ask you to delete the photo—but that’s pretty much the worst that ever happens. For the purposes of this e-book, I wanted to create a 30-day course in which you could overcome your fear of shooting street photography. I am a huge proponent on the idea of “open source” knowledge—information that is shared openly and freely with others. When I irst started street photography overcoming my fear of shooting on the streets was the greatest hurdle for me. Now my heart barely lutters when I take a photograph even half a meter away from somebody. Feel free starting at whatever day feels the most com- fortable for you, and also feel free to skip around a bit if you would like. The rough order it is organized is in diiculty (irst day being that you are extremely afraid of shooting in the You must overcome your fear .. .You cannot change the past but you can rewrite your memory of it Remember this: the truth is more important than the facts The fact might be that the teacher humiliated you with the former... experiences can you call up from the recesses of memory and amplify in such a way that they reinforce your vision of you as your ideal Self pursuing your most authentic dreams and goals - the way the. .. from the past They’ve left that rock behind, stopped hauling it around in the backpack of their lives Here are several questions that will help you remember a better past: What benefits you gain