I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF E NERGY AND E NVIRONMENT Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013 pp.59-72 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2013 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. Changes of temperature data for energy studies over time and their impact on energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. The case of Athens and Thessaloniki – Greece K. T. Papakostas 1 , A. Michopoulos 1 , T. Mavromatis 2 , N. Kyriakis 1 1 Process Equipment Design Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Energy Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki - 54124 Thessaloniki - Greece. 2 Department of Meteorology-Climatology, School of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki - 54124 Thessaloniki - Greece. Abstract In steady-state methods for estimating energy consumption of buildings, the commonly used data include the monthly average dry bulb temperatures, the heating and cooling degree-days and the dry bulb temperature bin data. This work presents average values of these data for the 1983-1992 and 1993-2002 decades, calculated for Athens and Thessaloniki, determined from hourly dry bulb temperature records of meteorological stations (National Observatory of Athens and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki). The results show that the monthly average dry bulb temperatures and the annual average cooling degree-days of the 1993-2002 decade are increased, compared to those of the 1983-1992 decade, while the corresponding annual average heating degree-days are reduced. Also, the low temperature bins frequency results decreased in the 1993-2002 decade while the high temperature ones increased, compared to the 1983-1992 decade. The effect of temperature data variations on the energy consumption and on CO 2 emissions of buildings was examined by calculating the energy demands for heating and cooling and the CO 2 emissions from diesel-oil and electricity use of a typical residential building-model. From the study it is concluded that the heating energy requirements during the decade 1993-2002 were decreased, as compared to the energy demands of the decade 1983-1992, while the cooling energy requirements were increased. The variations of CO 2 emissions from diesel oil and electricity use were analog to the energy requirements alterations. The results indicate a warming trend, at least for the two regions examined, which affect the estimation of heating and cooling demands of buildings. It, therefore, seems obvious that periodic adaptation of the temperature data used for building energy studies is required. Copyright © 2013 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved. Keywords: Climate change; Cooling; CO 2 emissions; Degree-days; Energy consumption in buildings; Heating; Steady-state methods; Temperature data. 1. Introduction A climate change seems to be in progress and there is strong evidence that it will continue in the forthcoming decades. Obviously, this change affects the temperature Thank God Ahead of Time (TGAoT) for whatever happens Thank God Ahead of Time (TGAoT) for whatever happens Bởi: Joe Tye “Solanus did not worry about those things that lie beyond the power of humans, like healing Instead he simply urged people to go beyond their limited power to God They were advised to manifest their thanks to the God who heals by gratefully doing something both before and after the healing.” Michael Crosby: Thank God Ahead of Time Father Michael Crosby wrote a biography of Solanus Casey entitled Thank God Ahead of Time That’s a great philosophy for dealing with the tragedies and travesties of life When I’m speaking about courage and perseverance, I often ask listeners to visualize the letters TGAoT stenciled on the insides of their foreheads as a way of pre-programming their thinking to accept adversity and loss as a well-disguised blessing, not as a curse Bad things happen to good people; if you’ve prepared yourself ahead of time with the TGAoT commitment to face those bad things with courage and equanimity, the silver linings will become evident much more quickly Almost everyone who’s ever lost a job will eventually look back and say that it was the best thing that could have happened (the primary exception being people who choose to spend the rest of their lives seeing themselves as having been victimized by their former employers.) Not many people are thankful for a diagnosis of cancer, but if you’ve ever spent time with people in a cancer support group you know that, while they would love to just make it go away, the disease has brought blessings in its wake The book Not Quite What I Was Planning is a collection of 6-word memoirs that were submitted to the website of Smith Magazine My favorite one was written by a 10 year old kid: “Cursed with cancer, blessed with friends.” If a 10 year old can say that about cancer, what can happen to you or me that we can’t immediately begin looking for the TGAoT silver lining? 1/2 Thank God Ahead of Time (TGAoT) for whatever happens When your world turns upside down, immediately saying “thank you” – even though you don’t know what you’re going to be thankful for – will help you pay attention to the well-disguised blessing that you know is in there somewhere 2/2 Appendix C Introduction of C Programming for DSP Applications C has become the language of choice for many DSP software developments not only because of its powerful commands and data structures but also because of its portability to migrate between DSP platforms and devices. In this appendix, we will cover some of the important features of C for DSP applications. The processes of compilation, linking/loading, and execution of C programs differ slightly among operating environments. To illustrate the process we use a general UNIX system C compiler shown in Figure C.1 as an example. C compiler translates high-level C programs into machine language that can be executed by computers or DSP proces- sors such as the TMS320C55x. The fact that C compilers are available for a wide range of computer platforms and DSP processors makes C programming the most portable software for DSP applications. Many C programming environments include debugger programs, which are useful for identifying errors in source programs. Debugger pro- grams allow us to see values stored in variables at different points in a program and to step through the program line by line. The purpose of DSP programming is to manipulate digital signals for a specific signal processing application. To achieve this goal, DSP programs must be able to organize the variables (different data types), describe the actions (operators), control the oper- ations (program flow), and move data back and forth between the outside world and the program (input/output). This appendix provides a brief overview of the elements required for efficient programming of DSP algorithms in C language and introduces fundamental C programming concepts using C examples, but does not attempt to cover all the elements in detail. C programming language used throughout this book is conformed to the ANSI C standard (American National Standard Institute C Standard). Real-Time Digital Signal Processing. Sen M Kuo, Bob H Lee Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-470-84137-0 (Hardback); 0-470-84534-1 (Electronic) C program (Source) Preprocessor Assembler Assembly code Object code Data Execution Output Linker (loader) Libraries Compiler Figure C.1 Program compilation, linking, and execution C.1 A Simple C Program In this section, we will present a simple C program and use it as an example to introduce C language program components. As discussed in Section 3.1, an N-point unit-impulse sequence can be written as dn 1, n 0 0, n 1, 2, N À 1. C:1 The following C program (impulse.c in the software package) can be used to generate this unit-sample sequence /**************************************************************** * IMPULSE.C À Unit impulse sequence generator * ****************************************************************/ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #define K 1024 void main() { float y [K]; int k; int N 256; /* Generate unit impulse sequence */ 470 APPENDIX C: INTRODUCTION OF C PROGRAMMING FOR DSP APPLICATIONS for(k 1; k < N; k) { y[k] 0.0; //Clear array } y[0] 1.0; //y(0) 1 } A program written in C must have a few basic components. We now briefly discuss these components used in this example C program. C program comments may contain any message beginning with the characters sequence /* and ending with the characters sequence */. The comments will be ignored by the compiler. Program comments may be interspersed within the source code as well as at the beginning of a function. In above example, [...]... as a theoretical physicist) Here the reader will find a chapter developing the metaphor of the universe as a cosmic computer for which the quantum particles are the "hardware," the laws of physics the "software" and the evolution of the universe is the execution of the program In a Final chapter called "First-Person Science," I explore the thoughts and feelings that a few People have had about the meaning... in the interior, at the center of a star, is a tiny core, only one-hundredth the size of the full star The core, consisting of convective currents of hot matter, holds the key to a star's life Not only do the nuclear reactions in the core provide the heat that prolongs the life of the star, but in the later stages of the life of a star, they also cook up new heavy elements essential to the building of. .. in this case toward the star Lambda Herculis—a revolutionary idea comparable to Copernicus' declaration that the earth moves about the sun Like many of his contemporaries, Herschel thought the moon, the planets and the sun were inhabited (he thought there was a cool surface under the sun's hot atmosphere) Perhaps no person before or since has spent so much time looking through a telescope Herschel... universe contains the record of its past the way that sedimentary layers of rock contain the geological record of the earth's past And that fact opened the window to the evolutionary view of the universe held today HERSCHEL’S GARDEN 5 Herschel became obsessed with the problems of determining the structure of the Milky Way and locating the position of our sun within it He was even convinced that some nebulae... with human life or the life of nations and empires, stars appear to live forever, indifferent to the passions of our existence Yet somehow we feel that in spite of the immense distances which separate us from all stars save our sun, the destiny of humanity is profoundly intertwined with them We hope that life on earth may share in the THE SPECIFICATION OF TIME MEANING FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION Frank van Eynde - Catholic University Leuven Blijde Inkomststraat, 21, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Louis des Tombe - Utrecht State University Trans I 14~ 3512 3K Utrecht, Holland Fons Maes - Catholic University of Tilburg Postbus g0153, 5000 LE Tilburg~ Holland In this paper, we put Torward some ideas on the reoresentation of time in a machine translation system. In such a system, we usually have the following four representations: - source text - source representation - target representation - target text In an interlingual system, there is no difference between source and target representation; in a transfer-based system, the step between the two is usually called transfer, and this step is meant to be as simple as possible. The research described was originally done in the framework of the EUROTRA MT project, which is transfer-based. However, it can be used in other MT systems as well; in Tact, it is very well suited for interlingual systems. The problem with time meaning is that it is expressed in natural languages in a way that is non-universal and, moreover, not very perspicuous prima facie. As a consequence, it is difficult to find rules for the translation of the tense form of the verb. In this paper, we propose a conceptual calculus in which the meanings of language specific temporal expressions can be represented in an interlingual way, so that the translation of the latter can be achieved via the corresponding conceptual representations. The exposition will consist of three parts. First, we define a time axis model, i.e. a model in which temporal concepts can be understood. Second, we establish two types of general constraints: ~i) Constraints on possible time meaning representations, resulting in a restricted class of meanings for time anO related phenomena in terms of this model. (ii) Constraints on the relations between syntactic/morphological forms and time meanings, resulting in a non-arbitrary relation between form and meaning. Third, we show how the calculus can be used for the interlingual analysis of the tense forms of verbs. I. The time axis model. The model is a temporal structure <time,< >, where time is a set of elements called time-points; (ii) < is a binary relation that linearly orders time (and can be interpreted as 'precedes'); An interval (1) is a subset of time that does not contain 'gaps', i.e.: ~ tl,t2 E I t3 G time (t1<t3<t2 -> t3 E I ). We now turn to the time meanings anq their representations. First, we want to separate the expression that represents time meaning from the rest of the sentence. The instruments we use are based on Dowty (1979): (i) A tNo-place operator AT that takes an interval and a formula to yield another formula, with the following interpretation: W(AT(I~O)=I at whatever time t if÷ W(O)=I at the interval I. (ii~ Temporal predicates that take an interval to yield a formula, e.g., W(yesterday(1))=1 iff the interval I is a subset of yesterday. 35 (iii) Temporal relations that take two intervals to yield a formula, e.g., W(beforeil,J))=1 iff t,t' c time (t E I & t' s J > t<t') (iv) k-abstraction to separate the temporal expression from the basic proposition, so that the representation of the temporal expresssion takes the following form: (I) k p 3 I,, I=, S Implementation of Time Synchronization for BTnodes Distributed Systems Laboratory Winter Term 2006/07 by Qin Yin Professor: Friedemann Mattern Supervisor: Matthias Ringwald Institute for Pervasive Computing Distributed Systems Group ETH Zurich April 2007 Abstract Time synchronization plays an important role in wireless sensor networks which aim at bridging the gap between the physical and virtual world. In this thesis, two time syn- chronization approaches are investigated and implemented for BTnodes: global continuous clock synchronization and local on demand time transformation. From both theoretical and practical point of view, the tree-based clock synchronization approach has some dis- advantages while time transformation algorithms is more applicable in many data fusion scenarios. The accuracy of time transformation is analyzed with the aid of logic analyzer which could record time stamps of signal sent by connected BTnodes. ii Contents Abstract ii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Wireless Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Time Synchronization in WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 Chapters Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Platform 5 2.1 Hardware and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 BTnut Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1 Bluetooth Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.2 BTnut System Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.3 BTnut Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.4 BTnut Connection and Transport Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.5 BTnode Clock Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Concept 11 3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2 Synchronization of BT clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 Global Continuous Clock Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.1 Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.2 Synchronization Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.4 Localized On-demand Time Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.4.1 Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 iii 3.4.2 Synchronization Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4 Implementation 19 4.1 Clock Synchronization Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.1 Data Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.2 Clock-Sync Packet Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.1.3 Protocol and APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2 Time Transformation Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.1 Data Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.2.2 Time-Trans Packet Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.2.3 Protocol and APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5 Measurement 29 5.1 Difference between NutOS and BT Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2 Drift of Clock Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.3 Global Clock Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.4 Local Time Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6 Conclusion 39 Bibliography 41 A Software Versions Used 43 iv List of Tables 3.1 Comparison of Two Synchronization Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.1 Clock-Data Packet Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2 Time-Trans Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 .. .Thank God Ahead of Time (TGAoT) for whatever happens When your world turns upside down, immediately saying thank you” – even though you don’t know what you’re going to be thankful for –