Tài liệu PDF Power

The Power Of Gaps By Goran Yordanoff Have you ever noticed a stock or an index , which seemed to be moving effortlessly in its desired direction, suddenly stop dead in its tracks? Have you ever noticed how this often happens nowhere near a major moving average or trend line? Do you sometimes find yourself watching a trade reverse in your face and not have an explanation as to why this happens? More often than not, the answer can be found by identifying areas of gaps on weekly, daily and intraday charts. In order to determine all potential areas of support and resistance when you are evaluating a trade (we all have our targets and stops in mind before we enter the trade, right? Right?) you must always consider gap areas. For clarification, the Japanese refer to a gap as a "window." Most of my charting analysis is based on Japanese candlestick charting theory which was primarily brought to prominence in the United States by Steve Nison. Nison is considered to be the "Godfather" of Japanese candlestick analysis in the United States. While Japanese candlestick analysis has really only been practiced for the past 25 years in the United States (thanks to Steve Nison's research and work), the Far East has been utilizing these principles and theories for centuries. There is a Japanese saying, "A clever hawk hides its claws." For those of us who utilize candlesticks, we believe "the claws" of the market to be hidden within their message (from Nison, Beyond Candlesticks). Let us consider the case of Merck and Co. (MRK). In my Dec. 27, 2000, commentary, I pointed out the potential of Merck and Co. to fall out of its consolidation range due to negative divergences with its technicals. I pointed out potential target areas based on two windows which were formed on gaps up in October, 2000. Let's go back and examine the chart from Dec. 27: Now let's take a look at MRK's present day chart and summarize what actually transpired subsequent to my Dec. 27 commentary. As we can clearly see, MRK fell violently out of its trading range in early January, 2001. We can see a multiple-day effort to stabilize at the area of gap #1 (as shown on chart). However, this gap #1 zone was violated and the zone of gap #2 was quickly tested. To date, the zone of gap #2 has halted a further decline in the share price of MRK. However, it is not certain as to whether or not MRK can resume its prior uptrend at this time. This is due to the prior support zone of gap #1 now serving as resistance during rally attempts. Until this new resistance zone of gap #1 can be overcome, MRK appears to be locked in a trading range between its new resistance area of gap #1 and its support zone of gap #2. A break through either one of these zones would suggest continuation in that direction. Most who were observing the recent trading activity of Merck and Co. may have been perplexed by its trading pattern as it seemed to act in total disregard for major moving averages and trendlines. The key to having made a profitable trade in this particular instance was identifying where the market was "hiding its claws." The "claws," as we have proven here, were hidden within the gap areas described above. Copyright © 2001 by TradingMarkets.com, Inc. Power Power Bởi: OpenStaxCollege What is Power? Power—the word conjures up many images: a professional football player muscling aside his opponent, a dragster roaring away from the starting line, a volcano blowing its lava into the atmosphere, or a rocket blasting off, as in [link] This powerful rocket on the Space Shuttle Endeavor did work and consumed energy at a very high rate (credit: NASA) These images of power have in common the rapid performance of work, consistent with the scientific definition of power (P) as the rate at which work is done Power Power is the rate at which work is done P= W t The SI unit for power is the watt (W), where watt equals joule/second (1 W = J/s) Because work is energy transfer, power is also the rate at which energy is expended A 60-W light bulb, for example, expends 60 J of energy per second Great power means 1/10 Power a large amount of work or energy developed in a short time For example, when a powerful car accelerates rapidly, it does a large amount of work and consumes a large amount of fuel in a short time Calculating Power from Energy Calculating the Power to Climb Stairs What is the power output for a 60.0-kg woman who runs up a 3.00 m high flight of stairs in 3.50 s, starting from rest but having a final speed of 2.00 m/s? (See [link].) When this woman runs upstairs starting from rest, she converts the chemical energy originally from food into kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy Her power output depends on how fast she does this Strategy and Concept The work going into mechanical energy is W= KE + PE At the bottom of the stairs, we take both KE and PEg as initially zero; thus, W = KEf + PEg = mvf2 + mgh, where h is the vertical height of the stairs Because all terms are given, we can calculate W and then divide it by time to get power Solution Substituting the expression for W into the definition of power given in the previous equation, P = W / t yields P= W t = mv + mgh f t 2/10 Power Entering known values yields ( P = = = ) 0.5(60.0 kg)(2.00 m/s) + (60.0 kg) 9.80 m/s2 (3.00 m) 3.50 s 120 J+1764 J 3.50 s 538 W Discussion The woman does 1764 J of work to move up the stairs compared with only 120 J to increase her kinetic energy; thus, most of her power output is required for climbing rather than accelerating It is impressive that this woman’s useful power output is slightly less than horsepower ( hp=746 W )! People can generate more than a horsepower with their leg muscles for short periods of time by rapidly converting available blood sugar and oxygen into work output (A horse can put out hp for hours on end.) Once oxygen is depleted, power output decreases and the person begins to breathe rapidly to obtain oxygen to metabolize more food—this is known as the aerobic stage of exercise If the woman climbed the stairs slowly, then her power output would be much less, although the amount of work done would be the same Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Measure Your Power Rating Determine your own power rating by measuring the time it takes you to climb a flight of stairs We will ignore the gain in kinetic energy, as the above example showed that it was a small portion of the energy gain Don’t expect that your output will be more than about 0.5 hp Examples of Power Examples of power are limited only by the imagination, because there are as many types as there are forms of work and energy (See [link] for some examples.) Sunlight reaching Earth’s surface carries a maximum power of about 1.3 kilowatts per square meter (kW/m2) A tiny fraction of this is retained by Earth over the long term Our consumption rate of fossil fuels is far greater than the rate at which they are stored, so it is inevitable that they will be depleted Power implies that energy is transferred, perhaps changing form It is never possible to change one form completely into another without losing some of it as thermal energy For example, a 60-W incandescent bulb converts only W of electrical power to light, with 55 W dissipating into thermal energy Furthermore, the typical electric power plant converts only 35 to 40% of its fuel into electricity The remainder becomes a huge amount of thermal energy that must 3/10 Power be dispersed as heat transfer, as rapidly as it is created A coal-fired power plant may produce 1000 megawatts; megawatt (MW) is 106 W of electric power But the power plant consumes chemical energy at a rate of about 2500 MW, creating heat transfer to the surroundings at a rate of 1500 MW (See [link].) Tremendous amounts of electric power are generated by coal-fired power plants such as this one in China, but an even larger amount of power goes into heat transfer to the surroundings The large cooling towers here are needed to transfer heat as rapidly as it is produced The transfer of heat is not unique to coal plants but is an unavoidable consequence of generating electric power from any fuel—nuclear, coal, oil, natural gas, or the like (credit: Kleinolive, ... CHAPTER IV The Power of TPM Although TPM is in its relative infancy, there are already a number of success stories to tell. The Japanese, of course, have been practicing TPM for about 20 years. Today, it is estimated that over 1000 Japanese plants use TPM, covering the whole spectrum of industry, from micro electronics to automotive and steel making. While the Japanese started TPM, they have no corner on the market. The trend to TPM is international. There is a tremendous surge of interest in TPM in Latin America, Southeast Asia and Europe. In the U.S. too, TPM is catching on at a number of large companies. Ford Motor Company, Eastman Kodak, DuPont and Motorola are some of the leading corporations that are now installing TPM programs in many plants both in the U.S. and overseas. TPM Impacts all of Manufacturing Most of the results are outstanding. And they occur in all phases of the manufacturing process. In one U.S. aerospace company, implementing TPM helped them reduce mainte- nance service calls by 29% in only three months. Of course, the primary purpose of TPM is to reduce equipment downtime. The reason is simple. You only make money when your equipment is running. Waiting for maintenance and fixing breakdowns is costing you precious production time. So you must prevent breakdowns and eliminate unnecessary idling and stoppages of equipment. You have to train and motivate your operators to participate in accomplishing these goals. Just these four reductions--fewer equipment failures, quicker changeovers, less maintenance downtime and less idling and minor stoppages--can give you 40% more output in the same time. That's like picking up 24 minutes of extra production time for every hour your machines are operating. Using TPM, you can increase equipment speed by about 10%. One of the major reasons for equipment slowdown is worn parts. Another cause of speed loss is loose bolts or screws on the machine. Vibration causes these fasteners to work loose. There is vibration on any machine that has a motor or other rotating and oscillating parts. Some of that can be cut down by balancing bearings, gearboxes and shafts. But even the newer high precision machines have vibration. So tightening bolts and screws is one routine chore that will pay big dividends in machine speed. Lubrication is the lifeblood of equipment operation and speed, yet it's often neglected. Operators can inspect their machines, maintaining a checklist to ensure that routine maintenance is done on a regular basis. All of these actions keep the equipment in better condition so it can be run at higher speeds. Reducing Defects TPM has cut the defect rate by 90 %, from ten per thousand to one per thousand at the Tochigi plant of Nissan. Your quality can increase from 99 % to 99.99 %. Some Ford and Motorola operations are doing it already. That's very close to the zero defects goal. Regular maintenance is the key, and record keeping is how you ensure that PM and other maintenance is performed on schedule. Many quality-conscious companies are already using Statistical Process Control (SPC). Operators trained in SPC do statistics, plot charts, and perform other paperwork. Years ago, if you had asked operators to do this job, they would have said it was impossible. Today conditions are different. Most operators who are properly motivated will also inspect their equipment on a regular basis. Again, you need training to produce this response, but once operators become involved with their equipment, they will want to inspect it to ensure that it's in good condition. The 1.2 Language Features 3 The old object model not only led to the afore-mentioned problems, but also to fundamental problems that prevented implementing some additional features on top of the existing object model. In PHP 5, the infrastructure of the object model was rewritten to work with object handles. Unless you explicitly clone an object by using the clone keyword, you never create behind-the-scenes duplicates of your objects. In PHP 5, you don’t need a need to pass objects by reference or assign them by reference. Note: Passing by reference and assigning by reference are still sup- ported, in case you want to actually change a variable’s content (whether object or other type). 1.2.2 New Object-Oriented Features The new OO features are too numerous to give a detailed description in this section. Chapter 3, “PHP 5 OO Language,” details each feature. The following list provides the main new features: ☞ public / private / protected access modifiers for methods and properties. Allows the use of common OO access modifiers to control access to methods and properties: class MyClass { private $id = 18; public function getId() { return $this->id; } } ☞ Unified constructor name __construct() . Instead of the constructor being the name of the class, it is now declared as __construct() , which makes it easier to shift classes inside class hier- archies: class MyClass { function __construct() { print "Inside constructor"; } } ☞ Object destructor support by defining a __destructor() method. Allows defining a destructor function that runs when an object is destroyed: class MyClass { function __destruct() { print ”Destroying object”; } } Gutmans_Ch01 Page 3 Thursday, September 23, 2004 2:35 PM 4 What Is New in PHP 5? Chap. 1 ☞ Interfaces. Gives the ability for a class to fulfill more than one is-a relationships. A class can inherit only from one class, but may implement as many interfaces as it wants: interface Display { function display(); } class Circle implements Display { function display() { print "Displaying circle\n"; } } ☞ instanceof operator. Language-level support for is-a relationship checking. The PHP 4 is_a() function is now deprecated: if ($obj instanceof Circle) { print '$obj is a Circle'; } ☞ Final methods. The final keyword allows you to mark methods so that an inheriting class cannot overload them: class MyClass { final function getBaseClassName() { return __CLASS__; } } ☞ Final classes. After declaring a class as final , it cannot be inherited. The following example would error out. final class FinalClass { } class BogusClass extends FinalClass { } ☞ Explicit object cloning. To clone an object, you must use the clone keyword. You may declare a __clone() method, which will be called during the clone process (after the properties have been copied from the original object): Gutmans_Ch01 Page 4 Thursday, September 23, 2004 2:35 PM 1.2 Language Features 5 class MyClass { function __clone() { print "Object is being cloned"; } } $obj = new MyClass(); $obj_copy = clone $obj; ☞ Class constants. Class definitions can now include constant values and are referenced using the class: class MyClass { const SUCCESS = "Success"; const FAILURE = "Failure"; } print MyClass::SUCCESS; ☞ Static methods. You can now define methods as static by allowing them to be called from non-object context. Static methods do not define the $this variable because they are not bound to any specific object: class MyClass { static function helloWorld() { print "Hello, world"; } } MyClass::helloWorld(); ☞ Static members. Class definitions can now include static members (properties) that are accessible via the class. Common usage of static members is in the Singleton pattern: class Singleton { static private $instance = NULL; private function __construct() { } static public function getInstance() { if (self::$instance == NULL) { self::$instance = new Singleton(); } return self::$instance; } } PHP 5 Power Programming Gutmans_Frontmatter Page i Thursday, September 23, 2004 9:05 AM B RUCE P ERENS ’ O PEN S OURCE S ERIES http://www.phptr.com/perens ◆ Java Application Development on Linux Carl Albing and Michael Schwarz ◆ C++ GUI Programming with Qt 3 Jasmin Blanchette, Mark Summerfield ◆ Managing Linux Systems with Webmin: System Administration and Module Development Jamie Cameron ◆ Understanding the Linux Virtual Memory Manager Mel Gorman ◆ Implementing CIFS: The Common Internet File System Christopher Hertel ◆ Embedded Software Development with eCos Anthony Massa ◆ Rapid Application Development with Mozilla Nigel McFarlane ◆ The Linux Development Platform: Configuring, Using, and Maintaining a Complete Programming Environment Rafeeq Ur Rehman, Christopher Paul ◆ Intrusion Detection with SNORT: Advanced IDS Techniques Using SNORT, Apache, MySQL, PHP, and ACID Rafeeq Ur Rehman ◆ The Official Samba-3 HOWTO and Reference Guide John H. Terpstra, Jelmer R. Vernooij, Editors ◆ Samba-3 by Example: Practical Exercises to Successful Deployment John H. Terpstra perens_series_7x9.25.fm Page 1 Wednesday, September 15, 2004 10:54 AM Gutmans_Frontmatter Page ii Thursday, September 23, 2004 9:05 AM PRENTICE HALL Professional Technical Reference Indianapolis, IN 46240 www.phptr.com PHP 5 Power Programming Andi Gutmans, Stig Sæther Bakken, and Derick Rethans Gutmans_Frontmatter Page iii Thursday, September 23, 2004 9:05 AM The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for inciden- tal or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs con- tained herein. Publisher: John Wait Editor in Chief: Don O’Hagan Acquisitions Editor: Mark L. Taub Editorial Assistant: Noreen Regina Development Editor: Janet Valade Marketing Manager: Robin O'Brien Cover Designer: Nina Scuderi Managing Editor: Gina Kanouse Senior Project Editor: Kristy Hart Copy Editor: Specialized Composition Indexer: Lisa Stumpf Senior Compositor: Gloria Schurick Manufacturing Buyer: Dan Uhrig The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U. S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 c orpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the U. S., please contact: International Sales i nternational@pearsoned.com Visit us on the Web: www.phptr.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: 2004107331 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. This material may be distrubuted only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, v1.0 or later (the latest version is presently available at http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/). Pearson Education, Inc. One Lake Street Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Every effort was made to contact and credit all copyright holders. Use of material without proper credit is unintentional. ISBN 0-131-47149-X Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Phoenix in Hagerstown, Maryland. First printing, [October 2004] Gutmans_Frontmatter Page iv Thursday, September 23, 2004 2:14 PM To Ifat, my wife and best friend, who has patiently put up with my involement in PHP from the very beginning, and has encouraged and supported me every step of the way. Andi Gutmans To Marianne, for patience and encouragement. Stig Sæther Bakken To my parents, who care for me even when I’m not around; and to 42, the answer to life, the universe of everything. Derick Rethans Gutmans_Frontmatter Page v Thursday, September 23, 2004 9:05 AM Gutmans_Frontmatter Page vi Thursday, September 23, 2004 9:05 AM vii Contents Power and Authority Power and Authority Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The White House, one of the world’s most widely recognized state buildings, symbolizes the authority of the U.S presidency (Courtesy U.S National Archives/Wikimedia Commons) From the time of King Henry VIII to the time of Will and Kate, the role of the royal family in the British government has shifted dramatically Between those two eras—and across the Atlantic—former British subjects in what is now the United States fought for an alternative system of government one that left no room for royalty Despite these differences, governments play the same fundamental role: in some fashion, they exert control over the people they govern The nature of that control—what we will define as power and authority—is an important part of society Sociologists have a distinctive approach to studying governmental power and authority that differs from the perspective of political scientists For the most part, political scientists focus on studying how power is distributed in different types of political systems They would observe, for example, that the United States’ political system is divided into three distinct branches (legislative, executive, and judicial), and they would explore how public opinion affects political parties, elections, and the political process in general Sociologists, however, tend to be more interested in the influences of governmental power on society and in how social conflicts arise from the distribution of power Sociologists also examine how the use of power affects local, state, national, and global agendas, which in turn affect people differently based on status, class, and socioeconomic standing 1/9 Power and Authority What Is Power? Nazi leader Adolf Hitler was one of the most powerful and destructive dictators in modern history, pictured here with fascist Benito Mussolini of Italy (Photo courtesy of U.S National Archives and Records Administration) For centuries, philosophers, politicians, and social scientists have explored and commented on the nature of power Pittacus (c 640-568 B.C.E.) opined, “The measure of a man is what he does with power,” and Lord Acton perhaps more famously asserted, “Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely” (1887) Indeed, the concept of power can have decidedly negative connotations, and the term itself is difficult to define Many scholars adopt the definition developed by German sociologist Max Weber, who said that power is the ability to exercise one’s will over others (Weber 1922) Power affects more than personal relationships; it shapes larger dynamics like social groups, professional organizations, and governments Similarly, a government’s power is not necessarily limited to control of its own citizens A dominant nation, for instance, will often use its clout to influence or support other governments or to seize control of other nation states Efforts by the U.S government to wield power in other countries have included joining with other nations to form the Allied forces during World War II, entering Iraq in 2002 to topple Saddam Hussein’s regime, and imposing sanctions on the government of North Korea in the hopes of constraining its development of nuclear weapons Endeavors to gain power and influence not necessarily lead to violence, exploitation, or abuse Leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr and Mohandas Gandhi, for example, commanded powerful movements that affected positive change without military force Both men organized nonviolent protests to combat corruption and injustice and succeeded in inspiring major reform They relied on a variety of nonviolent protest strategies such as rallies, sit-ins, marches, petitions, and boycotts Modern technology has made such forms of nonviolent reform easier to implement Today, protesters can use cell phones and the internet to disseminate information and 2/9 Power and Authority plans to masses of protesters in a rapid and efficient manner In Tunisia ... that must 3/10 Power be dispersed as heat transfer, as rapidly as it is created A coal-fired power plant may produce 1000 megawatts; megawatt (MW) is 106 W of electric power But the power plant... • Power is the rate at which work is done, or in equation form, for the average power P for work W done over a time t, P = W / t • The SI unit for power is the watt (W), where W=1 J/s • The power. .. energy; thus, most of her power output is required for climbing rather than accelerating It is impressive that this woman’s useful power output is slightly less than horsepower ( hp=746 W )! 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