Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments

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I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF E NERGY AND E NVIRONMENT Volume 1, Issue 6, 2010 pp.987-998 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2010 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. An experimental investigation of heat transfer and fluid flow in a rectangular duct with inclined discrete ribs K. R. Aharwal 1 , B. K. Gandhi 2 , J. S. Saini 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering S.G.S.I.T.S. Indore (M.P.), India. 2 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering I.I.T. Roorkee (U.A.), India. Abstract Artificial roughness in the form of repeated ribs is generally used for enhancement of heat transfer heated surface to the working fluid. In the present work experimental investigations has been carried out to study the effect of a gap in the inclined rib on the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of heated surface. A rectangular duct of aspect ratio of 5.83 has been used to conduct experiments on one rib roughened surface. Experimental data have been collected to determine Nusselt number (heat transfer coefficient) as a function of roughness and flow parameters in the form of repeated ribs. In order to understand the mechanism of heat transfer through a roughened duct having inclined rib with and without gap, the detailed analysis of the fluid flow structure is required. Therefore the detailed velocity structures of fluid flow inside a similar roughened duct as used for the heat transfer analysis were obtained by 2-Dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system and the heat transfer results were correlated with the flow structure. It was found that inclined rib with a gap (inclined discrete rib) had better heat transfer performance compared to the continuous inclined rib arrangement. Further the inclined discrete rib with relative gap width (g/e) of 1.0 gives the higher heat transfer performance compared to the other relative gap width. Copyright © 2010 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved. Keywords: Artificial roughness, Relative gap position, Reynolds number, Nusselt number. 1. Introduction A Large number of studies on heat transfer and flow characteristics have been carried out to investigate the effect of rib design parameters namely rib height, angle of attack, relative roughness pitch, rib arrangement and rib cross-section. However, the artificial roughness results in higher frictional losses leading to excessive power requirement for the fluid to flow through the duct. It is therefore desirable that turbulence must be created only in a region very close to the heat-transferring surface to break the viscous sub-layer for augmenting the heat transfer and the core flow should not be unduly disturbed to limit the increase in friction losses. This can be done by keeping the height of the roughness elements small in comparison to the duct dimensions [1]. Han et al. [2] investigated the effect of angle of attack () α Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions The dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes In the human body, solutes vary in different parts of the body, but may include proteins—including those that transport lipids, carbohydrates, and, very importantly, electrolytes Often in medicine, a mineral dissociated from a salt that carries an electrical charge (an ion) is called and electrolyte For instance, sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) are often referred to as electrolytes In the body, water moves through semi-permeable membranes of cells and from one compartment of the body to another by a process called osmosis Osmosis is basically the diffusion of water from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, along an osmotic gradient across a semi-permeable membrane As a result, water will move into and out of cells and tissues, depending on the relative concentrations of the water and solutes found there An appropriate balance of solutes inside and outside of cells must be maintained to ensure normal function Body Water Content Human beings are mostly water, ranging from about 75 percent of body mass in infants to about 50–60 percent in adult men and women, to as low as 45 percent in old age The percent of body water changes with development, because the proportions of the body given over to each organ and to muscles, fat, bone, and other tissues change from infancy to adulthood ([link]) Your brain and kidneys have the highest proportions of water, which composes 80–85 percent of their masses In contrast, teeth have the lowest proportion of water, at 8–10 percent 1/12 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments Water Content of the Body’s Organs and Tissues Water content varies in different body organs and tissues, from as little as percent in the teeth to as much as 85 percent in the brain Fluid Compartments Body fluids can be discussed in terms of their specific fluid compartment, a location that is largely separate from another compartment by some form of a physical barrier The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds all cells in the body Extracellular fluid has two primary constituents: the fluid component of the blood 2/12 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments (called plasma) and the interstitial fluid (IF) that surrounds all cells not in the blood ([link]) Fluid Compartments in the Human Body The intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells The interstitial fluid (IF) is part of the extracellular fluid (ECF) between the cells Blood plasma is the second part of the ECF Materials travel between cells and the plasma in capillaries through the IF Intracellular Fluid The ICF lies within cells and is the principal component of the cytosol/cytoplasm The ICF makes up about 60 percent of the total water in the human body, and in an averagesize adult male, the ICF accounts for about 25 liters (seven gallons) of fluid ([link]) This fluid volume tends to be very stable, because the amount of water in living cells is closely regulated If the amount of water inside a cell falls to a value that is too low, the cytosol becomes too concentrated with solutes to carry on normal cellular activities; if too much water enters a cell, the cell may burst and be destroyed 3/12 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments A Pie Graph Showing the Proportion of Total Body Fluid in Each of the Body’s Fluid Compartments Most of the water in the body is intracellular fluid The second largest volume is the interstitial fluid, which surrounds cells that are not blood cells Extracellular Fluid The ECF accounts for the other one-third of the body’s water content Approximately 20 percent of the ECF is found in plasma Plasma travels through the body in blood vessels and transports a range of materials, including blood cells, proteins (including clotting factors and antibodies), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes Gases, nutrients, and waste materials travel between capillaries and cells through the IF Cells are separated from the IF by a selectively permeable cell membrane that helps regulate the passage of materials between the IF and the interior of the cell The body has other water-based ECF These include the cerebrospinal fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord, lymph, the synovial fluid in joints, the pleural fluid in the pleural cavities, the pericardial fluid in the cardiac sac, the peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity, and the aqueous humor of the eye Because these fluids are outside of cells, these fluids are also considered components of the ECF compartment Composition of Body Fluids The compositions of the two components of the ECF—plasma and IF—are more similar to each other than either is to the ICF ([link]) Blood plasma has high concentrations of sodium, ... THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW Rev. 0 HT ABSTRACT The Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow Fundamentals Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of the thermal sciences. The handbook includes information on thermodynamics and the properties of fluids; the three modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation; and fluid flow, and the energy relationships in fluid systems. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility fluid systems. Key Words: Training Material, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Fluid Flow, Bernoulli's Equation THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW Rev. 0 HT OVERVIEW The Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook entitled Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow was prepared as an information resource for personnel who are responsible for the operation of the Department's nuclear facilities. A basic understanding of the thermal sciences is necessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff to safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. The information in the handbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineering concepts to the job. This knowledge will help personnel more fully understand the impact that their actions may have on the safe and reliable operation of facility components and systems. The Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow handbook consists of three modules that are contained in three volumes. The following is a brief description of the information presented in each module of the handbook. Volume 1 of 3 Module 1 - Thermodynamics This module explains the properties of fluids and how those properties are affected by various processes. The module also explains how energy balances can be performed on facility systems or components and how efficiency can be calculated. Volume 2 of 3 Module 2 - Heat Transfer This module describes conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer. The module also explains how specific parameters can affect the rate of heat transfer. Volume 3 of 3 Module 3 - Fluid Flow This module describes the relationship between the different types of energy in a fluid stream through the use of Bernoulli's equation. The module also discusses the causes of head loss in fluid systems and what factors affect head loss. THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW Rev. 0 HT The information contained in this handbook is by no means all encompassing. An attempt to present the entire subject of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid flow would be impractical. However, the Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow handbook does present enough information to provide the reader with a fundamental knowledge level sufficient to understand the advanced theoretical concepts presented in other subject areas, and [...]... agent reducing stress and depression It raises the spirits and rejuvenates the individual Add a few drops of Ylang–Ylang oil to your face mask It can contribute as a skin softener and promote smoother skin Essential oil of Ylang–Ylang, Lavender and Roman Chamomile can be spritzed on the bed to cure sleeplessness © Simone McGrath-2007 17 of 23 Table of Contents Healing with Herbs and Spices Aloe Cardamom... gout, congestion, cystitis and prostatitis It also acts as a disinfectant for urinary and reproductive infections How to use Kava Kava Hot Kava Kava tea acts as a diaphoretic and reduces fever and colds Mix ground rootstalk with water or coconut milk This infusion makes a good beverage and overall tonic It is a good remedy for insomnia and anxiety when mixed with Valerian root and a little honey Keep... gargle to heal mouth ulcers, sore throats and other dental problems Rub the oil on minor wounds, sores, cuts, burns, insect bites and plantar warts to enable quick healing Get rid of dandruff and head lice by applying the oil to the scalp Make a poultice to alleviate a headache Rub the oil onto the nose or inhale it at regular intervals to cure colds and a running nose Mix a little Tea Tree oil with water... Cananga tree and which releases an aromatic oil Benefits Ylang-Ylang has aphrodisiac properties that help in curing impotence and frigidity Also, it effectively deals with PMS and hormonal imbalances It is known to regulate heartbeats, breathing and keeps blood pressure levels in check Widely used in aromatherapy, it relaxes body and mind with its beautiful aroma It also helps cure anxiety and insomnia... few herbal oils along with Jojoba oil may also be used for massage as well as in bath water Apply Jojoba oil on your hair around half an hour before you shampoo your hair to get soft and glossy hair Jojoba oil mixed with water and sprayed onto dry hair serves as a healthy conditioner and has an instant moisturizing effect Rub the oil to soothe skin irritations, burns, cuts, bruises and scars It also helps... skin and hair It acts as a moisturizer, cleanser, softener and conditioner and is used in a wide variety of cosmetic products Jojoba oil controls sebum production and helps prevent acne This anti-bacterial oil also helps in treating other skin diseases like eczema and psoriasis The minerals and proteins of the oil improve brain and pituitary functioning How to use Jojoba Use Jojoba oil as a relaxing and. .. sap and is widely used for various medicinal benefits Benefits Myrrh oil is anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, [...]... or damaged and are always removed when leaving the work area Wearing gloves is not a substitute for handwashing, and hands must be washed after gloves are removed A variety of gloves are available, including sterile and nonsterile, powdered and unpowdered, and latex and nonlatex Allergy to latex is increasing among health-care workers, Handwashing is emphasized in Figure 1-1 and in the Standard Precautions... major features of UP and BSI guidelines and called the new guidelines Standard Precautions Although Standard Precautions, as described below, stress patient contact, the principles most certainly can also be applied to handling patient specimens in the laboratory.1 Standard Precautions are as follows: 1 Handwashing: Wash hands after touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and contaminated items,... routine care, cleaning, and disinfection of environmental surfaces, beds, bedrails, bedside equipment, and other frequently touched surfaces Ensure that these procedures are being followed 7 Linen: Handle, transport, and process linen soiled with blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions in a manner that prevents skin and mucous membrane exposures and contamination of clothing and that avoids the transfer... Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard is a law monitored and enforced by OSHA.2 Specific requirements of this OSHA standard include the following: 1 Requiring all employees to practice UP/Standard Precautions 2 Providing laboratory coats, gowns, face and respiratory protection, and gloves to employees and laundry facilities for nondisposable protective clothing 3 Providing sharps disposal containers and prohibiting... blood-borne pathogens The guideline recommends wearing gloves when collecting or handling blood and body fluids contaminated with blood and wearing face shields when there is danger of blood splashing on mucous membranes and when disposing of all needles and sharp objects in puncture-resistant containers The CDC excluded urine and body fluids not visibly contaminated by blood from UP, although many specimens... Hand contact is the primary method of infection transmission Laboratory personnel must always wash hands after gloves are removed, prior to leaving the work area, at any time when hands have been knowingly contaminated, before going to designated break areas, and before and after using bathroom facilities Correct handwashing technique is shown in Figure 1-2 and includes the following steps: 1 Wet hands... obtaining and making MSDSs available to employees Information contained in an MSDS includes the following: 1 Physical and chemical characteristics 2 Fire and explosion potential 3 Reactivity potential 4 Health hazards and emergency first aid procedures 5 Methods for safe handling and disposal ■■● Figure 1–4 Chemical safety aids (A) Equipment (B) Information and supplies (From Strasinger, SK and DiLorenzo,... of infection and the laboratory safety precautions that break the chain Differentiate among and state the precautions addressed by Universal Precautions, body substance isolation, and Standard Precautions State the specifics of the Occupational Exposure to Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard Describe the types of personal protective equipment that laboratory personnel wear, including when, how, and why each... 5 Patient care equipment: Handle used patient care equipment soiled with blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions in a manner that prevents skin and mucous membrane exposures, contamination of clothing, and transfer of microorganisms to other patients or Institut fỹr Tierwissenschaften Abteilung Physiologie und Hygiene Der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitọt Bonn Adiponectin in Cattle: Profiling of molecular weight patterns in different body fluids at different physiological states and assessment of adiponectins effects on lymphocytes Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr agr.) der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultọt der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitọt Bonn von Dipl agr biol Johanna Franziska Lisa Heinz aus Stuttgart Referentin: Frau Prof Dr Dr H Sauerwein Korreferent: Herr Prof Dr K.-H Sỹdekum Tag der mỹndlichen Prỹfung: 20 Juni 2014 Erscheinungsjahr: 2014 Adiponectin in cattle: Profiling of the molecular weight patterns in different body fluids at different physiological states and assessment of adiponectins effects on lymphocytes Adiponectin (AdipoQ), one of the most abundant adipokines found in circulation exerts various metabolic functions, e.g improving insulin sensitivity and ameliorating tissue inflammation It is secreted in different molecular weight (MW) forms: a low molecular weight (LMW) trimer, a middle molecular weight (MMW) hexamer and a high molecular weight (HMW) form which is built of 12 to 18 monomers Dairy cows undergo various metabolic changes in the time from late pregnancy to early lactation This causes a mobilization of body reserves which may lead to a higher risk for infectious diseases and possible problems in fertility later The aims of this thesis were (1) to establish a semiquantitative Western blot to estimate AdipoQ concentrations in serum and milk of lactating dairy cows; (2) to develop a semi-native Western blot to differentiate AdipoQ MW patterns in several bovine body fluids and tissues (3) to estimate potential influences of AdipoQ on lymphocyte function; for this purpose AdipoQ was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli First, the AdipoQ serum concentration in late pregnancy and the entire lactation as well as the concentrations in milk from d to d 24 in lactation were estimated Subsequently, a profile of the AdipoQ MW forms in serum and milk of dairy cows at different time points in lactation was generated Furthermore, the MW patterns of AdipoQ in two different adipose tissue (AT) depots (visceral and subcutaneous) at three different days (1, 42, and 105) after parturition were investigated In addition the MW patterns of AdipoQ in the mammary gland were shown The AdipoQ MW forms in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and corresponding serum of transition cows were characterized Moreover the AdipoQ MW patterns in other Bovidae, i.e.Yak, Bison and Water buffalo were characterized As body fluids in relation to reproduction we investigated the AdipoQ MW patterns in allantoic fluid (AF) and corresponding maternal serum In addition the AdipoQ concentrations and MW patterns in seminal plasma (SP) of bulls and follicular fluid (FF) of heifers were evaluated Independent of the MW patterns, the functional effect of recombinant AdipoQ on lymphocyte proliferation was studied Adiponectin concentration in serum and milk showed an inverse course Serum AdipoQ decreased until parturition and increased in early lactation, whereas AdipoQ concentration in milk was highest at the onset of lactation and decreased reaching a nadir in the first week of lactation The changes in circulating AdipoQ are probably related with the hormonal changes associated with parturition The MW patterns of serum and milk showed a prominent MMW band and a faint HMW band In contrast to the MW patterns observed in humans we speculate that the MMW form of AdipoQ might be the most abundant one in cattle; in Yak, Bison and Water buffalo, the MMW AdipoQ was also the most prominent one Different AT and mammary gland homogenates showed no differences in molecular weight pattern of AdipoQ At each stage of lactation the HMW and the MMW band was detectable CSF and serum samples of individual days in transition period showed no apparent ... burst and be destroyed 3/12 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments A Pie Graph Showing the Proportion of Total Body Fluid in Each of the Body s Fluid Compartments Most of the water in the body is... plasma to the IF (and the reverse) and from the IF to 7/12 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments the ICF (and the reverse) In the body, water moves constantly into and out of fluid compartments as... out of the tissues, and decreased salt intake to decrease sodium and water retention 10/12 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments Chapter Review Your body is mostly water Body fluids are aqueous solutions